Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
Transport in Plants
The xylem moves water and solutes from the root to the leaves. This is made up of dead
cells that helps it go one way.
Phloem moves glucose, made in photosynthesis, and amino acids to the rest of the
plant. These are made up of living cells that carry the substances both ways, based on
where it is needed.
They are found in groups called vascular bundles
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the aerial parts of the plants. (leaves and
stems). The transpiration pull.
The water passes into the plant, through the root hairs, by osmosis.
Transpiration rate isn’t constant. It is affected by environmental factors (wind,
temperature, light intensity and humidity.)
Heart
Nervous Systems
(no brain)
Functions of the nervous system:
1. Receiving stimuli from the external and internal environments
2. Carries input of stimuli from receptors
3. Responds to stimuli
The two parts of the nervous system
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
1. Central Nervous System: involves the brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous system: involves the cranial nerves and spinal nerves
*the nerve cell is known as a neuron*
part function
axon one long thin fiber used for transmitting
information
dendrons one or more short nerve fibers that
conduct impulses to cell body
axon terminals and dendrites used to transmit information across a
synapse
myelin sheath fatty area that serves as an insulating layer
for nerve fibers
nodes of ranvier separate myelin sheath to speed up
impulse transmission
The three main functional types of neurons:
Sensory neuron Relay neurone Motor neurone
length of fiber Long dendron and Short dendron and Short dendron and
short axon short/long axon long axon
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
function Transfer impulses Interconnects Transfer impulses
from the receptors sensory neuron to from CNS to the
to the CNS the motor neurone effector
The order of impulses transfer:
stimuli→ receptor→ sensory neurone→ relay neurone→ motor
neurone→ effectors→ response
Synapse is the connection between neurons. transmission across a synapse is by
chemical means- known as neurotransmitters
Central Nervous Systems
- The brain has three membranes:
1. Meninges - protects the brain
2. Grey matter - contains cell body and neurons
3. White matter/substantia alba - contains nerve fibers of neurons
- The brain has three main divisions:
1. Forebrain: Cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus
2. Midbrain:
3. Hindbrain: cerebellum and medulla oblongata
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
Part of the brain Functions
Cerebellum Voluntary actions; memory; intelligence;
speech; reasoning ability and personality
Thalamus Receives sensory information from all
parts of the body to the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus Regulates body temperature, appetite,
thirst, control hormones from the
pituitary gland
Midbrain Control reflex movements of eye muscle,
head and neck
Cerebellum Controls movements, posture and
balance
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
Medulla Oblongata Controls involuntary actions
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic nervous system - Under conscious control
Autonomic nervous system - Responsible for the regulation of involuntary actions
The Reflex Action
A reflex action is an immediate response to a specific stimulus without
conscious control.
The shortest pathway of nerve impulses from the receptor to the effector is
known as the reflex arc.
There are two main types of reflex actions:
Spinal reflexes - Controlled by spinal cord
E.g. withdrawal reflex, knee-jerk reflex
Cranial reflexes - Controlled by the brain and occur in the head region (under
conscious contol)
E.g. blink reflex, pupil reflex and salivation
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
Eye
This is one of the five sense organs. It contains receptor cells in the retina wth a
number of extra stuctures that are involved in moving, focusing and protecting the
eye. Receptor cells respond to light by stimulating sensory neurones to conduct
impulses to the brain via the optic nerve.
The eye has three layers:
1. sclera: the outermost layer
2. choroid: the middle layer
3. retina: innermost layer
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
Structure of the eye
At the front of the eye is the cornea. It requires oxygen and nutrients. It is not
supplied with blood vessels; If there were blood vessels, it would cloud the
transparency of the cornea. The cornea allows light to enter
Behind the cornea is the iris, a disc of coloured muscles which allow light to
pass through.
Behind the iris is the lens of the eye. This is held in place by the suspensory
ligaments. These are attached to ciliary muscles which can contract and change
the shape of the lens. The space between the cornea and the lens is filled with a
watery fluid, aqueous humor. The aqueous humor supplies the cornea with
nutrients. The Aqueous humor is inside the anterior chamber
At the back of the eye is the retina. This contains sensory cells which receive the
light and send impulses to the brain.
There are two types of sensory cells in the retina
1. Rods: enable us to see in dim light and to see black and white.
2. Cones: enable us to see colours but they only work in good light.
One small area of the retina is the blind spot, which contains no rods or cones.
This is where the optic nerve leaves the eye, taking impulses to the brain.
Behind the retina is a thin pigmented layer, the choroid, which absorbs any
light that passes through the retina. It is a layer of tissue in the eye that
contains blood vessels that nourish the retina. The iris is in front of the choroid
layer.
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
The outside of the eyeball is a thick layer, the sclerotic, which supports the eye.
The space between the lens and the retina is filled with a transparent, jelly-like
material, the vitreous humour.
How The Eye Works
Rods and cones are highly specialised sensory cells located in the retina of the
eye. Rods detect lights at low intensity and it used for night vision; so, it needs
vitamin A to function. Cones are only stimulated by lights of hig intensity so
only respond in the daylight. There are three types of cones:
1. red-sensitive,
2. blue-sensitive
3. green-sensitive.
They detect three different wavelength.
Functions of the Parts of the Eye
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
Image Formation
When light enters the eye, it is focused onto the retina. Most light is focused as it passes
through the cornea. This is because it was travelling through the air and now enters a
denser medium. If we relied on the cornea to focus light we would see a very blurred
image of the world around us. The lens provides the fine focusing so that we see sharp
images. Each medium has a refractive index and when light passes from one medium to
another it is refracted or ‘bent’
Endocrine system, transport in plants, eye
Multiple choice
Nervous system
Eye
Heart
Transport in plants
Blood and blood vessel
Tonicity: What happens to cells
3 structured questions
Transport in plants
Eye
Endocrine system
