CAMPBELL BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS, NINTH EDITION

PowerPoint Lectures

Chapter 1
Biology: Exploring Life
TAYLOR
SIMON
DICKEY
HOGAN
REECE

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Figure 1.0_2
Chapter 1: Big Ideas

Biology: The Scientific The Process of

Study of Life Science

Five Unifying Themes

in Biology
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 BIOLOGY: THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LIFE

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.1 What is life?
Checkpoint question How would you define life?

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.1
Reproduction
Order Growth and
development

Response to the Energy processing

environment

Evolutionary adaptation
Regulation
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McJXsHJyox0
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 공각기동대(Ghost in the Shell), 2017

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.2
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea

Colorized SEM 10,000×

Colorized SEM 7,500×
Bacteria Archaea
Domain Eukarya
LM 340×

Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 동물계(Animalia)

척삭동물문(Chordata)
포유강(Mammalia)

영장목(Primates)

사람과(Hominidae)
오랑우탄, 고릴라, 침팬지

사람속(Homo)

사람종(sapiens)
Homo Sapiens
Homo neanderthalensis
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-식육목-고양이과-표범속-호랑이
동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-식육목-고양이과-표범속-사자
동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-식육목-고양이과-표범속-표범

동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-식육목-개과-개속-늑대
동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-식육목-개과-개속-늑대 - 개

동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-영장목-사람과-침팬지속-침팬지
동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-영장목-사람과-오랑우탄속-오랑우탄
동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-영장목-사람과-고릴라속-고릴라
동물계-척삭동물문-포유강-영장목-사람과-사람속 -사람
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-and-you/genetics-101/genetic-similarities-of-mice-and-men/
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 • Emergent properties result from the specific
arrangement and interactions among component
parts.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.3

1. Biosphere
Florida

2. Ecosystem
5. Organism

6. Organs and organ

systems

3. Community 7. Tissue
Nucleus

4. Population 8. Cell
DNA Nerve cell
Atom

10. Molecule 9. Organelle

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.4 What is science?
• Science is a way of knowing—an approach to
understanding the natural world.
• Science uses an evidence-based process of inquiry
to investigate the natural world.
• The scientific approach involves observations,
hypotheses, predictions, tests of hypotheses via
experiments or additional observations, and
analysis of data.
• A scientific theory is broad in scope and supported
by a large body of evidence.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9A_s1
Observation

Question

Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2:

Dead batteries Burned-out bulb
Figure 1.9A_s2
Observation

Question

Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2:

Dead batteries Burned-out bulb

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem. will fix problem.

Experiment: Experiment:
Test prediction by Test prediction by
replacing batteries. replacing bulb.
Figure 1.9A_s3
Observation

Question

Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2:

Dead batteries Burned-out bulb

Prediction: Prediction:
Replacing batteries Replacing bulb
will fix problem. will fix problem.

Experiment: Experiment:
Test prediction by Test prediction by
replacing batteries. replacing bulb.

Test falsifies Test does not

hypothesis. Revise falsify hypothesis.
hypothesis or Make additional
pose new one. predictions and
test them.
 1.5 Hypotheses can be tested using
controlled experiments
• In an experimental test of a hypothesis,
researchers often manipulate one component in a
system and observes the effects of this change.
• The factor that is manipulated is called the
independent variable.
• The measure used to judge the outcome of the
experiment is called the dependent variable. This
variable depends on the manipulated variable.
• A controlled experiment compares an
experimental group with a control group.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.5 Hypotheses can be tested using
controlled experiments
• The use of control and experimental groups can
demonstrate the effect of a single variable. For
example, researchers found that mice models that
did not match their habitat had higher predation
rates than camouflaged models.
• Hypotheses can be tested in humans with clinical
trials, as well as retrospective or prospective
observational studies.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.5

Beach population Inland population

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1.5

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.6

?
Should red pandas
be grouped with
raccoons or with
giant pandas?

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.6

?
Should red pandas
be grouped with
raccoons or with
giant pandas?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5auy6DKDL8&t=2s
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5auy6DKDL8&t=2s
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 1.6 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can
be tested using observational data
• Scientists tested hypotheses about the
evolutionary relationships of red pandas.
• Based on observations of physical similarities,
scientists initially hypothesized that the red panda
was most closely related to raccoons.
• Other scientists, observing that the diet and habitat
of red pandas were similar to those of giant pandas,
placed the two pandas together in their own family.
• But recent studies comparing DNA sequences led
scientists to classify red pandas as the only living
species of their own family.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.7 The process of science is repetitive,
nonlinear, and collaborative
• Forming and testing hypotheses at the core of
science. This endeavor is influenced by three
spheres:
1. exploration and discovery,
2. analysis and feedback from the scientific
community, and
3. societal benefits and outcomes.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.7

Exploration and
discovery

Formation and
testing of
hypotheses

Feedback from
Societal benefits the scientific
and outcomes community

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 China jails 'gene-edited babies' scientist for three years

허 젠쿠이(He Jiankui)
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50944461

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.8 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and
society are connected in important ways
• The goal of science is to understand natural
phenomena.
• In contrast, the goal of technology is to apply
scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.
• These two fields, however, are interdependent.
Technological advances stem from scientific
research, and research benefits from new
technologies.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 FIVE UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOLOGY

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• Life is distinguished by its unity and its diversity.
• The scientific explanation for this unity and
diversity is evolution, the process of change that
has transformed life on Earth from its earliest
forms to the vast array of organisms living today.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9a

Ruby-throated
hummingbird

Gentoo penguin
American flamingo
©© 2018
2012 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by
natural selection.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9b_3

1 Population with varied 2 Elimination of individuals 3 Increasing frequency of

inherited traits. with certain traits and traits that enhance survival
reproduction of survivors. and reproductive success.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9b_3

1 Population with varied 2 Elimination of individuals 3 Increasing frequency of

inherited traits. with certain traits and traits that enhance survival
reproduction of survivors. and reproductive success.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.9 Theme: Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• Each species on Earth today has a family history.
• A species represents one twig on a branching tree
of life that extends back in time through ancestral
species more and more remote.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9c

Procyonidae
(Raccoons)

Common
ancestor of Mustelidae
red pandas, (Weasels, otters)
raccoons,
and weasels Ailuridae
(Red pandas)

Mephitidae
(Skunks)
Common
ancestor of Phocidae
red pandas and (Seals)
giant pandas
Ursidae (Giant
pandas, other bears)

Canidae (Dogs,
wolves, foxes)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 https://news.joins.com/article/6063112

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is
connected to our everyday lives
• Evolutionary theory is useful in medicine,
conservation, and agriculture.
• Through the selective breeding of plants and
animals, humans also act as agents of evolution.
• As a result of artificial selection, our crops,
livestock, and pets bear little resemblance to their
wild ancestors.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.11 Theme: Life depends on the flow of
information
• The processes of life all depend on the
transmission and use of information.
• DNA is responsible for heredity and for
programming the activities of a cell by providing the
blueprint for proteins.
• Information from the external and internal
environment includes the stimuli, signals, and
pathways that regulate body processes and gene
expression.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.11a
T A

A T

C G

A T

T A
A
C G
G C
T C G

C A T

A T
G T A
Figure 1.11b
DNA
Protein X
RNA transcribed
Gene X from gene X
RNA

Cellular
Information flow machinery

Protein Y
RNA transcribed
Gene Y from gene Y

Information flow
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.11c

Pancreas

1 Signal:
high blood
glucose level
2 Pancreatic
cell releases
Glucose 4 Normal blood
insulin
glucose level
removes
signal, insulin
release stops

3 Insulin binding
stimulates
body cells to
take up glucose
Normal blood
glucose level

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.12 Theme: Structure and function are
related
• The relationship between structure and function
can be observed at every level of life.
• At the molecular level, the structure of a protein
correlates with its function. For example,
hemoglobin molecules transport oxygen in blood.
• On the cellular level, the long extensions of nerve
cells enable them to transmit impulses from your
spinal cord to your toes.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.12a

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.13 Theme: Life depends on the transfer and
transformation of energy and matter
• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
direction
• entering as sunlight,
• converted to chemical energy by producers,
• passed on to consumers, and
• exiting as heat.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.13

FLOW OF ENERGY

Sun

Inflow of Outflow of
light energy heat

Consumers
(animals)
Producers
(plants)

Chemical energy
Leaves take up in food Decomposers such
CO2 from air; roots as worms, fungi,
absorb H2O and and bacteria return
minerals from soil chemicals to soil

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt76518
92/mediaviewer/rm2609859072

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 1.14 Theme: Life depends on interactions
within and between systems
• The study of life extends from the microscopic
scale of the molecules and cells that make up an
organism to the global scale of the living planet.
• Emergent properties are the result of interactions
between the components of a system.
• Using an approach called systems biology,
scientists attempt to model the behavior of
biological systems by analyzing the interactions
among their parts.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

 https://bioinformatics-conferences.blogspot.com/2018/06/emerging-trends-in-applications-
and.html
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.