MP Module 1
MP Module 1
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR
1. General architecture of computer
A computer is a programmable device that accepts data as input and process it with a set of instructions and
produces the result as output.
1. Input Unit.
2. Output Unit.
3. Memory Unit.
4. Central Processing Unit.
Input Unit
Output Unit
Memory
• The CPU retrieves and executes all the instructions of a computer program.
• It consists of
o Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).
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o Control Unit.
o Registers.
Registers
Control Unit
Buses
2. Introduction to microprocessor
A microprocessor (µP) is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register-based electronic device. It reads
binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as input, processes data according to the instructions, and
provides output. It is a complete processing unit with necessary control signals.
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The number of bits a microprocessor recognizes and processes at a time is called a word length. A microprocessor
with word length k is referred to as k-bit microprocessor. Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor because the
majority of 8085 instructions are 8 bits.
Traditional computer CPUs was designed with components on various boards. With IC technology, it became
possible to build the CPU on a single chip. A microprocessor is a CPU that happens to be on a single chip.
Computer Architecture
Microprocessor-Based System
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Microcontroller
The key difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller is described in the following table.
MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
Contains a CPU, Memory, I/O all integrated into
Consists of only a Central Processing Unit.
one chip.
It is mainly used in personal computers. It is used mainly in embedded systems.
Microcontroller is inexpensive and
Microprocessor is complicated and expensive, with
straightforward with fewer instructions to
a large number of instructions to process.
process.
It has no RAM, ROM, Input-Output units, timers, and It has a CPU along with RAM, ROM, and other
other peripherals on the chip. peripherals embedded on a single chip.
3. Intel 8085
Intel 8085A (simply 8085) is an 8-bit general-purpose microprocessor introduced by intel in 1977. It can address
64K Byte of memory. It has 40 pins. An 8085 Microprocessor requires a +5V power supply to operate. Its clock
speed is about 3 MHz. Intel 8085 is an enhanced version of Intel 8080.
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8085 Bus Organization
• Memory Read.
• Memory Write.
• I/O Read.
• I/O Write.
The microprocessor uses three sets of communication lines called buses to perform these functions. A bus is a
collection of lines, which perform the same logical task. The 8085 bus organization is shown in the figure.
Address Bus
Data Bus
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Control Bus
The functional block diagram or the internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor is shown in the figure.
• Registers.
o General Purpose Registers.
o Special Purpose Registers.
o Flag Registers.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit.
• Instruction Register and Decoder.
• Timing and Control Unit.
• Address Buffer.
• Address/Data Buffer.
• Incrementer/Decrementer Address Latch.
• Interrupt Control.
• Serial I/O Control.
Registers
Registers are used by the microprocessor for temporary storage and manipulation of data and instructions.
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General-purpose Registers
Accumulator (AC)
• 8-bit register.
• Part of ALU.
• Stores result of an operation.
• 8-bit register.
• Hold the operation code of the instruction which is being decoded and executed.
• Not programmable.
• 16-bit register.
• Stores the address of the next instruction.
• 16-bit register.
• Points to a memory location in R/W memory called the stack.
• Beginning of the stack is defined by loading the address into SP.
• 8-bit register(s).
• Used by microprocessor to store data temporarily.
• Internally used for execution of instructions.
• Cannot be accessed by the programmer.
Flag Registers
• Flag registers are special purpose registers that indicate status conditions.
• Flags are set or reset after an operation to indicate the data condition of the result.
Flag registers
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FLAG FLAG IS SET TO 1 WHEN
AC AuxiliaryCarry A carry is generated by digit D3 and passed to digit D4. (Intermediate Carry)
• The instructions that is fetched from memory is loaded in the instruction register.
• The decoder decodes the instruction and establishes the sequence of events to follow.
Address Buffer
• 16-bit register.
• Used to increment or decrement the contents of PC or SP.
Interrupt Control
• Controls interrupts
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Timing and Control Unit
• Synchronizes all the microoperations with the clock and generate control signals necessary for communication
between microprocessor and peripherals.
A positive-going pulse is generated every time the 8085 begins an operation (machine cycle). It indicates that the
AD7 – AD0 bits are address bits.
̅̅̅̅ (Read)
2. 𝑅𝐷
Indicates that the selected I/O or memory device is to be read and data are available on the data bus.
̅̅̅̅̅ (Write)
3. 𝑊𝑅
Indicates the data data on the bus are to be written into a selected memory or I/O location.
̅
4. IO / 𝑀
When it is high, it indicates an I/O operation. When it is low it indicates a memory operation.
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5. S0 and S1
̅ . They are rarely used in small systems.
Status signals similar to IO / 𝑀
2. VSS
Ground Reference.
3. X1, X2
A crystal (or RC, LC network) is connected at these two pins. It is used to give external input to generate clock
internally.
4. CLK (OUT)
Clock Output: Can be used as the system clock for other devices.
Interrupt Request.
2. INTA (Output)
Interrupt Acknowledge.
Vectored interrupts that transfer the program control to specific memory locations.
4. TRAP (Input)
5. HOLD (Input)
Indicates that a peripheral controller is requesting access the use of the address and data buses.
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6. HLDA (Output)
7. READY (Input)
Used to delay the microprocessor Read or Write cycles until a slow-responding peripheral is ready to send or
accept data.
8. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐸𝑇𝐼𝑁
When this signal goes low, the PC is set to 0 and MPU is RESET.
9. RESETOUT
Indicates that the MPU is being reset. This can be used to reset other devices.
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