PRACTILE FILE - PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

GOURAV SINGH
2023MTS1050
B.S.C(HONS)MATHEMATICS
SEMSTER-1

1. List of Practicals
2. Index of Commmands
3. Introduction
4. Practicals
4.1 Normal Distribution
4.2 Dot Plot
4.3 Stem and Leaf plot
4.4 Descriptive statistics
4.5 Binomial distributioN
4.6 Histogram
4.7 Probability Plots
4.8 Correlation and Coefficient
4.9 Regression line
4.10 Comparitive boxplot
4.12 Boxplot
4.13 Central limit theorum
 commands Syntax

1 Average AVERAGE(RANGE

2 Mode MODE(RANGE)

3 Median MEDIAN(RANGE)

4 Minimum MIN(RANGE)

5 Maximum MAX(RANGE)

6 Sum SUM(RANGE)

7 Count COUNT(RANGE)

MAX(RANGE)-
8 Range MIN(RANGE)

9 Variance VAR.P(RANGE)

10 Skewness SKEW.P(RANGE)
KURTOSIS
11 Kurtosis (RANGE)
STDEV(RANGE)
12 Standard Deviation
STDEV(RANGE)/
SQRT(COUNT
(RANGE))
13 Standard Error

QUARTILE(RANGE,1
14 First Quartile )
QUARTILE(RANGE,3
)
15 Third Quartile

CONCATENATE(CEL
16 Concatenate L1,#,CELL2)

COUNTIF(RANGE,C
18 Countif ONDITION1)

COUNTIFS(RANGE,C
ONDITION1,CONDI
19 Countifs TION2)
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian
distribution, is a probability distribution that is
symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the
mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far
from the mean. In graphical form, the normal
distribution appears as a "bell curve
STEPS:
1) Find p(x) using command =range of F(X)/sum of FX

Make sure sum is equal to 1

2)find mean and sum them up as shown

3) Similarly find variance and add them up

4)Find standard deviation by find square root of aggregate of variance
5)Find normal distribution using mean, std, and data plot the data
using lines and dots.
STEM AND LEAF PLOT
definition : A Stem and Leaf plot is the method of displaying data in a
way that shows the distribution and frequency of values in a dataset.
It’s typically used for small to moderately sized datasets. In a stem and
leaf plot
: The "stem" consists of the leading digits of each data point, organized
vertically in ascending order.
: The "leaves" are the trailing digits of each data point, arranged
horizontally next to their respective stems.

STEPS:

1)First we need a data, and sort it in ascending order you must first
copy and then paste the desired column

2)now locate the stem for every number

3) do the same for leaf

4) Now,we find leaf position

5)Plot an XY(Scatter) plot using the Stem and Leaf Position columns

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics can be used to summarize and describe the characteristics of a data set in
a variety of ways. By presenting descriptive statistics in a clear and concise manner, researchers
can help others to understand the data and identify patterns, trends, and distributions
STEPS:

1) Take the given data and apply the formulas given on command list
2)Use the syntax to find following functions

DOT PLOT
In this type of graphic representation we basically show how manhy times any data value has
Repeated. If any value occured once we will show it by one circle, if two times repeated then
With 2 circles and so on.

STEPS:

1) Select any data that you want to plot. Sort it in ascending order
 2) Determine frequency of the given data

3)plot the data on xy scatter where frequency should be y axis.

HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of a dataset.
It consists of bar that represent different intervals of bins, with the height
of each bar corresponding to the frequency or count of data points within
that interval.
STEPS:
1) use the syntax "=max(range)" to find the maximum value and "=min(range)" to find the
minimum value. 180 is the maximum and 153 is the minimum values for our data.
2). We now separate the data into upper and lower bounds.

3) The command "=CONCATENATE('Lower Limit','-','Upper Limit')" is now used to define

intervals.
4) We use the formula "=COUNTIFS('DATA RANGE'>'Lower Limit','DATA RANGE'<='Upper
Limit')" to determine the frequency for each interval.

5. Now, we plot both columns using the Column chart type, To reduce the spacing to 0%,
simply select the chart, click on Format Data Series, and then select the Options tab.
BOX PLOT
A box plot, aslo known as a box-and-wIsker plot, is a graphical representation of a data set's
distribution. It displays key summary statistics, including the median, quartiles, and potential
outlires. the plot consists of a rectangular "box" that represents the interquartile range (IQR)
and 'whisker" that extend from the box to the minimum and maximum values within a
specified range. Typically, the whiskers show the minimum and maximum data values within
1.5 times the IQR. Outliles, If present, are represented as individual points beyond the
whiskers. Box plots are useful for visualizing the sread and central tendency of data, Making
it easier to compare different data sets.

STEPS:

1) determine the total price column's minimum, first quarter, median, third quarter, and
maximum.

2) determine the differences between the above elements.

3) Differences for the Box and Whiskers" are now selected in order to plot a chart. Make sure
the chart type is "stacked Bar ." Choose "Data series in rows" under the Data Range tab.
Nothing under Data Series should be changed. Simply uncheck "Display Legend" under Chart
Elements, enter the Title

‘the Box and Whiskers Plot’, and enter the X Axis age for the Total Price. Click "Finish."
4)Select the Orange Box (Repeat for Green Box) and right click on it. Click on Insert Y Error Bar. Under
the Y Error Bar Tab, click on Cell Range under Error Category. Then, Under Parameters, click on Negative
and select the data of ”First Quartile - Minimum” (For Green Box, select the data of ”Maximum - Third
Quartile”, this time under Positive). Click on Negative for Error Indicator ( Positive in the case of Green
Box). Under the Line tab, increase the width. Click on Finish

comparative box plot

Comparative boxplots visually display the distribution of a dataset across different

categories or groups.
STEPS:

1) we find all of these measures for various years.

2) determine the differences between the above elements.

3) Follow the same steps as done in boxplot and your plot will be ready

PROBABILITY PLOTS
The probability plot is a graphical technique for assessing whether or not a data set follows a
given Distribution such as the normal or Weibull.
STEPS:
1)Organisd the data in ascending order and assign a rank to each data and sum up
frequencies.

2)calculate the probability using formula (rank-0.5)/n

 3) Calculate z percentile

4)plot the graph

 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Binomial distribution is a statistical probability distribution that states the likelihood that a
value
Will take one of two independent values under a given set of parameters or assumptions
STEPS

1) Calculate the probability of success and no of trials

2)represent values of X till (n-1)

3)calculate the probality mass function

4)Plot the pmf on histogram

POSSION DISTRIBUTION
A Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution. It gives the probability of an event happening
a certain number of times (k) within a given interval of time or space. The Poisson distribution has only
one parameter, λ (lambda), which is the mean number of events.
Steps

1)calculate the sum of frequency and multiply XF as shown

2)calculate mean of the data and find the probability mass function

3)now find expected frequency and roundoff the expected frequency

4)now draw the graph

REGRESSION LINE
A regression line indicates a linear relationship between the dependent variables on the y-axis and the
independent variables on the x-axis. A regression line is an estimate of the line that describes the true,
but unknown, linear relationship between the two variables.

Steps

1)find the lower and upper limit of the data

2find the intervals and frequency

3)now plot the xy scatter chart and chosse the regression line
 CENTRAL LIMIT
The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) states that the sampling distribution of the sample meanmeans will be
normally distributed,even if the population isn’t normally distributed

Steps

1) take atleast 5 samples

2)take bin and frequency of the data given and also find min and max values

3)find the mean of all the samples

COORELATION COEFFICIENT
The coorelation coefficient is a staticial measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two
variableds.
Its values can range from –1 to 1

A coorelation coefficient of 0 means there is no linear relationship

Steps

1)take the data and find quantity (X variable) price(y variable)

2)now find the correlation and plot the chart