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Other documents randomly have
different content
 PLANER TREE (Water Elm)
Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel.

Planer tree or water elm is found on low wet lands along the
streams of the eastern part of the state as far west as Brazos and
Matagorda Counties. It forms a small spreading tree with a low
broad head 30 to 40 feet in height and with a maximum trunk
diameter of 20 inches.

PLANER TREE (Illustrations, nearly natural size)

The BARK is light brown or gray, about ¼ inch thick, and separates
into large scales.

The LEAVES resemble those of the small-leaved elms. They are 2 to

2½ inches long, ¾ to 1 inch wide on a short petiole, dark dull green
above and paler on the lower surface, and have yellowish veins.
The FLOWERS appear with the leaves in March or early April. The
small flowers are sometimes perfect; occasionally the male and
female flowers are borne separately on the same tree. The FRUIT is
a peculiar, rounded, shaggy-appearing structure, about ⅜ inch long.
It consists of a nut-like center covered with soft and irregular wing-
like outgrowths which extend out on all sides from the center.

The WOOD is light brown, coarse-grained and soft, very light in

weight, and has a broad zone of nearly white sapwood. The wood
has little economic value.

66

HACKBERRY
Celtis occidentalis L.

Hackberry is found over eastern Texas on various types of soil. It is

usually a medium-sized to large tree, becoming 60 to 100 feet or
more high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter. Its limbs are often
crooked and angular and bear a head made of slender, pendant
branches or short, bristly, stubby twigs. In the open, the crown is
generally symmetrical. It makes an excellent shade tree.

The BARK is brownish-gray, one inch or more thick, and generally

very rough with many scale-like or warty projections of dead bark.
 HACKBERRY (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size; twig, one-half
natural size)

The LEAVES are simple, ovate, alternate, one-sided, 2 to 4 inches

long, thick, very rough above, green on both surfaces, and the
edges toothed toward the long point. The FLOWERS are
inconspicuous, and the two kinds are borne on the same tree. They
appear in April or May, and are of a creamy greenish color. The
FRUIT is a round, somewhat oblong, drupe or berry, dark purple, ⅓
inch in diameter, ripening in September. The peduncle (fruit stem) is
much longer than the petiole of the leaf. It has a thin, purplish skin,
and sweet yellowish flesh. The berries frequently hang on the tree
most of the winter.
The WOOD is heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays readily when
exposed. It is used chiefly for fuel, and occasionally for lumber.

The range of this hackberry extends far into the northern and
northeastern parts of the United States.

67

SUGARBERRY (Sugar Hackberry)

Celtis laevigata Willd.

Sugarberry is distributed widely over the eastern half of the state. It

occurs most abundantly and attains greatest size in rich alluvial soil,
but thrives on various soil types. The species may grow 30 to 50 feet
high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter, though sometimes much
larger. Its limbs are spreading or pendulous, forming a broad head.
Its branchlets are slender, light green, glabrous or pubescent when
young, and bright reddish-brown during their first winter.

The BARK is pale gray and covered with prominent excrescences.

The LEAVES are simple, oblong-lanceolate, one-sided, 2½ to 5

inches long, thin, smooth, with the edges entire.
 SUGARBERRY (Leaf, fruit, and twig, three-fourths natural size)

The FLOWERS, not conspicuous, are borne on slender, smooth

peduncles in April or May, and are of a creamy-greenish color. The
FRUIT is short-oblong to pear shaped, orange-red or yellow, ¼ inch
in diameter, and ripens in September. The peduncle of the fruit is
shorter or slightly longer than the petiole of the leaf.

The WOOD is soft, weak, close-grained, and light yellow, and is used
occasionally for flooring and furniture, but chiefly for fuel.

68

RED MULBERRY
Morus rubra L.
Red mulberry occurs in eastern Texas and west to the canyon of
Devils River, Valverde County. It prefers rich moist soils. It is a small
tree, rarely 50 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, often growing in the
shade of larger trees.

The BARK is rather thin, dark grayish-brown, and peels off in long
narrow flakes.

RED MULBERRY (Twig, two-thirds natural size; leaves and fruit, one-
third natural size)

The LEAVES are alternate, thin, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped,

toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, rough hairy above and soft
hairy beneath. Some of the leaves are mitten-shaped or lobed.

The FLOWERS are of two kinds, on the same or different trees, in

long drooping catkins, the female catkins shorter, appearing with the
leaves.

The multiple FRUIT is edible, dark purple or black when ripe, and ¾
to 1 inch long.
The WOOD is rather light, soft, not strong, light orange-yellow, and
the heartwood is durable in contact with the soil. It is chiefly used
for fence posts.

The TEXAS MULBERRY (Morus microphylla Buckl.) is found in

West Texas and south from the Colorado River. Its leaves are rarely
longer than 1½ inches.

The WHITE MULBERRY (Morus alba L.) a native of China, has

become naturalized in the United States.

69

OSAGE-ORANGE (Bois-d’arc)
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.

Osage-orange, “bodark”, hedge apple, or mock orange is native to

eastern and Central Texas; attaining its largest size in the valley of
the Red River in the northeast part of the state. It commonly
reaches a height of 20 to 40 feet and a diameter of 4 to 12 inches.
The BARK is thin, gray, sometimes tinged with yellow; on old trees it
is divided into strips or flakes. It contains tannin and has been used
for tanning leather. The twigs are armed with stout, straight thorns
⅜ to 1 inch long.
 OSAGE-ORANGE (Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size; leaf and twig,
nearly one-half natural size)

The LEAVES are simple, alternate, oval-pointed and lustrous green

on the upper surface, 3 to 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, and
entire. The leaves turn bright yellow in the autumn.

The yellowish FLOWERS appear in May; two kinds on the same tree
—the male flowers in a linear cluster and the female flowers a
rounded ball. The FRUIT is globular, from 2 to 5 inches in diameter,
resembling a rough, green orange.

The WOOD is heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, and very durable
in contact with the soil. The heartwood is bright orange in color,
turning brown upon exposure. It is largely used for posts. The
Indians prized the wood for bows and war clubs. The tree is planted
for windbreaks and hedges. The bark of the roots supply a yellow
dye.
 70

SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA (Evergreen Magnolia)

Magnolia grandiflora L.

Magnolia is one of the best-known trees in the eastern part of the

state. No other tree excels it in the combined beauty of leaves and
flowers. Occurring naturally in rich moist soil on the borders of river
swamps and nearby uplands in the Coastal Plain to the valley of the
Brazos River, it has been widely cultivated for its ornamental value.
In its natural habitat, it attains heights generally of 60 to 80 feet and
trunk diameters up to 4 feet. The dense pyramidal head, or crown, is
made up of numerous small spreading branches and branchlets.

SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA (Leaf and flower, one-fourth natural size; twig,

one-half natural size)

The LEAVES are evergreen, thick, leathery, elliptical or oval, dark

green and shiny above, rusty or silvery beneath, and mostly from 5
to 8 inches long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, with prominent midribs.
They remain on the tree for approximately 2 years.
The large FLOWERS are 6 to 8 inches broad, with pure white petals
surrounding a splash of bright purple in the center, and have a
pleasing fragrance.

The FRUIT is a rounded or oval aggregate 3 to 4 inches long

containing many seeds, each enclosed in a follicle. These open in the
fall and display the bright red seeds dangling on slender threads.

The WOOD is moderately heavy, hard, and of a creamy color. It is

used chiefly for furniture, Venetian blinds, and fuel.

71

SWEETBAY (Sweetbay Magnolia)

Magnolia virginiana L.

Sweetbay, better known locally as white or swampbay, is found in

the southern part of the Texas pine belt to western Montgomery
County, in swamps and rich, moist soils. Often appearing as a clump
of sprouts in open woods, in dense forests it grows as a tree 60 to
90 feet high, and up to 3 feet in diameter.

The bark is light gray; the branchlets silky-white.

The LEAVES are simple, oblong, pale green above and hairy-white
beneath, 4 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, remaining on sprout
growth to spring, usually dropping from older trees in the fall.
 SWEETBAY (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size;
fruit, one-fourth natural size)

The fragrant FLOWERS, with 9 to 12 creamy-white petals on slender

smooth stems, measure 2 to 3 inches across. They continue to open
during several weeks of spring and early summer. The FRUIT
aggregate or “bur” is oval-shaped, dark red or brown, about 2 inches
long, and contains scarlet seeds which are usually oval, flattened,
and less than ½ inch long.

The WOOD is soft, creamy white to reddish, and is used for

furniture, boxes, woodenware, and venetian blinds.

72
 PAWPAW
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal

This odd and attractive tree does not grow abundantly in Texas and
seems to be little known. It is found near streams in the extreme
east portion of the state and in greater abundance in Harrison and
Grayson Counties. It is seldom over 30 feet high with a trunk 8 or 10
inches in diameter.

The BARK on young trees and branches is a smooth, clean brown;

on older trees becoming blotched with gray, and bearing a few small
wart-like excrescences.

The LEAVES are obovate—lanceolate, 8 to 12 inches long, light,

bright green above and paler below.

The FLOWERS are strikingly characteristic. The three light green,

hairy sepals are early deciduous. The outer three petals are a rich
brownish-purple and deeply veined. The inner three petals are
pointed, glandular, and erect.

The FRUIT is an oblong berry 3 to 6 inches long, and contains a

number of large, brown seeds. When ripe it falls to the ground,
turning dark brown. The deep yellow flesh is palatable, though some
people do not care for its unique flavor. The tree blooms and bears
as a shrub or tree.

The WOOD is light, weak, and spongy, yellow in color, and is of no

known value.
 PAWPAW (Leaf, one-fourth natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)

73

REDBAY
Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.

Redbay is native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coast states from Virginia
to southeastern and southern Texas and is a member of the Laurel
family. In all, about 100 species of Persea are found in North and
South America.

Redbay grows to 70 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter, with a

well-shaped head of erect, stout, dark green branches. It grows in
moist, rich soils along the streams and in swamps and sometimes in
drier soils along with longleaf pine, over the coastal region.

REDBAY (Illustrations, two-thirds natural size)

The aromatic LEAVES are oblong, thick or leathery, up to 4 inches in

length and 1½ inches in width, bright green with the margin entire
and with a narrow, orange-colored midrib. They remain green over
the first winter. The yellowish-white FLOWERS are in small clusters.

The FRUIT is a nearly round, rather fleshy, shiny, dark blue or nearly
black drupe, about ½ inch long. It ripens in the autumn and
contains a large rounded stone.
The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, bright red, with thin, lighter
colored sapwood. It is used for cabinet-making, and interior house
finish, and has been used for boat construction.

SILKBAY (Persea humilis Nash) is a dwarf or low growing shrub or

tree 6 to 10 feet in height occurring in southern Texas.

74

SASSAFRAS
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees

This small tree with aromatic leaves and twigs is usually not over 40
feet in height or a foot in diameter. It is common in Texas west to
the Brazos River on the drier soils, and is one of the first broad-
leaved trees to grow on abandoned fields, where the seeds are
dropped by birds. The species is closely related to the camphor tree
of Japan. The BARK is red-brown and deeply furrowed while the
bark of the twigs is bright green.

The LEAVES are unusual in that they vary widely in shape on the
same tree, or even on the same twig. Some are oval and entire, 4 to
6 inches long; others have one lobe, resembling a mitten; while still
others are divided at the outer end into 3 distinct lobes.
SASSAFRAS (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and fruit, one-third natural
size)

The FLOWERS are clustered, greenish-yellow, and open with the first
unfolding of the leaves. The male and female flowers are usually on
different trees. The FRUIT is an oblong, dark blue or black lustrous
drupe surrounded at the base by what appears to be a small orange-
red or scarlet cup at the end of the scarlet peduncle.

The WOOD is light, soft, weak, brittle, and durable in the soil; the
heartwood is dull orange-brown. It is used for posts and crossties.
The bark of the roots yields the very aromatic oil of sassafras much
used for flavoring candies and various commercial products. The
bark of the root is sold in small bundles for making sassafras tea.

75
 WITCH-HAZEL
Hamamelis virginiana L.

This tall-growing shrub which has the peculiar habit of blooming in

the late fall and ripening its fruit in early spring is native to the
extreme eastern portion of Texas, being found on rich soils of
streams or along the borders of the forest.

The BARK is smooth, white, gray, and mottled with light brown.

The LEAVES are usually obovate, 3 to 5 inches long, prominently

veined, with a wavy margin, very irregular at the base, bright green
above and slightly paler below. They are generally smooth.

The odd, yellow FLOWERS are borne in clusters along the branch,
with long, very narrow twisted petals. They develop during
November, December, and January, the time depending somewhat
on the weather, and possess a refreshing fragrance. The FRUIT is a
hard, tough, two-celled capsule, with two beaks. It divides in half,
each half containing a shiny black seed. In the late summer or early
autumn the capsules pop open, discharging the seeds.
WITCH-HAZEL (Leaf, one-half natural size; flower and fruit, natural size)

The WOOD is hard and close-grained. The trees do not grow large
enough to be of commercial value.

An analgesic extract used in lotions and balms is obtained from the

inner bark by distillation.

76

SWEETGUM (Redgum)
Liquidambar styraciflua L.

Sweetgum is a valuable and sometimes troublesome forest tree in

East Texas. It occurs on rich river bottoms and in swamps subject to
frequent overflow, as well as on the dried uplands, as far west as
the San Jacinto River Basin. The BARK is a light gray, roughened by
corky scales, later becoming deeply furrowed. After the second year
the twigs often develop corky projections of bark, which give them a
winged appearance.

The simple, alternate star-shaped LEAF with its 5 to 7 points or

lobes, is 5 to 7 inches across and aromatic. In the fall its coloring
ranges from pale yellow through orange and red to a deep bronze.

SWEETGUM (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds

natural size)
The FLOWERS of both sexes appear on the same tree and open with
the leaves. The FRUIT, a head an inch or more in diameter, is made
up of many capsules with projecting spines. It hangs on the tree late
into the winter.

The WOOD is moderately hard, close-grained, and not durable on

exposure. The reddish-brown heartwood, which suggests the name
red gum, is not present to any appreciable extent in logs under 16
inches in diameter. The wood is extensively used for flooring, interior
finish, paper pulp, and veneers for baskets of all kinds.

In the uplands, this species competes aggressively with the more

valuable Southern pines. The control of sweetgum is, therefore, a
problem. This attractive species should be more widely planted for
ornamental use.

77

AMERICAN SYCAMORE
Plantanus occidentalis L.

American sycamore, also called planetree and buttonwood, is

considered the largest hardwood tree in North America. It occurs
throughout eastern Texas to Zavalla County. It is most abundant and
reaches its largest size along streams and on rich bottomlands. It
grows rapidly and occasionally attains a height of 140 to 170 feet
and a diameter of 10 to 11 feet.

The BARK of the sycamore is a characteristic feature; on the

younger trunk and large limbs it is smooth, greenish-gray in color.
The outer bark of limbs and upper trunk flakes off in large patches
and exposes the nearly white younger bark. Near the base of old
trees, the bark becomes thick, dark brown and divided by deep
furrows.
 AMERICAN SYCAMORE (Fruit and leaf, one-third natural size)

The LEAVES are simple, alternate, 4 to 7 inches long and about as

broad; light green and smooth above, and paler below. The base of
the petiole is hollow and in falling off exposes the winter bud. The
multiple FRUIT forms a ball about 1 inch in diameter, which hangs
on its flexible peduncle—3 to 5 inches long. During early spring the
fruit ball breaks up, and the small nutlets are scattered widely by the
wind.

The WOOD is hard and moderately strong, but decays rapidly in the
ground. It is used for butchers’ blocks, tobacco boxes, furniture, and
interior finish.
 78

HAWTHORN (Haw)
Crataegus L.

Hawthorn, as treated here, represents about 30 different species

and varieties distributed throughout the state. Members of the group
occur on the poorest and richest soils, on the shallowest and
deepest, and on the limestone hills as well as on the rich bottom and
swamp lands. Most of the forms have a common likeness in
possessing thorns and bearing white blossoms and red or yellow
fruit. Some species are planted as ornamental trees, but otherwise
the group is of little commercial value.

HAWTHORN (Leaf and twig, two-thirds natural size; fruit, one-half

natural size)

The BARK is generally thin, gray in color, and on the old stems
broken up into thin, narrow scales.
The LEAVES are simple, alternate, mostly oval or wedge-shaped,
notched on the edges, and usually from 2 to 3 inches long.

The FLOWERS are white, some fragrant and others with a slightly
unpleasant odor; they appear in early spring. The FRUIT varies from
globular to oblong, from ¼ to ¾ inch in diameter; some when ripe
have a pulpy, sweet, edible flesh, surrounding from 1 to 5 bony
seeds.

The WOOD is strong, tough, heavy, hard, but rarely used for any
purpose.

Many species of birds are attracted to these trees and bushes by the
fruit and for the protection offered for nesting. Blueberry hawthorn,
C. brachyacanthu, fruit ripens in the late summer and is valuable
for deer food. The fruit of most species ripens in the fall, and one or
two varieties yield a fruit highly prized for making jelly.

79

RIVERFLAT HAWTHORN (Mayhew)

Crataegus opaca Hook. and Arn.

This species is a native of East Texas, being found as far west as the
Trinity River. It grows along rivers at the edges of swamps and
ponds, where water stands a part of the year. These trees often
form extensive thickets. The FRUIT of this haw, unlike other Texas
haws, matures in late April or May. After the fruit is gone, it is more
difficult to distinguish it from other haws. It is of low, spreading
habit, sometimes becoming a tree 20 to 30 feet high and about a
foot in diameter. It usually bears a few thorns about 1 inch long on
branches two years old.
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