MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR
1. General architecture of computer
A computer is a programmable device that accepts data as input and process it with a set of instructions and
produces the result as output.

A computer consists of the following four parts,

1. Input Unit.
2. Output Unit.
3. Memory Unit.
4. Central Processing Unit.

Input Unit

• The input unit accepts data and instructions from user.

• Digitise received data.
• Supply digitised data to computer system for processing.

Output Unit

• Accept processed data from computer.

• Convert binary data to humanely acceptable form.
• Supply this result to user.

Memory

• Store data to be processed by the system.

• Store Intermediate result.
• Store final result.

Central Processing Unit

• The CPU retrieves and executes all the instructions of a computer program.
• It consists of
o Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).

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 o Control Unit.
o Registers.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

• The ALU performs all arithmetic and logical operations.

Registers

• These are the temporary storage location within the CPU.

• The CPU uses several types of registers for specific functions.
• Eg: Accumulator, PC, IR, etc.

Control Unit

• The control unit controls and coordinates entire computer system.

• Fetches instruction from memory.
• Decodes the instruction.
• Execute the instruction.
• Control data transfer between memory and I/O devices.

Buses

• Common communication path.

• Physical group of signal lines that have a related function.
• Allows transfer of electrical signals between different components.
• Most used bus architecture is the three bus architecture. (Data bus, Address bus, Control bus)

2. Introduction to microprocessor
A microprocessor (µP) is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register-based electronic device. It reads
binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as input, processes data according to the instructions, and
provides output. It is a complete processing unit with necessary control signals.

• Reads binary instructions from memory.

• Accept binary data as input.
• Process data according to the instructions.
• Provide result as output.

Microprocessor Block Diagram

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The number of bits a microprocessor recognizes and processes at a time is called a word length. A microprocessor
with word length k is referred to as k-bit microprocessor. Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor because the
majority of 8085 instructions are 8 bits.

Difference between CPU, Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Traditional computer CPUs was designed with components on various boards. With IC technology, it became
possible to build the CPU on a single chip. A microprocessor is a CPU that happens to be on a single chip.

Computer Architecture

Microprocessor-Based System

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 Microcontroller

A computer with a microprocessor as a CPU is known as a microcomputer. A microcontroller is an entire

computer on a single chip (MPU + Memory + I/O Interfacing circuits).

The key difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller is described in the following table.

MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
Contains a CPU, Memory, I/O all integrated into
Consists of only a Central Processing Unit.
one chip.
It is mainly used in personal computers. It is used mainly in embedded systems.
Microcontroller is inexpensive and
Microprocessor is complicated and expensive, with
straightforward with fewer instructions to
a large number of instructions to process.
process.
It has no RAM, ROM, Input-Output units, timers, and It has a CPU along with RAM, ROM, and other
other peripherals on the chip. peripherals embedded on a single chip.

It uses an external bus to interface to RAM, ROM,

Microcontroller uses an internal controlling bus.
and other peripherals.

It’s used for general purpose applications that allow

It’s used for application-specific systems.
you to handle loads of data.

3. Intel 8085
Intel 8085A (simply 8085) is an 8-bit general-purpose microprocessor introduced by intel in 1977. It can address
64K Byte of memory. It has 40 pins. An 8085 Microprocessor requires a +5V power supply to operate. Its clock
speed is about 3 MHz. Intel 8085 is an enhanced version of Intel 8080.

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8085 Bus Organization

The operation of a microprocessor unit includes,

• Memory Read.
• Memory Write.
• I/O Read.
• I/O Write.

Communication of a Microprocessor unit with peripheral devices involves,

1. Identify peripheral or memory location.

2. Transfer data and instruction.
3. Provide timing and synchronization signals.

The microprocessor uses three sets of communication lines called buses to perform these functions. A bus is a
collection of lines, which perform the same logical task. The 8085 bus organization is shown in the figure.

8085 Bus Organization

Address Bus

• Group of 16 bits from A0 to A15.

• Carries the address of a particular location.
• Unidirectional– Data flows from microprocessor to peripheral devices only.
• Function– To identify a peripheral or a memory location.
• Capable of addressing 65536(216) memory locations. (Generally, 64K)

Data Bus

• Group of 8 lines used for data flow.

• Carries the data to be transferred.
• Bidirectional– Data flow in both direction between the microprocessor and memory / peripheral devices.
• Function– To transfer binary data and instruction.
• Enable the microprocessor to manipulate 8-bit data ranging from 00 to FF. (28=255)

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Control Bus

• Group of various single lines that carry control signals.

• Microprocessor generate specific control signals for every operation.
• Function– To provide timing and synchronization signals.

The Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor

The functional block diagram or the internal architecture of the 8085 microprocessor is shown in the figure.

8085 Functional Block Diagram (Internal Architecture)

The functional blocks of an 8085 microprocessor are,

• Registers.
o General Purpose Registers.
o Special Purpose Registers.
o Flag Registers.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit.
• Instruction Register and Decoder.
• Timing and Control Unit.
• Address Buffer.
• Address/Data Buffer.
• Incrementer/Decrementer Address Latch.
• Interrupt Control.
• Serial I/O Control.

Registers

Registers are used by the microprocessor for temporary storage and manipulation of data and instructions.

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General-purpose Registers

• 6 general purpose registers – B, C, D, E, H and L.

• Stores 8-bit data.
• Can be used by the programmer.
• Can be combined as register pairs- BC, DE and HL – to store 16-bit data.

Special Purpose Registers

Accumulator (AC)

• 8-bit register.
• Part of ALU.
• Stores result of an operation.

Instruction Register (IR)

• 8-bit register.
• Hold the operation code of the instruction which is being decoded and executed.
• Not programmable.

Program Counter (PC)

• 16-bit register.
• Stores the address of the next instruction.

Stack Pointer (SP)

• 16-bit register.
• Points to a memory location in R/W memory called the stack.
• Beginning of the stack is defined by loading the address into SP.

Temporary Register and W and Z Registers

• 8-bit register(s).
• Used by microprocessor to store data temporarily.
• Internally used for execution of instructions.
• Cannot be accessed by the programmer.

Flag Registers

• Flag registers are special purpose registers that indicate status conditions.
• Flags are set or reset after an operation to indicate the data condition of the result.

Flag registers

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 FLAG FLAG IS SET TO 1 WHEN

Z Zero The result is 0.

CY Carry An arithmetic operation results in carry.

S Sign Bit D7 of the result is 1.

P Parity The result has an even number of 1s.

AC AuxiliaryCarry A carry is generated by digit D3 and passed to digit D4. (Intermediate Carry)

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

• Performs the computing functions.

• It includes accumulator, temporary register, the arithmetic and logic circuits and five flags.

Instruction Register and Decoder

• The instructions that is fetched from memory is loaded in the instruction register.
• The decoder decodes the instruction and establishes the sequence of events to follow.

Address Buffer

• 8-bit unidirectional bus.

• Drive external high-order address bus. (A15 – A8)

Address/ Data Buffer

• 8-bit bidirectional bus.

• Drive multiplexed address/data bus. (AD7-A0)

Incrementer/ Decrementer Address Latch

• 16-bit register.
• Used to increment or decrement the contents of PC or SP.

Interrupt Control

• Controls interrupts

Serial I/O Control

• Provides control signals for serial communication.

• SID- Serial Input Data.
• SOD- Serial Output Data.

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Timing and Control Unit

• Synchronizes all the microoperations with the clock and generate control signals necessary for communication
between microprocessor and peripherals.

8085 Pin Diagram

The following figure shows the pin diagram of the 8085 microprocessor.

8085 Pin diagram

Control and Status Signals

1. ALE (Address Latch Enable)

A positive-going pulse is generated every time the 8085 begins an operation (machine cycle). It indicates that the
AD7 – AD0 bits are address bits.

̅̅̅̅ (Read)
2. 𝑅𝐷

Indicates that the selected I/O or memory device is to be read and data are available on the data bus.

̅̅̅̅̅ (Write)
3. 𝑊𝑅

Indicates the data data on the bus are to be written into a selected memory or I/O location.

̅
4. IO / 𝑀

When it is high, it indicates an I/O operation. When it is low it indicates a memory operation.

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5. S0 and S1
̅ . They are rarely used in small systems.
Status signals similar to IO / 𝑀

Power Supply and Clock Frequency Signals

1. VCC

+5V Power Supply.

2. VSS

Ground Reference.

3. X1, X2

A crystal (or RC, LC network) is connected at these two pins. It is used to give external input to generate clock
internally.

4. CLK (OUT)

Clock Output: Can be used as the system clock for other devices.

Serial I/O Ports

• 8085 has two signals SID (Serial Input Data) and SOD (Serial Output Data) for serial transmission.
• In serial transmission, data bits are sent over a single line, one bit at a time

Interrupts and Externally Initiated Signals

1. INTR (Input)

Interrupt Request.

2. INTA (Output)

Interrupt Acknowledge.

3. RST 7.7, RST 6.6, RST 5.5 (Restart Interrupts)

Vectored interrupts that transfer the program control to specific memory locations.

4. TRAP (Input)

Nonmaskable interrupt that has highest priority.

5. HOLD (Input)

Indicates that a peripheral controller is requesting access the use of the address and data buses.

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6. HLDA (Output)

Signal acknowledges the HOLD request.

7. READY (Input)

Used to delay the microprocessor Read or Write cycles until a slow-responding peripheral is ready to send or
accept data.

8. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐸𝑇𝐼𝑁

When this signal goes low, the PC is set to 0 and MPU is RESET.

9. RESETOUT

Indicates that the MPU is being reset. This can be used to reset other devices.

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