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Client-side cybersecurity issues involve vulnerabilities that affect user devices or browsers, leading to data breaches and compromised privacy. Common threats include XSS, CSRF, MITM attacks, and malicious browser extensions, which can steal data or manipulate web pages. Best practices to mitigate these risks include implementing CSP headers, using secure coding practices, enforcing HTTPS, and encouraging software updates.

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2 views6 pages

Untitled Document (1)

Client-side cybersecurity issues involve vulnerabilities that affect user devices or browsers, leading to data breaches and compromised privacy. Common threats include XSS, CSRF, MITM attacks, and malicious browser extensions, which can steal data or manipulate web pages. Best practices to mitigate these risks include implementing CSP headers, using secure coding practices, enforcing HTTPS, and encouraging software updates.

Uploaded by

pukazharasikumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ISSUES IN CYBER SECURITY OF

CLIENT SIDE

Client-side cybersecurity issues refer to


vulnerabilities or threats that affect the user’s device or
browser, rather than the server or backend system.
These issues can lead to data breaches, unauthorized
access, and compromised user privacy.

Common client-side cybersecurity


issues:

1. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)


Attackers inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by users.

2. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)


Tricks a user’s browser into making unwanted requests to a site
they’re authenticated on.

3. Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attacks


Occur when attackers intercept data between the client and server
(e.g., over insecure Wi-Fi).

4. Clickjacking
Malicious sites trick users into clicking on hidden buttons or links.
5. Malicious Browser Extensions or Scripts
Extensions with broad permissions can access sensitive
information.

6. Insecure Storage on the Client-Side


Sensitive data (tokens, passwords) stored insecurely in
localStorage, sessionStorage, or cookies.

7. Outdated Client Software


Unpatched browsers, plugins, or apps may have known
vulnerabilities.

8. Phishing and Social Engineering


Users tricked into revealing personal or login information.

Best Practices to Mitigate Client-Side Issues

● Implement CSP headers to limit resources/scripts.

● Use secure coding practices to prevent XSS/CSRF.

● Enforce HTTPS everywhere.

● Use two-factor authentication (2FA).

● Encourage users to keep software and browsers up to date.

● Perform regular security testing (e.g., penetration testing, dynamic


analysis).
Malicious browser extension

A malicious browser extension is a browser plugin or


add-on that appears harmless or useful but is designed to perform
harmful or unauthorized activities. These types of extensions can
compromise user security, invade privacy, and even manipulate
or steal information from websites and web applications.

What Can a Malicious Browser Extension Do?


1. Access and Steal Data:
○ Read cookies, session tokens, and localStorage data
○ Capture keystrokes (keylogging)
○ Scrape personal data (names, emails, passwords)
2. Manipulate Web Pages:

○ Inject JavaScript or HTML into loaded pages

○ Alter content users see (e.g., fake ads or phishing forms)

○ Modify inputs or algorithm parameters in web apps

3. Monitor Network Activity:

○ Intercept API requests and responses

○ Track browsing history and behavior

4. Bypass Security Mechanisms:


○ Disable content security policies (CSP)

○ Spoof user-agent headers

○ Mask unauthorized actions as legitimate ones

ALGORITHM
Reverse Engineer or Steal Algorithm Logic
● Extensions can access and inspect JavaScript running in the browser.

● Business-critical algorithms (e.g., pricing logic, crypto wallets, machine


learning in JS) can be extracted

Objective:
Extract or replicate proprietary logic embedded in client-side
code (e.g., JavaScript) from a web or mobile application.

Input
URL or binary of a web or mobile application containing client-side
logic
Output:
Reconstructed logic or replicated version of the target algorithm

Step-by-step Structure:
1. Initialization
a. Identify the target application.
b. Prepare necessary tools: browser developer tools, JS beautifier,
debugger, network analyzer, etc.

2. Access Source Code


a. Open the application in a web browser.
b. Launch browser developer tools (F12).
c. Navigate to the Sources or Network tab.
d. Locate JavaScript (.js) files responsible for computation.

3. Retrieve and Format Code


a. Download or copy the relevant JS file.
b. If the code is minified:
i. Use a JavaScript beautifier to reformat it.
ii. Rename variables for readability if needed.

4. Identify Target Function(s)


a. Search for function names related to key logic (e.g.,
calculatePrice, generateToken).
b. Use logging or breakpoints to trace function calls and data flow.

5. Understand Logic
a. Analyze the control flow and data flow of the function(s).
b. Note dependencies, constants, and transformation rules.

6. Reconstruct Logic
a. Replicate the algorithm in a new file or code environment.
b. Validate that it behaves identically using test inputs and outputs.

7. Optional: Automate or Exploit


a. Embed the stolen logic in a malicious script or tool.
b. Use it for unauthorized access, data scraping, or competitive
cloning.

8. Cleanup & Obfuscation (if attacker is stealthy)


a. Clear browser history and caches.
b. Encrypt or compress the extracted logic to conceal intent.

Return:
● Extracted or cloned version of the target algorithm logic

Manipulate Algorithm Inputs or Outputs


An extension can change data being passed into or out of an
algorithm, affecting the results shown

Manipulating algorithm inputs or outputs refers to unauthorized


changes made to the data processed by algorithms running on the client
side of an application, such as in a web browser. This manipulation is
typically done by attackers using browser developer tools or malicious
browser extensions, and it can lead to unauthorized access, fraud, or
inaccurate processing.

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