ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 109

UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

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LECTURE 4

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 What we learned so far!
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1. Scalar and Vector quantities
• It is enough to have a magnitude for scalar physical quantities where as it is essential to
have both magnitude and direction for the vector physical quantities.
2. Scalar and vector field
• Region of space/domain in which a function, f(x,y,z), signifies a physical quantity (
Temperature, Velocity) is the field.
• Scalar field: Each point in space is associated with a scalar point function (Temperature,
potential) having magnitude.
• Vector field: Each point space is associated with a vector point function (Electric field,
Gravitational field) having magnitude and direction, both of which changes from point to
point.
3. Del operator (∇∇)
• It is a differential operator
• It is not a vector by itself
• It operate on scalar and vector functions and the resulting function may be a vector or scalar
function depending on the type of operation.

Rectangular (x,y,z), cylindrical (s,φ

φ,z) and spherical polar(r, φ,θ
θ) coordinate systems

• Curvilinear coordinate system

• Coordinate transformation Advanced Engineering Mathematics
• Partial differential calculus
By ERWIN KREYSZIG

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 What we learned so far?
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4. Operation with del (∇

∇) operator:
• Gradient of scalar function F – Directional derivative..maximum change of the scalar
function is along the direction of vector ∇F, which nothing but the direction of outward
surface normal vector; Advantage: A vector can be obtained from a scalar function
which can be handled more easily than a vector.

• Divergence of a Vector function A - Gives the measure of the vector function’s spread
out at a point- is solenoidal or divergenceless when divergence of the vector is zero
which means that flux of the such vector field entering into a region is equal to that
leaving the region, a condition known as incompressibility; also gives an idea about
source (∇.A>0) means vector diverge and sink(∇.A<0) means vector converge.

• Curl of a Vector function A– regarding the rotation of the vector and the vector
function is irrotational when curl of the vector is zero, such fields are known as
conservative fields.

5 Continuity Equation
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018
 What we learned so far
4 Gauss’s law in Electrostatic

•Where E is the electric field vector, q is the charge and Φ is the electric
flux
•Important tool since it permits the assessment of the amount of enclosed
charge by mapping the electric field normal to the surface outside the
charge distribution or vice versa
Poisson & Laplace Equations

Where ρ is the electric charge density in the closed volume. And V is the
electric potential

Poisson Equations Laplace Equations

( a region with charge) ( a region free of charge)

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

5

Quick QUIZ last class

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

6

Gauss’s divergence theorem relates

a) Surface integral to volume integral

b) Volume integral to surface integral
c) Line integral to surface integral
d) Surface integral to line integral

Answer: A and B

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

7

Stokes theorem relates

a) Surface integral to volume integral

b)Volume integral to surface integral
c) Line integral to surface integral
d)Surface integral to line integral

Answer: C and D

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

8

The Green’s theorem can be related to which of the following

theorems mathematically?

a) Gauss divergence theorem

b) Stoke’s theorem
c) Euler’s theorem
d) Leibnitz’s theorem

Answer: B

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 UNIT-1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
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3 /7/18 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector field

8/7/18 Lecture 2: Concept of Gradient, Divergence and Curl
9/7/18 Lecture 3: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative);
Gauss law of electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace
Equations, Continuity Equation
10/7/18 Lecture 4: Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, Ampere Circuital law,
15/7/18 Lecture 5: Maxwell’s displacement current and corrections in
Ampere Circuital Law, dielectric constant
16/7/18 Lecture 6: Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential
and integral forms)
17/7/18 Lecture 7 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of
Maxwell Equations, electromagnetic spectrum

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 Gauss law of magnetostatics
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Concept of magnetic flux (φ

φ B)
We can calculate the amount of electric field (E) that passes through
a surface by a quantity called electric flux (ΦE), which we have seen
in the last lecture as

Similarly, we can calculate the amount of magnetic field (B) that

passes through a surface by a quantity called magnetic flux (ΦB),

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 Gauss’s laws of magnetostatics
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and Electrostatics
Gauss law of magnetostatic (Gauss’s 2nd law) asserts that the
net magnetic flux through any closed Gaussian surface is zero.

Gauss’s 2nd law for magnetic field

Gauss’s 1st law for electric field

Magnetic monopoles do not exist, where as electric

monopoles do exist
 Forms the basis of Maxwell’s first and second
equations of Electromagnetic theory
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018
 FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
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Faraday’s first law: Whenever

the magnetic flux (φ
φB) linked with
a circuit changes and emf (Eemf) is
induced in the circuit.

Faraday’s second law: This

induced emf, Eemf is equal to the
negative rate of change of
magnetic flux (φφB) with time
linked with the circuit.
Negative sign indicating that induced emf (Eemf) always
opposes the change in flux

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 Ampere Circuital Law in
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Magnetostatics
Ampere circuital law: The line integral of the magnetic field (B)
around any closed loop is equal to µ0 (permeability of the free
space) times the net current (I) flowing through the area enclosed
by the loop.
I
Mathematically, this can be expressed as

Amperian loop

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 Proof of Ampere law
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Vector dot product

θ is either 0 or 180° so

By Biot-Savart law the magnitude of the magnetic field B at a point r from

the conductor carrying a current I is given by

Substituting for B in the above equation

Hence proved

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 Gauss’s Electrostatic vs. Ampere
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Magnetostatics

Gauss’s law of Electrostatic

Gauss’s law charge constant (do not change
with time)
Gauss’s law of magnetostatic

Ampere’s law of Magnetostatic

Ampere's Law all currents have to be steady
(i.e. do not change with time).

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 Incomplete Ampere’s law
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According to the continuity equation , the rate of change

of charge give rise to current density
And will be zero only when there is no change in
the charge density within a closed volume

That is is zero only when

Let us consider Ampere’s law and the relation between

current density (J) and current (I)

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 Now apply Stoke’s theorem to the LHS

Integrands of the LHS and RHS must be equal, so we have

Take the divergence of both LHS and RHS we will get

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Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018
 But the divergence of the curl of any vector field A is always zero}

That means in the last equation

the term is ZERO and we will end up with

But we know that there is current and hence there is a rate of

change of charge density…

So Ampere's law conflicts with the continuity equation

And hence the correction by Maxwell is justified.
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Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018
 Refer R-3 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS HALLIDAY. RESNICK, WALKER Chapter 8 278-281

Correction in Ampere Circuital Law

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Concept of displacement current due to the charge/discharge of a

capacitor leads to the correction/modification to the Ampere’s law

Eq.1

Eq.2 S2
S1 S1

Because no current is enclosed by S2

Eq.1 and Eq.2 are contradicting and Maxwell corrected Ampere’s

law by putting another ‘current’ term in equation 1
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018
 MAXWELL’s LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
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Hence Maxwell ( like Faraday’s idea) introduced the idea of

changing electric field as the source of magnetic field in the gap
between the capacitor plate ( during charging) and introduced
displacement current Id

Add this Id into

Thus corrected Ampere’s law to take care of the continuity equation

and will be verified later..
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018
 Maxwell displacement current
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 Current in a conductor produces magnetic field – Ampere’s

circuital law
 However, a changing electric field produces a magnetic field in
vacuum or in a dielectric
 That means a changing electric field is equivalent to a current
and is called the DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
 Displacement current produces the same effect as a conventional
current in a metallic wire/conductor

Refer R-3 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS HALLIDAY. RESNICK, WALKER Chapter 8 278-281

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

22

Quick Quiz

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

23

Gauss law of magnetostatic (Gauss’s 2nd law) asserts that the net
magnetic flux through any closed Gaussian surface is

a) Infinity
b) Zero
c) Constant
d) All of the above

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

24

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) considered as the father of classical

electrodynamics: He corrected Ampere's law by adding another term, which
he called the "displacement current”, On what does Maxwell's
"displacement current" depend?

a) The derivative of the electric field with respect to time

b) The divergence of the magnetic field
c) The derivative of the magnetic field with respect to time
d) The electromagnetic force on a charged particle

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

25

According to Faraday’s law, the negative rate of change of the magnetic field is
equal to the curl of the electric field. This forms the basis of Maxwell’s
third law of electrodynamics. What's another way to describe this behavior?

a) A changing magnetic field induces an electric field

b) A nonzero electrical current creates magnetic charge
c) A changing electric field induces an magnetic field
d) As magnetic field strength increases, electric field strength
decreases

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018

 UNIT-1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
26
3 /7/18 Lecture 1: Scalar and Vector field
8/7/18 Lecture 2: Concept of Gradient, Divergence and Curl
9/7/18 Lecture 3: Gauss theorem and Stokes theorem (qualitative);
Gauss law of electrostatics, Poisson, Laplace
Equations, Continuity Equation
10/7/18 Lecture 4: Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, Ampere Circuital law,
Maxwell’s displacement current and corrections in
Ampere Circuital Law,
15/7/18 Lecture 5: Electric field, Displacement current, dielectric
constant, Magnetic field and magnetic field
strength, Maxwell’s equation..
16/7/18 Lecture 6: Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Equations (Differential
and integral forms)
17/7/18 Lecture 7 Electromagnetic waves, Physical significance of
Maxwell Equations, electromagnetic spectrum
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD August 10, 2018