Unit 5: Materials and cycles on Earth _ Theory
1. Structure of Atom
2. Different Model of the Structure of the Atom
Scientist Structure of the Atom Diagram
Thompson’s - electrons were scattered
model throughout the structure of
the atom.
-’Plum pudding model’
because the particle are
arranged randomly
throughout the model.
Rutherford - Gold foil experiment: most
of the particles passed
straight through the foil.
Only a few of the particles
were deflected in various
directions.
- the results of this
experiment:
I) gold atoms must be
mostly empty space,
II) with their particles
packed into a dense
nucleus at the centre.
- discovered the proton and
nucleus
3. Purity
Element Purity Calculation
Gold 24 carat 100 % gold
18 carat (18 parts out of 24
that are gold)
Silver 925
The ring contains 925 part
silver out of 1000 parts
Diamond Colourless and translucent Pure carbon atoms contain no other
(lets the light through) elements.
Yellow A few carbon atoms per million are replaced
with nitrogen
Blue Some carbon atoms are replaced by boron.
Green One atom per 1000 of carbon atoms is
replaced by nitrogen, nickel or hydrogen.
Seawater
4. Weather and climate
The importance of recording the weather data:
a) To help predict what will happen next
b) To see patterns in the weather
c) To provide informaiton about the weather over time.
d) Eg: to be prepared for snowstorms or heat waves as they can affect the transport
systems, production of food etc.
5. Climate and Ice Age
Glacial period “Glacial” means ‘frozen’.
In the glacial period, the ice spreads much further south from the North
Pole and further north from the South Pole.
Interglacial period ‘Inter’ means ‘between’
In the interglacial period, there is permanent ice close to the North and
South Poles
Warm period There were long periods of time when Earth was so warm that there
was no permanent ice on its surface, not even at the North Pole or
South Pole.
Ice ages In between these warm periods, there were cold periods, with glacials
and interglacials. These cold periods are called ice ages.
6. Evidence for Climate Cycles
Evidence Explanation
Boulders in strange positions Boulders were carried by ancient glaciers. When the glacier
melts, the rocks are left behind.
Pollen evidence The present of glacial and interglacial periods.
The scientist collected pollen from different parts of the
core. He identified the plants from which the pollen came.
Because he know the type of climate that each kind of plant
can live in, he was able to work out what the climate was
like between years ago and now.
7. Atmosphere and climate
How the atmosphere has changed over the lifetime of the Earth
Year What Happen Atmosphere
4600 Earth was formed.
million
The Earth was very hot, then the Earth cooled, a solid
crust formed.
A lot of volcanic activity, that produced gases which
formed the early atmosphere.
Water vapour produced by volcanoes, then
condensed into liquid water fromed lakes and oceans.
3500 Microorganismas developed on Earth. They used Levels of oxygen in the
million carbon dioxide and produced oxygen as a waste atmosphere continued to
product. rise.
Plants carried out photosynthesis.
Oxygen combine with iron in the rocks to form iron
oxide. (Evidence)
200 Most of the carbon had been used to make the Very little carbon dioxide
million chemicals, which are part of all living things. left in the atmosphere.
When organisms die and rot, the carbon is released
back into the environment, it is recycled.
Some organisms turned into fossil fuels such as oil or
coal. The carbon is locked up in the fossil fuels.
Shells are made from calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and
the shell formed rocks such as limestone. So carbon
is also locked up in these rocks.
Today The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fell
until about 200 years ago, then began to rise.
Human burn fossil fuels to keep warm, industry and
transport. Emissions of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.
Deforestation for wood means less of the carbon
dioxide is being used up.
Cattle eat the grass and produce carbon dioxide and
gases such as methane.
8. Atmospheric changes and Climate
9. Renewable resources
Wind
Tidal
Solar
Bioplastics
