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Object Orientation

The document discusses key concepts of object-oriented programming, including templates, inheritance, and virtual functions. It explains how to implement a generic stack class, the benefits of code reuse through inheritance, and the mechanism of dynamic method binding using virtual functions in C++. Additionally, it highlights the importance of maintaining type information for polymorphism in derived classes.

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5 views10 pages

Object Orientation

The document discusses key concepts of object-oriented programming, including templates, inheritance, and virtual functions. It explains how to implement a generic stack class, the benefits of code reuse through inheritance, and the mechanism of dynamic method binding using virtual functions in C++. Additionally, it highlights the importance of maintaining type information for polymorphism in derived classes.

Uploaded by

amankum25725
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object Orientation

Templates
• Is Class generic enough?

• For a data structure like Stack to be implemented, we can't create Stack of


Integers, Stack of floats, etc., but we can create many instances of same class.
template<class T>
class stack
{
private:
T * s;
T * top;
int size;
int is_full(){ }
public:
};
Inheritance
• Why Inheritance? public:
account(char*n, float amt) {
• Reuse of code
name = new char[strlen(n)+1];
• Adding additional facility strcpy (name, n) ;
• Creating a subtype from already existing balance = amt ;
type.
accnt_no= no_of_accnts++;
Example: }
class account ~account( ) {
{ delete [] name;}
protected: static int no_of_accnts=0;
int accnt_no; void deposit (float amt){
balance += amt;}
char *name;
float balance; void withdrawal(float amt){
balance -= amt;}
Inheritance Cont..
account

savings_account current_account

joint_savings_ account
Virtual Functions
class account{
class joint_savings_account:public
protected:
savings_account
public:
virtual void print() { } {
}; protected:
class savings_account:public account public:
{
protected: // print additional members
public: declared in this class
// print additional members virtual void print() { }
declared in this class
};
virtual void print() { }

};
Virtual Functions Cont..
We keep an additional field (a) for type of an object within each node
of the list.

S J A

•Rule: Pointer of base class can point to an object of derived class


object but not the vice versa.

•Offset of D (derived class object) will have all fields which are there in
B (base class object) followed by its own fields.
Virtual Functions Cont..
• Example:
account *pa ;
while(h!=NULL){
pa= h->object;
switch(h->type) { // type of account
Case 'A' : pa->account::print();
break;
Case 'S': pa->savings_account::print();

Case 'J': pa->joint_savings_account::print();

}
h=h->next;
}
Type Maintenance by Language
• Can type maintenance be done by Language itself?
• Then,
while(h!=NULL)
{
pa =h->object;
pa->print(); // which print() to call, language will find out the type of object
h=h->next; being pointed and then decide which function to call.
}

Solution:
•Dynamic Method Binding supported by OOP and is supported in C++ using virtual
functions.
Implementation of Dynamic Binding
• Keep the type of object along with the object. •If it encounters a base class
• Example: virtual table (vtab) pointer and print( ) is called
using it, pa->print(), then vtab
Points to code
of object of that type is used.
segment of the
account function that is to be
name called at run time. • pa might point to derived
account::print( )
balance class object.
Points to code
segment of the
account function that is to be
called at run time.
name savings_account::pri
nt( )
balance
interest_
rate
Implementation of Dynamic Binding
class bar: public foo{ bar pointer to
bar::vtab bar::k( )
protected: vtab
a
int w; foo::l( )

public: virtual void k( ) { } c bar::m( )

int m( ) { } d foo::n( )

virtual void s( ) { } w bar::s( )

virtual char t( ) { } bar::t( )

double x( ) { }
• k(), l(), m() and n() are at same index level.
} • Any function that is virtual in any of the
• m( ) becomes final, can not be base classes will be kept in vtab of derived
overriden further.
class. Ex. foo::l( ) because the indices in
vtab won't get disturbed.
• x( ) will not be in vtab • All objects of given class store the same virtual
table.

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