· 1)

hea
 Elements
*
p-block

Configuration nsup'
:

%
ms2mp -
Baron
family
n5 carbon
family
2
14
up
n5
mp3 Nitrogen family/Puichogens
15

n5
upt 16

chalogens
n52
up
17

halogens
n5
np7 /S
acrogens/
-

nobel
gas

Group
* 13 :

Si
is non metal
[ndG52p1
Al [Ne]3s" sp

· (Ar) 3 d1045244'
[Kv] 4 d10 552 sp
[xe)
414
5'd 65
op

Physical profsestis
atomic radie
① Atomic raddi
group
: dow the

uncreases let Ga
exuption
in

B < Ga < Al < In Th

high effective change (aff)

Reason : due to nuclear

will
shelding
decease
and
unpiroper ,
radie
 ② Conization
Energy
,
-

M +
m >
- + e Wil witzy In >04
,

+
M + - m2 + e Wil

M2
+
>
- M3 +
+ e
-
will

T
group exception
deceases down the , in BETC

B > Te >
GaTIn)
A

size
Gas high
· it due to small

improper sholding
and hence
· T- ligh Leff

high for
NOTES It1 +
Itc + Boson

very
Its
=

and hunce cannot must as

B3 +

③
Elutopositivity
B - Al y
Al-TC ↓

: As is the most metalles

⑤
Elutronegatuely B >
-
A - Te

mak miss des

⑥ Nature

Bemonmetallegli anaente
As metal
high mp
-
>

Ga-metal low
my30st)
-

extensio metallic
bonding
· no

·
decreate diatomic molecule.

Quidation state
& .
Et
Variable 0 S
.

only unpaned
-

⑧00

a
+ /

up
② us

if 00
+3

* Inst pair effect

B +3 down the
group ,
stability of
Al +3
lowes is more stable
0

Ga +
3, +1

In

Th
+

+
3,

3g + /
+ 1

3 Sundancy to
form
ionic

compounds
.
Chemical
*
Protestess :

① Reaction with air

B +
0 -- B2

-
Altair
we
layer

depocode
-
Als o

* E + % E20

Nature

acidic B(on) audic

B20s ,
-

group
racidic nature I down

ngBOg >
- Pethoboric acid
=

- Sp
Bo,

i
solid
supply
a

·on
) py-a
hydrogen
Y

"Non---/
O

Landing
-
4 -

- -

h
 Baruly
= 1

monobasic acid -> - =

-
M

*
*
e-deferent
Lewis acid
ona
·
B(on) +
10
-
B(n)2 + n
+

·
Blon), + Nao >
-
NaBc01 ·

On

Baras
( im mature)

·
Bon+
acid acce

Bios Stable

# Boran >
- NaB, 07 ,
100
um

I -pation
2 -

on
I
#
B

spo
on
& &
I

O
-
-B

*
 ·
Borax + Do NBO,
>
- + Naon
=
W . A S B
.

Salt
of SBT WA

10
forms bar solv
Boran + -

Boran Bead Test socinaborate

↑
- NaB
Na
, B407
·

1010 aBy0+ +

Bal
Luffy mas

white
crystalline
soled Glassy
beach

a
yeassy sead anction coloured bead

B2Os + Co0 >

- Co
(BO2)
-
(hhr)
acidic
orect cobalt metaborate

Mr-frn/fuefla
- clask blue
blue
-Gen
 Reaction with
horogens (i)
B +
Y
- BXg
(aft Tels)
* - Ex)) Br
2 In

BEg Bag BBug BEs

vacant abitat
>
-
frame
Tingonedeferent
B

62
-

> e

compounds
a

... Live

disriate molecule.

acidic (BT
Strength /BC
BF3 < BBrs

#
* BF should have ben -
defeent
 Back
bonding >
-
BF37BUg7 BBRTB

·
F-
-
-F F

An-Ai
·

u
backlonding
- : "This
more
Resonance

and altep.
racks the
stabilized
electronegative back
up-ep refudions leading
occurs
·

londing
=

·
As the
size of Galogen Mus ,
extent
acdic
of pi-pir backbos
dingBFs
I see
S

more
so

a
&
strength
: is

defint
.

·
Als : dimens .
halide covalent
in

Su
natur
a U
-

Xa][
Al

120
dest O

[des"(120)s] "so
↓

acchedral
dis
 ·

Hydrides of Boron
*

-
Borances
-Buna
Diborano (BK)
Pup LTNF
Bang
:

agent
②
BELA4-TLiF + ACT
=

Reduung
NaBU4
⑥ -
↑ Best

· Structure-
13246

"
G
.5 -
FD
s 5
.
-a latl
me

empty
orbitals can
pastepate
i
hybridization
C Scenter
, ze-bond/banana
bord)
B
 mon
planar molicals
S
4
37/4
!
-

n
-
-
-
-

S
B) 1200

n ........ " y

Profusti
①
es
B1 + m >
-
BOst10 anothermic
② BIMs ngBo ,
100
>
-
+

③ Byls + co -

210-BUo
and Bar adduct

# &24 +
My- (BU()](B)

↓ addition
product
leaves
-

B %o

(BN) w
/
Y

B Bornzene -

y
- NY (N -
4
Inorgania
benzene
& 11
-
-
S 1

↓
similar to
* B N- Structure
graphite
.
· Family
c-non metal

metallodas

Siz Semi metal /

e
metal

· Ec :

usup-
Physical properties :

Q
Group
Atomic radio a smalles than 13

down the
group
>
-
atomic radir unireals

Ob
Ye
- Si < In

② somisation
energy

highstan to re
to lig

Gra
du
·

atty-huge ff
dataa
Strong
·

C) Si >Ge =
su = Ob
* Oxidation stat

only unfacedtake
accorded to v B .
. T valence

ear
(lare

as ap
2

6 . 3 -
Jot l +2
+
es-) Ft +
↑

+
stabdey ofas
Lest pai effet group
: down the ow

#
pa-pa bonding
in -
only
=
c

C = C

gn- bonding (Enupt)

a
# :

amine
Tisilyt
· amine is weaker base than
trimethys
 &

/ / cryamica
ammonia

amims
Temlthye
Sill-Sin,
step fair
love

4 Tsitysa
no
;

Panas
: & in

See weaker base

catenation
linking property
#
self
:

C -
c -
C -
C

2Si7
catiration
Pb does not show
Ye
: Su

The
extant
of Patination defunds upon
bond
energy
.

Allotofy
members
# All
allotsope
- the car show

Carbon-
E

Cystalless amohous
arrangment
random
:
:
i
① diamond - C C

--
! I
 C
C C
11
C

Network solid c
- ic C -

-
! d
·

E
·
c -
154/m
bonded other carbon ators
·

cops ; Tetrahedrally to 3

undea b
·veryligh
c -
4

lit

# -
I
-

Thermodynamicanyc
most stable
each
Suragonal sing
spr
carbon

delocalized
has one

sing
: Conductos

persist form
Fullerences - most
#

so
condens

Graphite Soot >

-

Traces
30- Buckminster
fullerenes
sig
>
- 20-Six numbed
12 -> 5 membered
rung
>
-

the
e-delocalized over

g
umn
>
-

asomatic
compound.
-
# chemical
procities :

Reaction with
neutral
①
oxygen ↑
# +
monoxide amphoteric
0donid -
las

- Co2 , Se ,
Geo , Sno -
PO
- -
acidic
amphoter
# Co
Preparation
:
:

Carbon best in limited

①
oxygen

net
co
c +
u
-

② CH4 +
02 - 0 i
②
non ou cot 10

Commercial scale :
Synthesis

3
C/whr) + 10 >
-
12

S
· co +
~

gas
wate

· c + air - Co +
2

~
C +
0 +
N2 roducergas
· These
gases
are used as
fil
structure :
i. - : CE :
-
↓

stable a bond dessoud

highly
:

energy
 · : CEO : /Levis base)

· M2T : CEO :
Kis base
Lewis
metal
Carbonyls
·

acc

In blood it combine
co-very porousgas
· : can

Fon
with
,
hamoglobin
towards
has
affinity harmoglobin
so more than

1500 times
onygen
more

② CO2 :

i c + air - >
(excess) CO2

is air -> Co 120

Chp + +

iii
lacon >
-
Cao + Co
,

· : oo near

Ep
polar
: Co is non .

0
y
=
 soluble
Propertus
:
CO2 is in 120 -
10 rebonic acid
,

+
Ra,
McLOs - 105 + 1

It
cos
-
noj > +
Kay
Kar) Kas

10/1000 - Acidic
buffer .

# Silica/Selcon dropdo SiO/Sand

O Network soled
&
o - si-o - - 0 -

hard
S
/
O g hegh up
or
up
I ↓ insoluble in water.

o-si-o-si-o
&
O
!

Se
· is almost inst
,

Sir, + Nao >

- Nasio ,

Sett
se
- nF >
-

amphotesic
 with halogene
Reaction

Genet a
ne

MX4 - Tetrahalides
c + E >
-
CF
pb + E >
-
PbFy

not exist
PBry & Pbly does

m &

occidising agent
PG + arts an

Pb4 +
- -

2e > ph +

-
-

+2

10, 100
reducing agent
securing
strong

: Pb4
+
>
-
pp2
+
agents

Tetrahedrat
Shape :
·
in
X

Stability CF4)(4 >Br C14

:

↓ C2p> Sec > Gelly > Sully

expands upow bond

length) -

high
bond
energy
 halides
Hydrolysis
->

except of carbon all other

hydrolyzed.
U

a
1
I -
o

assiona
i

↓ -

ne

on
-
3420

on '
Ou on

↓
1
,
Si03
Selli acd

# Siiones

Organo polymer
silicon

wit Rsio
repeating
· -

material cace
starting
·
>
-
 (c)
clace +
Sir T
,
See

(b) S
Size +
(1)+ Si

g no-se-on
(C) Six

R R R

no-se-on no-se-on no-se- or

R R R
/ S %
si
-Si -S
-o
-o

i R B

Water
·

regullant
- water
proof
·
inst

biocompatible. : used in
Plastic
surgery
Silicates :

Six
-
unit
*

basic structural in

!-
-

se
·

Astrosilicates Sio-
Types I
* :

Six of
I
Pyroselicates
-
In rain silicates : I T
wodimensional
-
selectes :

i
&

·
-

I Selicates
Ring -

-
Go to tre

an
ouygens
shoud
.
# schickes Six
quarts
3-D ->

o O O

,
-siro-se-o-so-o
I
o

↓ & d
O
S

si-o-se-o-o
↓ O