ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH

IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

A project report on

ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER WITH

BATTERY CHARGER CONTROLLER WITH MOBILE
INTERFACE.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of,

Bachelor of Engineering in
Electrical Engineering.

Submitted by

Amiruddin sadique Mandapwala 16DEE63

Salmani Rizwan Alauddin 16DEE70
Amarjeet Nilkanth Shinde 16DEE83
Nikhil Vijay Kumar Verma 16DEE86

Under the guidance of

(Prof. Kaleem Sayeed)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Anjuman-I-Islam's Kalsekar
Technical Campus
University of Mumbai

1
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project report entitled “Arduino Based Solar Power Inverter” is a
bonafied work done under my guidance by

➢ Amiruddin Sadique Mandapwala 16DEE63

➢ Salmani Rizwan Alauddin 16DEE70
➢ Amarjeet Nilkanth Shinde 16DEE83
➢ Nikhil Vijay Kumar Verma 16DEE86

During the academic year 2018-19 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering from

Date-

Approved by - (Prof. SAYEED KALEEM)

Guide

(Prof. SAYEED KALEEM) (Dr. ABDUL RAZZAK)

Head of Department Director

2
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The foregoing dissertation entitled “Arduino Based Solar Power Inverter” is hereby
approved as a creditable study of Electrical Engineering presented by

➢ Amiruddin Sadique Mandapwala 16DEE63

➢ Salmani Rizwan Alauddin 16DEE70
➢ Amarjeet Nilkanth Shinde 16DEE83
➢ Nikhil Vijay Kumar Verma 16DEE86

In a manner satisfactory to warrant is acceptance as a pre-requisite to their Degree in Bachelor

of Electrical Engineering.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

(Prof. Kaleem Sayeed)

3
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others ideas or words have been included; We have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not represented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in
my submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary
action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not
been properly cited or from whom proper permission have not been taken when needed.

Amiruddin Sadique Mandapwala

Signature :-

Salmani Rizwan Alauddin

Signature :-

Amarjeet Nilkanth Shinde

Signature :-

Nikhil Vijay Kumar Verma

Signature :-

4
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to present this project on “Arduino Based Solar Power
Inverter” carried out at AIKTC, New Panvel in accordance with prescribed syllabus of
University of Mumbai for Electrical Engineering. We express our heartfelt gratitude to
those who directly and indirectly contributed towards the completion of this project. We
would like to thanks Dr Abdul Razzak Principal, AIKTC, Sayeed Kaleem HOD for
allowing me to undertake his guidance for continuous support. We would like to thanks all
the faculty members, non-teaching staffs of Electrical Engineering of our College for their
direct and indirect support and suggestion for performing the project.

5
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

ABSTRACT

Solar System is now widely used for green energy generation. However there arises a
problem in voltage levels which affects the system stability. As the solar cell generates
fewer amounts of charges we have to use a controller to maximize the efficiency. In this
project Inverter Circuit is used. The results are taken and a display panel interfacing with
Arduino. This system protects the battery from over charging and deep discharging to
increase battery life.

6
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

CONTENTS
SRNO. TOPIC PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 8

2. HISTORY 11
3. ARDUINO UNO 13
4. SOLAR PANEL 17
5. DESIGNING OF PCB AND CIRCUIT 20
6. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND LIST OF COMPONENTS 26
7. DC-DC BUCK BOOST CONVERTER 28
8. BATTERY CP1245 32
9. CD4047 CMOS LOW-POWER 34
MONOSTABLE/ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
10. TRANSFORMER 40
11. VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805 42
12. RELAYS 44
13. BLUETOOTH DEVICE 47
14. GENERAL COMPONENTS 52
15. PRICE LIST OF COMPONENTS 57
16. ARDUINO PROGRAMMING 63
17. PAYBACK PERIOD 65
CONCLUSION 66
REFERENCE 67

7
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is the energy provided by the sun. It is the radiant light and heat
from the Sun, harnessed using technologies such as solar heaters, solar photovoltaic,
and solar thermal electricity. Energy is produced in Sun by nuclear fusion during a
series of steps proton-proton (P-P) chain reaction, I this process hydrogen is
converted to helium. The core is the only part of the Sun that produces heat through
fusion about 99%. Hydrogen nuclei in Sun's core fuse together to form helium nuclei
and release energy, this process is called nuclear fusion. In this state, some 120
million tons of matter--mostly hydrogen converts into helium on the sun every
minute, with some of the mass being converted into energy. Electromagnetic energy
from the sun comes to Earth in the form of radiation. The sun radiates energy equally
in all directions, and the Earth intercepts and receives part of this energy. The power
flux reaching the top of the Earth's atmosphere is about 1400 Watts/m2. This simply
means on an average, one square meter on the side of the Earth facing the sun
receives energy from the sun equal to that from fourteen 100 Watt light bulbs
every second. The Earth receives 174petawatt of incoming solar radiation at the
upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to the space while the rest is
absorbed by the clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the
earth’s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a
small part in the near-ultraviolet.

SOLAR POTENTIAL
Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300
watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day. The total solar energy
absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000
exajoules (EJ) per year. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the
planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained
from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined
uranium combined. Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are
closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation.However, the use of

8
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the
solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation
effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar
radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the
amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the
potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and
reduce the light available for solar cells.In addition, land availability has a large
effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land
that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable
place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy
directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are
lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established. Solar
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the
way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be
harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from
the equator.

Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for
practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their
energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way. Active solar techniques use
photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to
convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting
materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate
air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies
increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while
passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally
considered demand side technologies.

In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of

Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of
the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into
account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by
humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575–49,837
EJ per year.
9
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

10
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 2

HISTORY

Solar power in India is a fast developing industry. As of September, 2017 the country's
solar grid had a cumulative capacity of 16.20 GW. India quadrupled its solar-generation
capacity from 2,650 MW on 26 May 2014 to 12,289 MW on 31 March 2017. The country
added 3.01 GW of solar capacity in 2015-2016 and 5.525 GW in 2016-2017, the highest of
any year, with the average current price of solar electricity dropping to 18% below the average
price of its coal-fired counterpart. In January 2015 the Indian government expanded its solar
plans, targeting US$100 billion in investment and 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW
from rooftop solar) by 2022.. India's initiative of 100 GW of solar energy by 2022 is an
ambitious target, since the world's installed solar-power capacity in 2014 was 181 GW.
The improvements in solar thermal storage power technology in recent years has made
this task achievable as the cheaper solar power need not depend on costly and polluting
coal/gas/nuclear based power generation for ensuring stable grid operation In addition to its
large-scale grid-connected solar PV initiative, India is developing off-grid solar power for
local energy needs.
The country has a poor rural electrification rate; in 2015 only 55 percent of all rural
households had access to electricity, and 85 percent of rural households depended on solid fuel
for cooking Solar products have increasingly helped to meet rural needs; by the end of 2015
just under one million solar lanterns were sold in the country, reducing the need for kerosene.
That year, 118,700 solar home lighting systems were installed and 46,655 solar street
lighting installations were provided under a national program; just over 1.4 million solar
cookers were distributed in India.

11
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
OBJECTIVE:

In recent years, the interest in solar energy has risen due to surging oil prices and
environmental concern. In many remote or underdeveloped areas, direct access to an electric
grid is impossible and a photovoltaic inverter system would make life much simpler and more
convenient. With this in mind, this paper aims to design, build, and test a solar panel inverter.
This inverter system could be used as backup power during outages, battery charging, or for
typical household applications. The key features of the system are a true 50Hz, 230Vrms
sinusoidal voltage output, a wide input range, and maximum power-point tracking (MPPT),
and a power output of up to 300W. The overall goal is to design this system while minimizing
component costs. Although systems with similar features already exist, many are prohibitively
expensive for those people who stand to benefit the most. In addition, inverters in the lower
price range typically lack the features mentioned above.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS:

Electricity is the major source of power for country's most of the economic
activities. But in our country Kenya, we have been suffering due to electricity crisis for a
long time. To reduce this problem, there are some alternative ways which can help in this
purpose. But among all of the methods solar system may be an easy and effective one
especially in the rural areas where the electricity has not reached yet.

This solar energy is a renewable energy which is inefficiently exploited. The

importance of solar energy is that it’s free, clean and with very high potentials in the
future [2]. Photovoltaic systems (PV) are used to convert the solar energy into electrical
energy using photovoltaic panels which can then be used into domestic electrical
applications.

An important piece of solar power supply is the DC to AC inverter which converts

the DC voltage from a battery to an AC voltage that is necessary to operate electronic
components. Due to the delicate nature of this equipment, an inverter which is capable of
producing a pure sine wave is necessary to avoid noise and wear on delicate and expensive
gear. Many of these devices are very expensive so it is the goal of this project to design a
DC/AC inverter capable of producing a pure sine wave for use with domestic equipment.
In this project, an inverter circuit was designed that can supply an electrical load of up to
600 watts, but due to the high ratings of the 600 watts load, the unavailability and high
cost of the components, and for safety reasons, a 125 watts application system was
implemented and realized.

12
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 3

ARDUINO UNO

Nearly 7, 00,000 numbers of arduinos are present in the market. Of these, Arduino
ATMEGA-328 microcontroller consist of 14 input and output analog and digital pins (from
this 6 pins are considered to be a PWM pins), 6 analog inputs and remaining digital inputs.
Power jack cable is used to connect arduino board with the computer. Externally battery is
connected with the arduino microcontroller for the power supply. Arduino is an open source
microcontroller from which there is no feedback present in the microcontroller. This arduino
board consist of I2C bus, that can be able to transfer the data from arduino board to the output
devices. These arduino boards are programmed over RS232 serial interface connections with
atmega arduino microcontrollers. The operating volt ranges from 5v. The input voltage
recommended for arduino microcontroller is from 7v and the maximum of 12v. The DC input
current given to the arduino board is in the range of 40mA.

It consists of different types of memories such as flash memory, EEPROM, SRAM.

The length of the arduino board is nearly about 68.64mm and the width of the
microcontroller is about 53.4mm. The weight of the arduino microcontroller is about 20g.
We can use various types of microcontroller such as 8 bit AVL Atmel microcontroller and
32 bit Atmel arm microprocessor. From these different kinds of processors, we can use those
processors for various engineering projects as well as industrial applications. Some of the
examples of using the arduino in the industrial applications are controlling the actuators and
sensors. Some of the examples of arduino microcontrollers are Arduino Duemilanove,
Arduino UNO, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, Arduino MEGA 2560 R3, Arduino
MEGA 2560 R3, Arduino Nano, Arduino Due, LilyPad Arduino, micro arduino. We have
already mentioned, arduino has been programmed by using c and c++ programming
language. These c and c++ are high level languages. Normally it has 18 numbers of input
and output pins.

Among those 6 pins are considered to be an analog inputs. From these analog inputs,
we can be able to work the arduino microcontroller using analog inputs supply. Normally
analog inputs can be in the range of 0-5V. Similar to that digital inputs are present in the
microcontroller which can act the use of microcontroller using digital inputs. Digital inputs
can be in the range of 5V.
ATMEGA 328 microcontroller, which acts as a processor for the arduino board. Nearly
it consists of 28 pins. From these 28 pins, the inputs can be controlled by transmitting and
receiving the inputs to the external device. It also consists of pulse width modulation
(PWM). These PWM are used to transmit the entire signal in a pulse modulation. Input
power supply such as Vcc and Gnd are used. These IC mainly consists of analog and digital
inputs. These analog and digital inputs are used for the process of certain applications.

13
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

• DESCRIPTION

ANALOG INPUT:
Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller board consist of 6 analog inputs pins. These analog
inputs can be named from A0 to A5. From these 6 analog inputs pins, we can do the process
by using analog inputs. Analog inputs can be used in the operating range of 0 to 5V Analog
signal is considered as the continuous time signal, from which these analog signal can be
used for certain applications. These are also called as non discrete time signal.
Inputs such as voltage, current etc.., are considered to be either analog signal or digital
signal only by analysing the time signal properties. Various applications of arduino
microcontroller can use only an analog input instead of digital inputs. For these applications,
analog input ports or pins can be used.

DIGITAL INPUT:
Digital inputs can be defined as the non continuous time signal with discrete input
pulses. It can be represented as 0’s and 1’s. These digital inputs can be either on state or in off
state. Arduino atmega328 microcontroller also consists of 12 digital input pins. It can be
stated as D0 to D11. Nearly 12 inputs can be used for digital input/output applications. The
working of the digital input ports is where the discrete input pulses can be triggered and
supplied to the ports. These ports receive the input and therefore the port can be used for both
input and output process. These digital pins can access only the digital inputs.

ATMEGA-328 IC:
This ATMEGA-328 integrated chip consists of 28 pins. It consists of 6 analog inputs
that are shown in the pin diagram. Analog inputs can be represented as PC0 to PC5. These
analog input pins posses the continuous time signal which acts as an analog input for the
system. Further it also consists of 12 digital inputs. It can be represented as PD1 to PD11
which act as an digital input ports based on pulse width modulation (PWM). These PWM,
which transmits the signal in the form of discredited form. Both analog and digital input ports
can be used for various applications for the input power supply, VCC and GND pins are used.
Pins PB6 and PB7, which acts as a crystal to generate a clock signal. By using these crystal,
we can generate the clock signals and by these clock signals, we can use this clock signals for
input sources. PC6 pin are the one where it can be used for the reset option. Resetting the
program can be done by using this PC6 pin.

14
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
The pin diagram of atmega-328 microcontroller can be shown below.

JACK CABLE / USB PORT:

This Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller can be interfaced with the other electronic
devices such as computer by using USB port or power jack cable from these power jack
cable, we can upload the program of Arduino for their applications. At first, the program can
be initialised or can be edited by using Arduino software tools. Then these programs can be
transferred through arduino microcontroller board by using usb cable or power jack cable.

POWER SUPPLY:
There is an additional power supply source present in Arduino microcontroller. Power
supply port is present at the corner of the arduino microcontroller. Either we can use this
power supply port by connecting with external power supply.(ie, ac power supply), or by
connecting an dc power supply through input pins. These power supplies produce an active
form to the arduino microcontroller. These arduino microcontrollers can accept a range of
power supply. When the power supply voltage range exceeds, the microcontroller gets
damaged. Hence, only the particular range of power supply should be given to the arduino
microcontroller.

15
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

• WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working of arduino microcontroller is where the proper connection is made.
Checking all the input ports as well as the power supply connection. The output of the pins can
be connected with the external devices according to their applications. The program to be
executed for the applications can be done by using arduino software. From this arduino
software, we can edit according to the applications. This software can works on c and c++
programming language. It is fully a high level language. By using the conditions of working,
we can create a program to proceed for the applications.
Then after, these programs can be uploaded through the arduino microcontroller by
using the power jack cable. The program can be uploaded to the microcontroller and ready for
further process. ATMEGA-328 microcontroller can saves a program and these IC can acts as
a processor to do the process without any error. After by giving an analog or digital input to
the system, we can do the process according to the applications. We can control the process
of the application by editing the program in the arduino software and again can be uploaded
to the arduino microcontroller via power jack cable. There is an option of reset button.
The purpose of reset button is to reset the program which means the previous programs
are deleted and we can use the arduino for the other application purposes. Likewise, these
arduino ATMEGA-328 microcontrollers can be used for n number of applications. These
arduino microcontrollers are widely used in automation industries for controlling the process
and to work the system in an automation mode.Here, I have provided a simple arduino
program to do the process of rotating a stepper motor for one revolution. There are many
number of example programs that are present in the arduino software. We can edit these
programs for our applications purposes.

16
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 4
SOLAR PANEL
SOLAR PANEL:

Solar panels absorb the sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity or heat.A
photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connect assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic
solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic
system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and
typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W).
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated
output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient
230 W module. There are a few commercially available solar modules that exceed
efficiency of 22% and reportedly also exceeding 24%. A single solar module can
produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple
modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules,
an inverter, a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and optionally a solar
tracking mechanism. The most common application of solar panels is solar water
heating systems.

THEORY

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-
based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying)
member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be
protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-
flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. The cells must be connected
electrically in series, one to another. Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use
MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the
system. Modules electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output
voltage or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires
that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-
magnetic conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used
externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module
sections still illuminated.
17
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by
lenses or mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per
unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.

18
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
MAINTENANCE
Solar panel conversion efficiency, typically in the 20% range, is reduced by dust, grime,
pollen, and other particulates that accumulate on the solar panel. "A dirty solar panel can
reduce its power capabilities by up to 30% in high dust/pollen or desert areas", says Seamus
Curran, associate professor of physics at the University of Houston and director of the Institute
for NanoEnergy, which specializes in the design, engineering, and assembly of nanostructures.
Paying to have solar panels cleaned is often not a good investment; researchers found panels
that had not been cleaned, or rained on, for 145 days during a summer drought in California,
lost only 7.4% of their efficiency. Overall, for a typical residential solar system of 5 kW,

Fig 3.2 PV module with specification(STD condition)

washing panels halfway through the summer would translate into a mere $20 gain in
electricity production until the summer drought ends—in about 2 ½ months. For larger
commercial rooftop systems, the financial losses are bigger but still rarely enough to warrant
the cost of washing the panels. On average, panels lost a little less than 0.05% of their overall
efficiency per day.

19
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 5
DESIGNING OF PCB AND CIRCUIT
This tutorial leads you through the design of a PCB using layout software from Express
PCB, which is freeware available at www.expresspcb.com. Before beginning you should make
sure your computer has both Express PCB and Express SCH, if not than you should download
the software. Before beginning the PCB process, you should come up with the initial design,
build it and test it on a breadboard, fix any errors, and determine specific components. It is
also useful to have datasheets and dimensions for all of the “special” components such as
transistors, ICs, sensors, actuators, etc., on hand. For this tutorial, we will use a drawer burglar
alarm circuit, which had the following form after testing on a breadboard:

There are two stages remaining in the process to creating the circuit board. In the first
stage, you build the schematic using the ExpressPCB schematic editor. In the second stage
you layout the circuit board. It is possible to skip directly to the layout editor. However,
doing the schematic first will allow you to link the schematic into the layout editor reducing
the probability of error.

EXPRESS PCB SOFTWARE:-

1. Open Express SCH to create a fresh schematic. The first time you start Express SCH
you will get a dialog box with a link to a quick start guide for Express SCH. This can
be useful if you want to get a general overview for the tool. Once you are ready to start,
close the dialog box to view the empty schematic.

2. Click on Op-Amp-like symbol to place components. To place the resistors, select

“Passive-Resistor” in the text box in the upper right corner.

3. Then click on the schematic for the 4 resistors (not including the photoresistor or
potentiometer) in roughly the location you want them to display. Then zoom in using
the magnifying glass tool (or the wheel on the mouse) and pan the display (using the
sliding bars) to improve your view.

4. Now you need to give each of the resistors unique identifiers. Right click on a resistor
and choose “Set component properties.” In the Component Properties box, under

20
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
“Component ID,” select “Auto assign Part ID.” The program should assign this resistor
to be R1. Set its value 10k in the “Part Name” field and hit OK. Repeat this process to
identify and label R2 (10k), R3 (100k), and R4 (10k)

5. Now add the capacitor, potentiometer, comparator, and transistor to the circuit by first
clicking back on the component placement tool (the red op-amp symbol) and using the
component names “Passive-Capacitor polarized,” “Passive- Potentiometer,” “IC –
National - LM311 – Comparator – DIP-8,” and “Semiconductor – Transistor NPN.”
Use “set component properties” to assign all of these parts Part IDs, label them and
position them (using the arrow tool) in a logical manner.

6. For future use, save this as a custom component by selecting “Component” -> “Save
custom component” and then in the dialog box that appears give the component a name
such as “photoresistor.” (If someone else has already completed the tutorial on this
computer, the part may already exist, in that case you should either save this component
with a unique name, or save your component on top of the one already existing)

7. For future use, save this as a custom component by selecting “Component” -> “Save
custom component” and then in the dialog box that appears give the component a name
such as “photoresistor.” (If someone else has already completed the tutorial on this
computer, the part may already exist, in that case you should either save this component
with a unique name, or save your component on top of the one already existing)

21
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
DESIGNING OF PCB LAYOUT:
When doing the layout, it is particularly useful to have the actual components and/or in front
of you, along with a ruler or set of calipers (the ruler and calipers are unnecessary for this
tutorial).

1. Open ExpressPCB. When you first open the program, a dialog box appears with links
to the Quick Start Guide and a PCB Design Tips file. If you have time, both of these
links can be instructive. Once you’re ready to continue, hit OK to go to a new file.

2. Under “File” select “New file.” Choose the 2-layer board, with Default via ‘0.056”
round via with 0.029” hole’. Change both default clearances for the filled planes to 0.05
(the maximum allowed). Hit OK and again OK on the warning that appears in the next
window.

The yellow line on the screen shows the boundary for the PCB. The default boundary is 3.8
x 2.5 inches, which matches the express PCB miniboard service. This demo will use the
entire board—however for our class project you should only use half the board (1.9” x
2.5”) so that we can double up designs. Also, be aware that no copper (pads or traces) can
be placed closer than 0.025" to the perimeter of the board.

22
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
3. The first thing you need to do is to place all of your components onto the layout. Let’s
start with the resistors. Select the component placing tool, which looks like a little IC,
and from the pull-down menu on the upper right choose “Resistor-0.25 watt (lead
spacing 0.4 inch).” (This description matches the small resistors in Ri-024). Put 4
resistors on the schematic.

4. Now double click on each of the resistors to bring up the component properties box, and
assign the resistors with part IDs R1, R2, R3, and R4.

23
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
5. The LM311 for this example is in an 8-pin DIP package, so you place the comparator
using the component “Dip 8-pin.” Notice how the square pad denotes pin 1.

6. Double-click on the component and assign the part with the part ID “U1”

24
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
7. Now add the following components (this assumes that each of these component
descriptions match the components in the circuit—it’s good to confirm this with a ruler
when you go to build your own circuit—matching lead spacings are particularly
important):
a. A capacitor with the description “Cap – radial electrolytic – Lead spacing 0.2
inch” and give it part ID, “C1” (notice how the square pad denotes the positive
lead)
b. A transistor with the description “Semiconductor – TO-39” and give it part ID,
“Q1”
c. A potentiometer with the description “Potentiometer – Bourns series 3386H” and
give it partID, “R5”

8. Save your work.

25
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 6
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND LIST OF COMPONENTS

26
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
LIST OF COMPONENTS:

1. Solar Panel Single Screen(12V, 15W)

2. DC to DC Buck Boost Converter
3. Battery 12 V, 4.5Ah SMF Lead acid
4. CD4047
5. Single Phase Stepdown Transformer 230V/12v with Tapping
6. Voltage Regulator 7805 12V/5V inbuilt oscillator
7. Arduino UNO AT-Mega 328
8. LCD 16*2 (7 channels,RW,En,RS,5V) 4 bit Mode
9. Relays 12 V DC
10. Bluetooth Devices HC-05 2.4GHz, 10mtrs range
11. Different Range of Resistor and Capacitor

27
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 7
DC-DC BUCK BOOST CONVERTER
The general configuration of Buck-Boost converter is shown Figure.

A buck-boost Converter can be obtained by cascade connection of the two basic

converters:

• the step down converter

• the step up converter
The circuit operation can be divided into two modes:
• During mode 1 (Figure a), the switch S1 is turned on and the diode D is
reversed biased. In mode 1 the input current, which rises, flows through
inductor L and switch S1 .

• In mode 2 (Figure b), the switch S1 is off and the current, which was
flowing through the inductor, would flow through L, C, D and load. In
this mode the energy stored in the inductor ( L ) is transferred to the load
and the inductor current ( iL ) falls until the switch S1 is turned on again
in the next cycle.
The waveforms for the steady-state voltage and current are shown in Figure.

iin
id

Vin iL C R
iL io

Figure 8a: Buck Boost Converter in mode 1 Figure 8b: Buck Boost Converter in mode 2

28
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

29
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

30
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

31
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 8

BATTERY CP1245

32
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

33
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 9
CD4047 CMOS LOW-POWER
MONOSTABLE/ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

DESCRIPTION

CD4047BMS consists of astable multivibrator with logic tech- niques incorporated

to permit positive or negative edge triggered monostable multivibrator action with
retriggering and external counting options.
Inputs include +TRIGGER, -TRIGGER, ASTABLE, ASTABLE, RETRIGGER, and
EXTERNAL RESET. Buffered outputs are Q, Q, and OSCILLATOR. In all modes of operation, an
external capacitor must be connected between C-Timing and RC-Common terminals, and an
external resistor must be connected between the R-Timing and RC- Common terminals.

Astable operation is enabled by a high level on the ASTABLE input or a low level
on the ASTABLE input, or both. The period of the square wave at the Q and Q Outputs
in this mode of operation is a function of the external components employed. “True”
input pulses on the ASTABLE input or “Complement” pulses on the ASTABLE input
allow the circuit to be used as a gatable multivibrator. The OSCILLATOR output period
will be half of the Q terminal output in the astable mode. However, a 50% duty cycle is
not guaranteed at this output.
The CD4047BMS triggers in the monostable mode when a positive going edge
occurs on the +TRIGGER input while the -TRIGGER is held low. Input pulses may be
of any duration relative to the output pulse.
If retrigger capability is desired, the RETRIGGER input is pulsed. The
retriggerable mode of operation is limited to positive going edge. The CD4047BMS will
retrigger as long as the RETRIGGER input is high, with or without transitions (See
Figure 31)
An external countdown option can be implemented by coupling “Q” to an external
“N” counter and resetting the counter with trigger pulse. The counter output pulse is fed

34
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
back to the ASTABLE input and has a dura- tion equal to N times the period of the
multivibrator.
A high level on the EXTERNAL RESET input assures no output pulse during an
“ON” power condition. This input can also be activated to ter- minate the output pulse
at any time. For monostable operation, when- ever VDD is applied, an internal power
on reset circuit will clock the Q output low within one output period (tM).

35
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

36
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

37
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

38
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

39
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 10
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER

STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER :-

Step down transformer is the first part of regulated power supply. To step down the
mains 230V A.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main characteristic of
electronic transformer.
1) Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance at
a single freq.
2) It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric strength.
3) Transformer ratings are expressed in volt–amp. The volt-amp of each secondary
winding or windings are added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the load
losses.
4) Temperature rise of a transformer is decided on two well-known factors i.e. losses on
transformer and heat dissipating or cooling facility provided unit.

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not
suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.

• Transformer + Rectifier

• The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable
for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

40
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

• Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic circuits.

• Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic
circuits. The fig. above shows the circuit diagram of the power supply unit. This block mainly
consists of a two regulating IC 7805 and a bridge rectified and it provides a regulated supply
approximately 5V.

The transformer used in this circuit has secondary rating of 7.5V. The main function of the
transformer is to step down the AC voltage available from the main. The main connections are
given to its primary winding through a switch connected to a phase line. The transformer
provides a 7.5V AC output at its secondary terminals and the maximum current that can be
drawn form the transformer is 1 Amp which is well abo ve the required level for the circuit

41
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 11
VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805
A voltage regulator is a circuit. That supplies constant voltage regardless of change in
load current. IC voltage regulators are versatile and relatively cheaper. The 7800 series
consists of three terminal positive voltage regulators. These ICs are designed as fixed voltage
regulator and with adequate heat sink, can deliver o/p current in excess of 1A. These devices
do not require external component.

This IC also has internal thermal overload protection and internal short circuit and current
limiting protection. For our project we use 7805 voltage regulator IC.

78xx ICs are easy to use and handle but these cannot give an altering voltage required so
Lm317 series of ICs are available to obtain a voltage output from 1.25 volts to 37 volts. 7805
is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage
regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the
fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value.
The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V
regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output
pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
42
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

ADVANTAGES
1. 78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated source
of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. Other
voltage regulators may require additional components to set the output voltage level, or to
assist in the regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switched-mode power supply)
may need substantial engineering expertise to implement.

2. 78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They
have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most
applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 78xx devices can provide
protection not only for the 78xx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Available o/p D.C. Voltage = + 5V.

Line Regulation = 0.03

Load Regulation = 0.5

Vin maximum = 35 V

Ripple Rejection = 66-80 (db)

43
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 12
RELAYS
RELAYS

ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate
a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find
applications where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance
telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to
another. Relays found extensive use in telephone exchanges and early computers to
perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to
directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching.
Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are
used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protection relays

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an
iron yoke, which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature,
and a set, or sets, of contacts; two in the relay pictured. The armature is hinged to the yoke and
mechanically linked to a moving contact or contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that
when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one
of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays
may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture
also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit
between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board
(PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.

When an electric current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts
the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact or contacts either makes
or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay
was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice
versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is
returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position.
Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial
motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application,
this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise
generate a voltage spike dangerous to circuit components. Some automotive relays already
include a diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of
a capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized
with alternating current (AC), a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid.

44
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on
the armature during the AC cycle.[1]

By analogy with functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is

made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation an
optocoupler can be used which is a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.

POLE AND THROW RELAY

Circuit symbols of relays. "C" denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.

The diagram on the package of a DPDT AC coil relay

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A
relay will switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the
coil in one of three ways:

• Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit
is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make"
contact.
• Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or
"break" contact.
• Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-
open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called

45
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
a Form C contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact
utilizes”make before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.

The following designations are commonly encountered:

• SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology
"SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
• SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two
others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
• DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to
two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a
relay has six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
• DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has
eight terminals, including the coil.

The "S" or "D" may be replaced with a number, indicating multiple switches connected to a
single actuator. For example 4 PDT indicates a four pole double throw relay (with 14
terminals).

EN 50005 are among applicable standards for relay terminal numbering; a typical EN 50005-
compliant SPDT relay's terminals would be numbered 11, 12, 14, A1 and A2 for the C, NC,
NO, and coil connections, respectively.

APPLICATIONS
Relays are used to and for:

• Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or

audio amplifiers,
• Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an
automobile,

Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit
breakers (protection relays),

46
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 13
BLUETOOTH DEVICE
HC-05

47
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

48
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

49
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

50
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

FIG CONNECTION OF ARDUINO UNO AND BLUETOOTH DEVICE HC-05

51
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 14
GENERAL COMPONENTS
There are Different types of Components or Devices are used in Project which are listed
below:

1. LCD 16x2
2. Different Range of Resistor
3. Capacitor
4. Others

1. LCD 16 X 2
Liquid crystal Display (LCD) displays temperature of the measured element, which is
calculated by the microcontroller. CMOS technology makes the device ideal for application in
hand held, portable and other battery instruction with low power consumption.

GENERAL SPECIFICATION:

• Drive method: 1/16 duty cycle

• Display size: 16 character * 2 lines
• Character structure: 5*8 dots.
• Display data RAM: 80 characters (80*8 bits)
• Character generate ROM: 192 characters
• Character generate RAM: 8 characters (64*8 bits)
• Both display data and character generator RAMs can be read from MPU.
• Internal automatic reset circuit at power ON.
• Built in oscillator circuit.

Net Media 2x16

Serial LCD
Display Module

52
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

PIN Configuration
JP1/JP14 Pins 1 – 8 Description JP1/JP14 Pins 9 -16 Description

Pin1 Ground Pin9 D2 (Not Used)

Pin2 VCC (+5) Pin10 D3 (Not Used)

Pin3 Contrast Pin11 D4

Pin4 Data/Command (R/S) Pin12 D5

Pin5 Read/Write (W) Pin13 D6

Pin6 Enable (E1) Pin14 D7

Pin7 D0 (Not Used) Pin15 VCC (LEDSV+)

Pin8 D1 (Not Used) Pin16 Ground

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LCD 16X2

53
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
2. Diodes

Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have a
positive side (leg) and a negative side. When the voltage on the positive leg is higher than on
the negative leg then current flows through the diode (the resistance is very low). When the
voltage is lower on the positive leg than on the negative leg then the current does not flow (the
resistance is very high). The negative leg of a diode is the one with the line closest to it. It is
called the cathode. The postive end is called the anode.

3. LED

Light Emitting Diodes are great for projects because they provide visual entertainment.
LEDs use a special material which emits light when current flows through it. Unlike light
bulbs, LEDs never burn out unless their current limit is passed. A current of 0.02 Amps (20
mA) to 0.04 Amps (40 mA) is a good range for LEDs. They have a positive leg and a negative
leg just like regular diodes. To find the positive side of an LED, look for a line in the metal
inside the LED. It may be difficult to see the line. This line is closest to the positive side of the
LED. Another way of finding the positive side is to find a flat spot on the edge of the LED.
This flat spot is on the negative side.

When current is flowing through an LED the voltage on the positive leg is about 1.4 volts
higher than the voltage on the negative side. Remember that there is no resistance to limit the
current so a resistor must be used in series with the LED to avoid destroying it.

4. Resistors

Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance. Resistance determines how
much current will flow through a component. Resistors are used to control voltages and
currents. A very high resistance allows very little current to flow. Air has very high resistance.
Current almost never flows through air. (Sparks and lightning are brief displays of current
flow through air. The light is created as the current burns parts of the air.) A low resistance
allows a large amount of current to flow. Metals have very low resistance. That is why wires
are made of metal. They allow current to flow from one point to another point without any
resistance. Wires are usually covered with rubber or plastic. This keeps the wires from coming
in contact with other wires and creating short circuits. High voltage power lines are covered
with thick layers of plastic to make them safe, but they become very dangerous when the line
breaks and the wire is exposed and is no longer separated from other things by insulation.

Resistance is given in units of ohms. (Ohms are named after Mho Ohms who played with
electricity as a young boy in Germany.) Common resistor values are from 100 ohms to
100,000 ohms. Each resistor is marked with colored stripes to indicate it’s resistance. To learn
how to calculate the value of a resistor by looking at the stripes on the resistor, go to Resistor
Values which includes more information about resistors.

54
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
5. Variable Resistors

Variable resistors are also common components. They have a dial or a knob that allows you
to change the resistance. This is very useful for many situations. Volume controls are variable
resistors. When you change the volume you are changing the resistance which changes the
current. Making the resistance higher will let less current flow so the volume goes down.
Making the resistance lower will let more current flow so the volume goes up. The value of a
variable resistor is given as it’s highest resistance value. For example, a 500 ohm variable
resistor can have a resistance of anywhere between 0 ohms and 500 ohms. A variable resistor
may also be called a potentiometer (pot for short).

6. Switches

Switches are devices that create a short circuit or an open circuit depending on the position
of the switch. For a light switch, ON means short circuit (current flows through the switch,
lights light up and people dance.) When the switch is OFF, that means there is an open circuit
(no current flows, lights go out and people settle down. This effect on people is used by some
teachers to gain control of loud classes.)

When the switch is ON it looks and acts like a wire. When the switch is OFF there is no
connection.

7. The Capacitor

If you already understand capacitors you can skip this part.

The picture above on the left shows two typical capacitors. Capacitors usually have two
legs. One leg is the positive leg and the other is the negative leg. The positive leg is the one
that is longer. The picture on the right is the symbol used for capacitors in circuit drawings
(schematics). When you put one in a circuit, you must make sure the positive leg and the
negative leg go in the right place. Capacitors do not always have a positive leg and a negative
leg. The smallest capacitors in this kit do not. It does not matter which way you put them in a
circuit.

A capacitor is similar to a rechargable battery in the way it works. The difference is that
a capacitor can only hold a small fraction of the energy that a battery can. (Except for really
big capacitors like the ones found in old TVs. These can hold a lot of charge. Even if a TV has
been disconnected from the wall for a long time, these capacitors can still make lots of sparks
and hurt people.) As with a rechargable battery, it takes a while for the capacitor to charge. So

55
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
if we have a 12 volt supply and start charging the capacitor, it will start with 0 volts and go
from 0 volts to 12 volts. Below is a graph of the voltage in the capacitor while it is charging.

The same idea is true when the capacitor is discharging. If the capacitor has been charged to
12 volts and then we connect both legs to ground, the capacitor will start discharging but it
will take some time for the voltage to go to 0 volts. Below is a graph of what the voltage is in
the capacitor while it is discharging.

We can control the speed of the capacitor's charging and discharging using
resistors.Capacitors are given values based on how much electricity they can store. Larger
capacitors can store more energy and take more time to charge and discharge. The values are
given in Farads but a Farad is a really large unit of measure for common capacitors. In this kit
we have 2 33pf capacitors, 2 10uf capacitors and 2 220uF capacitors. Pf means picofarad and
uf means microfarad. A picofarad is 0.000000000001 Farads. So the 33pf capacitor has a
value of 33 picofarads or 0.000000000033 Farads. A microfarad is 0.000001 Farads. So the
10uf capacitor is 0.00001 Farads and the 220uF capacitor is 0.000220 Farads. If you do any
calculations using the value of the capacitor you have to use the Farad value rather than the
picofarad or microfarad value.

Capacitors are also rated by the maximum voltage they can take. This value is always
written on the larger can shaped capacitors. For example, the 220uF capacitors in this kit have
a maximum voltage rating of 25 volts. If you apply more than 25 volts to them they will die.
We don’t have to worry about that with this kit because our power supply can only put out 12
volts.

56
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 15

PRICE LIST OF COMPONENTS

Resistor
product Image Item Name- Price

Resistor network 1k - 10K 9Pin

This is a 10K resistor array in 9Pin
Price - Rs.5.00
package. useful for pull up.

Price - Rs.20.00
Plastic Preset 1k to 1m

1R to 1M Resistor 1/4 W (10Pcs) Price - Rs.10.00

Price - Rs.50.00
1R to 1M Resistor 0.5 to 11 W (10Pcs)

Diodes

Product Image Item Name- Price

1N4007 Price - Rs.2.00

1N4007 is a 1.0A general purpose rectifier diode.

1N5819 Price - Rs.3.00

1A 40V Schottky Barrier rectifier.

57
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
Capacitor
Product Image Item Name- Price

Price - Rs.1.00
33pf ceramic disk capacitor

Price - Rs.2.00
1uf electrolytic capacitor

Price - Rs.2.00
10uf electrolytic capacitor

Price - Rs.8.00
100 to 1000 uf electrolytic capacitor

Voltage Regulator

Product Image Item Name- Price

7805 - 5V voltage regulator Price - Rs.15.00

This is an positive 5V - 500mA to 1.5A regulator

58
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
LED Diodes AND LCD

Product Image Item Name- Price

LED GREEN - 3mm LED YELLOW - 3mm

LED RED - 3mm
Price - Rs.2.00 Price - Rs.2.00
Price - Rs.2.00

LED Red 5mm LED Green 5mm

Price - Rs.2.00 Price - Rs.2.00 LED Yellow - 5mm
Price - Rs.2.00

LED-RGB diffused Common Cathode

Price - Rs.20.00

16x2 LCD with green Backlight

Price - Rs.240.00

Crystal 4 to 20 MHz Price - Rs.20.00

This is an 4 MHz quartz crystal in HC49U casing.

59
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

IC Base
Product Image Item Name- Price

Price - Rs.8.00
8 pin to 16 Pin IC Base

Price - Rs.10.00
20 Pin IC Base

Price - Rs.20.00
40 Pin IC Base

SOLAR PANEL

Solar panel 12v, 21 W with Positive and Price- Rs 4225.00

Negative terminal

MODULES

60
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org

Product Image Item Name- Price

230v/3-0-3 step down

Price - Rs.65.00
Transformer PT voltage sensor

CT sensor current sensor Price - Rs.95.00

12v SPDT 25 amp Relay Price - Rs.45.00

Price - Rs.20.00
230v 2 pin power cord

Copper clad PCB Price - Rs.50.00

General Dot PCB

61
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
ARDUINO UNO

Product Image Item Name- Price

arduino uno at mega with USB Price – Rs. 525.00

Cable

BLUETOOTH HC-05

Bluetooth HC-05 Device Price – Rs. 375.00

BBATTERY KEAD ACID 12V

SMF 12V LEAD ACID PRICE – RS. 990

BATTERY

62
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 16
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMING OF ARDUINO ATMEGA UNO

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(3,4,5,6,7,8);

float battValue = 0;

void setup()

{ pinMode(9, OUTPUT);

pinMode(10, OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

lcd.print(" Solar Based ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(" Inverter");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print(" A.I.K.T.C");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.print(" Guided By:");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(" Prof.M.K.Alam");

//delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

battValue = analogRead(A0);
63
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
battValue=battValue*0.0049;

battValue=battValue*7;

lcd.clear();

lcd.print("Batt:");

lcd.print(battValue);

lcd.print("(V) ");

if(battValue>=13)

digitalWrite(9,HIGH);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Batt.Full Charge");

else

digitalWrite(9,LOW);

if(battValue<=10)

digitalWrite(10,HIGH);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Batt. Discharged");

else

digitalWrite(10,LOW);

Serial.print("V");

Serial.println(battValue);

delay(250);

}}

64
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
CHAPTER 17
PAYBACK PERIOD
Payback period in capital budgeting refers to the period of time required to recoup the
funds expended in an investment, or to reach the break-even point. For example, a $1000
investment made at the start of year 1 which returned $500 at the end of year 1 and year 2
respectively would have a two-year payback period. Payback period is usually expressed in
years. Starting from investment year by calculating Net Cash Flow for each year: Net Cash
Flow Year 1 = Cash Inflow Year 1 - Cash Outflow Year 1. Then Cumulative Cash Flow =
(Net Cash Flow Year 1 + Net Cash Flow Year 2 + Net Cash Flow Year 3, etc.) Accumulate by
year until Cumulative Cash Flow is a positive number: that year is the payback year.

The time value of money is not taken into account. Payback period intuitively measures
how long something takes to "pay for itself." All else being equal, shorter payback periods are
preferable to longer payback periods. Payback period is popular due to its ease of use despite
the recognized limitations described below.

Solar System Size 400 KW

Plant Rate of Interest 0.12 Flat Rate
Plant Cost 2.6 Cr. INR
IRR 18.53 %
Annual Generation per
600,000 Units
Annual KW
Generation Generation to reduce 2.50% First Year
Generation to reduce 0.70% Per year
Panels 25 Years
Warranty
Inverters 5 Years
Accelerated Year 1 40 Percentage per FY
Depreciation Year 2 40 Percentage per FY
Year 3 20 Percentage per FY
Plant maintenance etc Annual cost per year
Inverter Replacement towards Asset
14,952,671
Operating Costs and allied spares in Replacement, Repairs
year 12 and Maintenance over 25
Plant Capital Cost 2,579,144 Years

65
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
Maintance+spares 26,000,000
17,531,816

Cost Total Costs of D + M

computation Total Generation in 25

43,531,816
Years

13,565,724 kWh

Unit cost Average Per unit costs 2.58

CONCLUSION

In this project we have shown the factors required for the installation of solar
PV plant. With an approx simulation of the yeld which is provided by it to the user.
In this project Simulink based model of solar cell and solar array is developed.
Modelling of solar array is much easier than its modelling in real environment and
testing it. Boost converter is used to boost and regulate the output voltage of solar
array. Duty cycle of boost converter is controlled through ARDUINO and Mobile
Device to track the maximum power from solar. Simulink based models and their
outputs of solar cell and array are shown clearly for different stages to understand the
use of physical modelling using Simulink. Payback period and commercial gain and
benefit is also measured by this method of management and potential time for
investment return and profit thereafter for a predefined period of 25 years solar life
time of operation is also given.

66
 ARDUINO BASED SOLAR POWER INVERTER BASED ON BLUETOOTH
IR@AIKTC aiktcdspace.org
REFERENCES:-

1. "Energy Sources: Solar". Department of Energy. Retrieved 19 April 2011

2. Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition, Lewis Fraas, Larry Partain,
Wiley, 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 , Section10.2.
3. "Concentrated Solar Thermal Power – Now" (PDF). Retrieved 19 August 2008.
4. Kraemer, D; Hu, L; Muto, A; Chen, X; Chen, G; Chiesa, M (2008), "Photovoltaic-
thermoelectric hybrid systems: A general optimization methodology", Applied
Physics Letters, 92 (24): 243503, doi:10.1063/1.2947591

5. "Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric Systems". United States Department of Energy. 2 July 2012.
6. Solar: photovoltaic: Lighting Up The World retrieved 19 May 2009 Archived 13 August 2010
at the Wayback Machine.
7. Innovation in Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP), RenewableEnergyFocus.com
website.
8. Bolton, James (1977). Solar Power and Fuels. Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12- 112350-2.
9. Daniels, Farrington (1964). Direct Use of the Sun's Energy. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-25
Huan-Liang Tsai, Ci-Siang Tu, and Yi-Jie Su, “Development of Generalized
PhotovoltaicModel Using MATLAB/SIMULINK”, 008, Proceedings of the World Congress on
Engineering and Computer Science.

10. H.Altas1, A.M. Sharaf, “A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for MATLAB/SIMULINK
GUI Environment”, 2007, IEEE
11. Sangita S. Kondawar,U. B. Vaidya,' A comparison of Two MPPT Techniques for
PV System in MATLAB SIMULINK', Int. Journal of Engineering Research and
Development, Vol 2, Issue 7 (Aug 2012), PP.73-79
12. Samer Alsadi, Basim Alsayid,' Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for
Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb and Observe Algorithm', Int. Journal of
Engineering and Innovative Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 6, December 2012.
13. G. Venkateshwarlu, Dr. P. Sangameswar Raju,' Simscape Model of Photovoltaic Cell',
Int. Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering, Vol.2, Issue 5, May 2013.

67