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Share some EX316 exam online questions below.

1. Use ping vm-service or SSH from another pod.

2. How do you verify that a VM was provisioned from a template?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

3. Add taint: oc adm taint nodes <node> dedicated=virtualization:NoSchedule

4. Verify default route: ip route

5. Configure cloud-init if needed.

6. Attach to VM under dataVolumeTemplates

7. Wait for node not ready status.

8. How do you resize the imported VM’s root disk?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

9. Exit pod with exit.

10. Update values such as hostname, user credentials.

11. VM will not auto-restart on failure.

12. Confirm Operator pods are running: oc get pods -n openshift-nmstate

13. Define nodeSelector in your VM:

spec:
template:
spec:
nodeSelector:
external-bridge: "true"

14. List all NMStateConfig objects: oc get nmstateconfigs

15. Choose between Serial Console or VNC Console.

16. Include dataVolumeTemplates in the VM YAML.

17. Check PVCs are backed by shared storage (like NFS, Ceph).

18. Navigate to Virtualization ® Templates.

19. Start the VM.

20. Set run strategy:

spec:
runStrategy: RerunOnFailure

21. Export existing template: oc get template <name> -o yaml > template.yaml
22. Apply: oc apply -f custom-template.yaml

23. Optionally, delete the DataVolume or PVC:

oc delete dv <dv-name>
oc delete pvc <pvc-name>

24. Shows services like sshd.service enabled.

25. How do you test outbound NAT from a VM connected via pod network?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

26. Use cloud-init in VM spec to write /etc/resolv.conf:

cloudInitNoCloud:
userData: |
#cloud-config
write_files:
- path: /etc/resolv.conf
content: | nameserver 10.0.0.10
search internal.local

27. Use oc describe pvc <name>.

28. SSH using: ssh user@<nodeIP> -p <nodePort>

29. Store backups in object storage.

18 1. How do you prepare the OpenShift cluster for OVA imports using the virt-v2v toolset?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

30. Confirm node no longer hosts any VMIs.

31. Ensure VM is connected to a masquerade or bridge network.

32. How do you uninstall OpenShift Virtualization Operator cleanly?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

33. These files will be used in the virt-v2v import.

34. Use --since and --until for time ranges: sudo journalctl -u sshd --since "1 hour ago"

35. Check installation: oc get csv -n oadp-operator

36. Mounted automatically to restored VM.

37. Apply result.

38. Ensure all components reconcile properly

39. How do you create a backup for a virtual machine using Velero CLI?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

40. Create a DataVolume and use it in VM.

41. Use runStrategy: Always

42. How do you create a Multus NetworkAttachmentDefinition for a bridged external network?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

43. Ensure eviction-strategy: LiveMigrate is set.

44. How do you check which port the VM is listening on inside the pod?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

45. Now VM is removed, ready to restore.

46. Useful before patching.

47. How do you connect a VM to an NFS share using Multus?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

48. Once done, you can restart the VM.

49. Validate that boot completes.

50. This blocks all incoming traffic to the VM pods.

51. Run:
oc describe vmi <vm-name>

52. VM should automatically reboot.

53. Ensure storage class supports ReadOnlyMany.

54. Confirm the pod network IP matches the OpenShift SDN subnet.

55. Run: oc get volumesnapshot to check existing snapshots.

56. Add cloudInitNoCloud to VM definition.

57. How do you verify that a cloned VM has separate PVCs from the original?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

58. Run: oc get pod -l kubevirt.io/domain=<vm-name>

59. How do you verify live migration bandwidth usage and duration?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

60. How do you detach a Multus interface from a VM safely?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

61. Configure CPU, Memory, Boot source (PVC or URL), Network, and Storage.

62. Helps in auditing rollback activity.

63. Label both VMs with: oc label vm vm-ha app=ha

64. Check running services on nodes for libvirt

65. From VM console or shell: uptime

66. For RHEL/CentOS: rpm -qa

67. Alternatively, describe the VM:

oc describe vm <vm-name>

68. Open console: virtctl console <name>

69. Confirm with: oc get vmi -o wide

70. Start a VM without toleration.

71. Review YAML spec for template-derived fields.

72. Create service:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nodeport-svc
spec:
type: NodePort
selector:
kubevirt.io/domain: <vm-name>
ports:
- port: 22
targetPort: 22
nodePort: 30222

73. Confirm HTTP response.

74. Optionally clean templates or services.

20 1. How do you ensure a virtual machine is in a state that allows cloning?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

75. Test with curl or ssh.

8 1. How do you install the NMState Operator on your OpenShift cluster?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

76. Wait for package to complete installation.

77. How do you schedule VMs to specific nodes?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

78. Use oc get vmi -A -o wide to check node reassignment.

79. Click Install ® Choose openshift-cnv namespace ® Approve default install mode.

80. How do you upgrade OpenShift Virtualization Operator without downtime?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

81. Attach this to the VM's spec as a second interface.

82. VM will prefer labeled nodes but can run elsewhere if needed.

83. Confirm responses come from different VMs.

84. How do you test external reachability of a VM via its Multus IP?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

85. Ensure SSH (port 22) is enabled in the guest.

86. Confirm new node using oc get vmi <name> -o wide.

87. How do you configure a VM to use a bridge network binding?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

88. Save and restart the VM.

89. Access it via console or SSH.

90. Start the VM and confirm state.

91. Ensure the VM exposes /health endpoint on port 8080.

92. Review fields: dataVolumeBytesTransferred, endTimestamp

93. Add nodeSelector to VM:

spec:
template:
spec:
nodeSelector:
vm-node: "yes"

94. How do you test multiple VM probe types in one configuration?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

95. Create a DataVolume YAML:

apiVersion: cdi.kubevirt.io/v1beta1
kind: DataVolume
metadata:
name: fedora-dv
spec:
source:
http:
url: "https://download.fedoraproject.org/path-to/fedora.img"
pvc:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce resources:
requests: storage: 10Gi

96. Alternatively, use Endpoints object to define target manually.

97. How do you simulate readiness failure to observe probe behavior?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

98. Export VM:

oc get vm original-vm -o yaml > cloned-vm.yaml

99. This backup VM can be tested independently.

100. Search for OpenShift Virtualization.

101. Use nodeSelector in VM manifests.

102. Search for NMState and click Install.

103. Apply it: oc apply -f nad.yaml

104. How do you ensure the imported VM is bootable and starts successfully?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

105. Create CatalogSource pointing to custom registry.

106. Ensure firewall allows external traffic to NodePort range.

107. This DataVolume will serve as the VM disk.

108. Restart VM: virtctl restart <vm-name>

109. Ensure original VM is stopped: virtctl stop test-vm

110. Check the Conditions: section for probe status.

111. Monitor VMs with oc get vmi -o wide.

112. Validate mount and permissions.

113. Use oc logs on virt-launcher pod for probe output.

114. No external DNS config needed.

115. Ensure all expected disks are present.

116. Create PVC:

storageClassName: gold
117. Test multiple storage classes if needed.

118. Change template metadata.name.

119. Gives flexibility while honoring priority.

120. Look for Active: active (running) status.

121. Check the custom resource: oc get kubevirt -n openshift-cnv

122. Helps trace provisioning source.

123. Access the VM: virtctl console <vm>

124. Apply with: oc apply -f vm.yaml

125. Check snapshot support:

oc get volumesnapshotclass

126. Check status and sizes: oc describe pvc <name>

127. Use oc get route to find the route.

128. Create NetworkAttachmentDefinition.

129. Use velero backup create with --include-resources volumesnapshots

130. How do you set a virtual machine to start automatically using RunStrategy?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

131. Check VM status: oc get vm, vmi

132. Secure SSH configs afterward.

133. Use Bash or Python to automate sed and oc apply.

134. Run:
virtctl image-upload dv imported-disk \
--size=20Gi \
--image-path=./my-disk.vmdk \
--storage-class=standard \
--access-mode=ReadWriteOnce \
--namespace=ova-import \
--insecure

135. Keeps networking simplified.

136. Test connectivity to allowed IPs and block others.

137. Confirm disk is recognized inside VM.

138. Look for kubevirt.io/eviction-strategy.

139. Test with multiple requests: curl vm-service

140. View metrics via Web Console: Observe ® Metrics.

141. For instance detail: oc describe vm <vm-name>

142. How do you delete a VM and all its resources cleanly?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

143. Check health of subsystems like CDI, HCO, SSP

144. Apply Subscription using the custom CatalogSource.

145. Apply via Web Console or CLI.

146. Use it to interact with backup/restore resources.

147. Verify with: oc get svc vm-service

148. Use Velero CLI with specific resource types:

velero backup create vm-only --include-resources virtualmachines,dvs,pv,pvc --wait

149. Run: apk add curl openssh-client

150. In your Service YAML, set the nodePort explicitly: nodePort: 30444

151. Click the Console tab.

152. Migrate VMs: virtctl migrate <vm>

153. Go to Virtualization ® Virtual Machines ® <VM>

154. Validate BackupStorageLocation and VolumeSnapshotLocation are Available.

155. Run: oc get hco -n openshift-cnv

156. Wait for import to complete.

157. Confirm commands ran and files were created.

158. Apply with oc apply -f svc.yaml

159. How do you create a NodePort service to expose a VM externally?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

160. Example:
spec:
externalTrafficPolicy: Local

161. How do you use a CSI volume as a block disk in a VM?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

162. Useful for external shared content.

163. Cross-check with running VMs.

164. Validate that the PVC's storage class supports shared access.

165. Define the DPA CR:

apiVersion: oadp.openshift.io/v1alpha1
kind: DataProtectionApplication
metadata:
name: dpa
namespace: oadp-operator
spec:
configuration:
velero:
defaultPlugins:
- aws
- csi backupLocations:
- velero: provider: aws bucket: oadp-backup config:
region: us-east-1
s3Url: https://<s3-endpoint> credential:
key: cloud
name: cloud-credentials

166. How do you remove an installed package (e.g., nano) from a VM?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

167. How do you configure the DataProtectionApplication (DPA) custom resource?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

168. In the VM, create a script: vim /usr/local/bin/hello.sh

169. Check for template-related annotations.

170. Avoid SDN congestion by separating paths.

171. Ensure VM image supports cloud-init.

172. Under volumes, ensure disks use PersistentVolumeClaim or DataVolume.

173. How can you deploy OpenShift Virtualization Operator using CLI with OLM?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

174. How do you set up health checks for a VM service exposed via Route?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

175. Modify the disk size under dataVolumeTemplates: or PVC size.

176. Apply with oc apply -f

177. Run: tar -xvf my-vm.ova

178. How do you create a custom NetworkAttachmentDefinition using Multus?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

179. Add toleration and test again.

180. Apply:
oc apply -f vm.yaml

181. Proceed with oc adm drain.

182. Verify node status: oc get nodes

183. Cross-check with VM’s internal NICs.

184. Create route with TLS:

tls:
termination: edge

185. Inspect pod annotations:

oc get pod <pod-name> -o json | jq '.metadata.annotations["k8s.v 1. cni.cncf.io/networks-status"]' | jq .

186. How do you create a VM from a custom template using the web console?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

187. Inside pod: nslookup vm-service.default.svc.cluster.local

188. Look under RunStrategy section.

189. Label the VM: oc label vm my-vm app=imported-vm

190. Edit or apply a MigrationPolicy with:

allowPostCopy: true

191. Check endpoint changes with oc get endpoints.

192. Set volumeMount inside domain config.

193. Monitor progress: velero restore get

194. Start the VM and verify with: ls /dev/watchdog*

195. How do you list all services enabled to start at boot on a VM?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

196. How do you create a DataVolume and use it as a boot disk in a VM?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

197. Tune if needed based on physical infra.

198. Ping from external system.

199. They should run on separate nodes.

200. Check VM is created: oc get vm <vm>

201. Use md5sum if hash is known.

202. How do you configure anti-affinity to avoid placing two VMs on the same node?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

203. How do you view parameters required by a template?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

204. How do you configure a node to be dedicated for virtual machine workloads?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

205. Create a PVC with accessModes: ReadOnlyMany

206. Drain the node:

oc adm drain <node> --ignore-daemonsets --delete-emptydir-data

207. Navigate to Virtualization ® VirtualMachines.

208. How do you list all PVCs used by running VMs in a namespace?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

209. Review logs for issues: oc logs -n openshift-cnv <pod-name>

210. Ping test: ping -I br-ext <external-gateway>

211. How can you install the OpenShift Virtualization Operator from a custom CatalogSource?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

212. Run: oc get nodes -o json | jq '.items[].status.allocatable'

213. Snapshot when completed.

214. How do you assign a custom hostname to a route exposing a VM?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

215. Try ping vm-service

216. Confirm deletion: oc get vm, dv, pvc

217. Click Create and start virtual machine.

218. Delete HCO: oc delete hco kubevirt-hyperconverged -n openshift-cnv

219. Useful for auditing boot configuration.

220. Define a parameter:
- name: DISK_SIZE required: true

221. Log in using available credentials (or default if known).

222. Migration should complete without downtime.

223. Inside VM: ping 8.8.8.8 or curl http://example.com

224. After reboot, verify: systemctl is-enabled chronyd

225. Start VM and mount disk as read-only.

226. PVCs remain unaffected.

227. Apply: oc apply -f vm-restore.yaml

228. Use tools like tcpdump inside the VM or pod.

229. How do you access a VM's console using the CLI?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

230. Confirm with:

oc get sc <sc-name> -o yaml | grep encryption

231. Run:
oc get vm <vm-name> -o jsonpath='{.spec.runStrategy}'

232. Go to Web Console ® Operators ® OperatorHub.

233. Clean up unused YAMLs if stored.

234. How can you automate OpenShift Virtualization deployment via GitOps?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

235. Add to the VM spec:

cloudInitNoCloud:
userData: |
#cloud-config
ssh_authorized_keys:
- ssh-rsa AAAAB3...your-public-key

236. Ensure VM OS has virtio drivers.

237. Ensure PVC uses that class.

238. Define dataVolumeTemplates in the VM template.

239. Ensures seamless upgrades or patching.

24 1. How do you check which nodes are running Virtual Machine Instances (VMIs)?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

240. See which snapshot it used and which VM it restored to.

241. Boot into container-based image.

11 1. How do you resize a VM disk using PVC expansion?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

242. Expose /metrics endpoint.

243. Confirm snapshot CRDs are installed.

244. Verify from OS that it is not writable.

245. How do you customize CPU and memory in a preconfigured template?

A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

246. Monitor attachment: oc describe vmi <vm-name>

247. Kill the proxy process.

248. Compare to original pre-snapshot state (if logs available).

249. Access VM and disable watchdog daemon: systemctl stop watchdog

250. Avoid containerDisk types.

251. How do you reboot the virtual machine from inside the guest OS?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

252. External IP will be provisioned by the cloud provider.

253. Ideal for production-grade high availability.

254. Snapshot PVC using CSI snapshot (if enabled).

255. Apply YAML with oc apply -f vm.yaml

256. Live migration is blocked if using non-shared local storage.

257. Run:
oc adm uncordon <node-name>

258. Apply with oc apply -f service.yaml

259. How do you verify that KubeVirt components are installed after operator deployment?
A. See the Explanation.
Answer: A
Explanation:

260. In another terminal, trigger migration:

virtctl migrate <vm-name>

261. Use oc describe vm <name> for detailed metadata.

262. Lists any failed services.

263. Create service:

spec:
selector:
app: web
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80

264. List current migrations: oc get vmim

265. Create a service:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: web-vm-svc
spec:
selector:
kubevirt.io/domain: <vm-name>
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80

266. Create the namespace: oc create ns oadp-operator

267. Check if one exists per worker/master node.

 268. VMs must not use containerDisks to support live migration.

269. Use eviction-strategy: LiveMigrate

270. Web UI: Open the VM ® Actions ® Edit VM ® Resources ® Update CPU/Memory.

271. Compare against startTimestamp

272. VM OS must have a watchdog daemon (e.g., wdctl) running.

273. Select OpenShift Virtualization Operator ® Click Upgrade.

274. Install OpenShift Monitoring if not enabled.

275. Prevents port collision.

276. Useful for single-node clusters.

277. In one terminal: oc get vmim -A -w

278. Check .status.conditions

279. Apply route.

280. Access using curl http://<route-hostname>

281. Edit the VM YAML: oc edit vm <vm-name>

282. View virt-launcher pod spec.

283. Provides time since last reboot.

284. Use oc get nodes to verify status is Ready,SchedulingEnabled.

285. Reboot node.

286. Adjust OS settings if required (hostname, IP).

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