Gears in Mesh

Laws of Gearing

Along normal direction,

VC 2 cos α = VC 3 cos β

( ω2 ⋅ O2C2 ) cos α = ( ω3 ⋅ O3C3 ) cos β

O2 x Oy
( ω2 ⋅ O2C2 ) = ( ω3 ⋅ O3C3 ) 3
O2C2 O3C3
ω2 O3 y
=
ω3 O2 x

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From similar triangle Δ O2 Px and Δ O3 Py ,

O2 x O2 P Px
= =
O3 y O3 P Py
ω2 O3 y O3 P Py
Therefore, = = =
ω3 O2 x O2 P Px
Velocity of sliding along tangential direction is,
C3 y Cx
VC 3 sin β − VC 2 sin α = ( ω3 ⋅ O3C3 ) − ( ω2 ⋅ O2C2 ) 2
O3C3 O2C2

= ( ω3 ⋅ C3 y ) − ( ω2 ⋅ C2 x )

= {ω3 ⋅ ( PC3 + Py )} − {ω2 ⋅ ( Px − PC2 )}

∵ PC2 = PC3 = PC

= ( ω3 + ω2 ) PC + ω3 ⋅ Py − ω2 ⋅ Px

= ( ω3 + ω2 ) PC + 0 = ( ω3 + ω2 ) PC

2
Involutometry

ϕ A and ϕ B are involute pressure angle.

Rb = RA cos ϕ A = RB cos ϕB

RA cos ϕ B
Therefore, =
RB cos ϕ A

3
Tooth Thickness

Arc DG = BG and arc DF = AF

Therefore,
arc DG BG arc DF AF
∠DOG = = = tan ϕB and ∠DOF = = = tan ϕ A
OG OG OF OF
Therefore,
∠DOB = tan ϕ B − ϕB = inv ϕB and ∠DOA = tan ϕ A − ϕ A = inv ϕ A
1 tB 1 tB
∠DOE = ∠DOB + = inv ϕ B + and
2 RB 2 RB
1 tA 1 tA
∠DOE = ∠DOA + = inv ϕ A +
2 RA 2 RA
Therefore,
The relation is,

⎡1 t ⎤
t B = 2 RB ⎢ A + inv ϕ A − inv ϕ B ⎥
⎣ 2 RA ⎦

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Involute Spur Gear Nomenclature

2πR πD
Circular Pitch ( p ) = = = πm where, D = pitch diameter, m = module, T = no. of teeth
T T

14.50 Full Depth 200 Full Depth

200 Stub system
System System
Pressure angle 14.50 200 200
Addendum m m 0.8 m
Dedendum 1.157 m 1.25 m m
Clearance 0.157 m 0.25 m 0.2 m
Working depth 2m 2m 1.6 m
Whole depth 2.157 m 2.25 m 1.8 m
Tooth thickness 1.5708 m 1.5708 m 1.5708 m

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Length of Action
Length of Arc of Action
Contact Ratio

Point A = Beginning of contact Point B = End of contact

E1 and E2 = Points of tangency of line of action on the base circles

Ro = Outside (addendum) radius Rb = Base circle radius

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ϕ = Pressure angle C = Center distance

Length AB = E1B + E2 A − E1E2 = ( Ro1 ) − ( Rb1 ) + ( Ro 2 ) − ( Rb 2 ) − O1P sin ϕ − O2 P sin ϕ

2 2 2 2

Length AB = ( Ro1 ) − ( Rb1 ) + ( Ro 2 ) − ( Rb 2 ) − C sin ϕ

2 2 2 2

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 AB
Length of Arc of Action = Arc C C ′ =
cos ϕ

Length of arc C C ′
Contact Ratio =
Circular pitch ( p )
Rack – Pinion

a
Length AB = E1B − E1P + AP = ( Ro ) − ( Rb ) − O1P sin ϕ +
2 2

sin ϕ

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Interference

Minimum no. of teeth on wheel gear to avoid interference

Assume,
r = Pitch circle radius of pinion gear (here driven gear 1)
t = No. of teeth on pinion gear
R = Pitch circle radius of wheel gear (here driven gear 2)
T = No. of teeth on wheel gear
2r 2 R mt mT
Module = m = = ; Therefore, r = ; R=
t T 2 2
ω1 R T
Gear ratio = = = =G
ω2 r t

( O2 E1 ) = ( O2 E2 ) + ( E1E2 )
2 2 2

( O2 E1 ) = ( R cos ϕ ) + {( r sin ϕ ) + ( R sin ϕ )}

2 2 2

( O2 E1 ) = R 2 + 2 R r sin 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ
2

2⎪
⎧ r ⎛r⎞
2
2 ⎪
⎫
( 2 1) = + ϕ + ⎜ ⎟ sin ϕ⎬
2 2
O E R ⎨ 1 2 sin
⎩⎪ R ⎝R⎠ ⎭⎪
⎧ r⎛ r⎞ ⎫
( O2 E1 ) = R 2 ⎨1 + ⎜ 2 + ⎟ sin 2 ϕ⎬
2

⎩ R⎝ R⎠ ⎭

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 ⎧ r⎛ r⎞ 2 ⎫
Max. addendum of the wheel = ( O2 E1 − R ) = R ⎨1 + ⎜ 2 + ⎟ sin ϕ⎬ − R
⎩ R⎝ R⎠ ⎭
Let adopted value of addendum is aw times the module m .

Therefore,

⎡ ⎧ r⎛ r⎞ ⎫ ⎤
R ⎢ ⎨1 + ⎜ 2 + ⎟ sin 2 ϕ⎬ − 1⎥ ≥ awm
⎢⎣ ⎩ R ⎝ R⎠ ⎭ ⎥⎦

mT ⎡ ⎧ 1⎛ 1⎞ ⎫ ⎤
⎢ ⎨1 + ⎜ 2 + ⎟ sin 2 ϕ⎬ − 1⎥ ≥ aw m
2 ⎢⎣ ⎩ G ⎝ G⎠ ⎭ ⎥⎦

2 aw
T ≥
⎡ ⎧ 1⎛ 1⎞ ⎫ ⎤
⎢ ⎨1 + ⎜ 2 + ⎟ sin 2 ϕ⎬ − 1⎥
⎢⎣ ⎩ G ⎝ G⎠ ⎭ ⎥⎦

2 aw
Tmin =
⎡ ⎧ 1⎛ 1⎞ ⎫ ⎤
⎢ ⎨1 + ⎜ 2 + ⎟ sin 2 ϕ⎬ − 1⎥
⎢⎣ ⎩ G ⎝ G⎠ ⎭ ⎥⎦

Similarly,
2 ar
tmin =
sin 2 ϕ

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Backlash Calculation due to Change of Center Distance

2 R1 2 R2 2 R1′ 2 R2′
m= = m′ = =
T1 T2 T1 T2

mT1 mT2 ⎛T +T ⎞ m′T1 m′T2 ⎛T +T ⎞

C = R1 + R2 = + = m⎜ 1 2 ⎟ C ′ = C + ΔC = R1′ + R2′ = + = m′ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
ω1 R2 T2 ω1′ R2′ T2 ω1 R2
= = = = = =
ω2 R1 T1 ω′2 R1′ T1 ω2 R1
Rb1 = R1 cos ϕ and Rb 2 = R2 cos ϕ Rb1 = R1′ cos ϕ′ and Rb 2 = R2′ cos ϕ′

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Therefore,

⎛ R R ⎞ ⎛ R cos ϕ R2 cos ϕ ⎞ ⎛ cos ϕ ⎞ ⎛ cos ϕ ⎞

C ′ = C + ΔC = R1′ + R2′ = ⎜ b1 + b 2 ⎟ = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = ( R1 + R2 ) ⎜ ⎟ = (C ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ cos ϕ′ cos ϕ′ ⎠ ⎝ cos ϕ′ cos ϕ′ ⎠ ⎝ cos ϕ′ ⎠ ⎝ cos ϕ′ ⎠

⎛ cos ϕ ⎞ ⎛ cos ϕ ⎞ ⎡⎛ cos ϕ ⎞ ⎤

C ′ = C + ΔC = C ⎜ ⎟ or, ΔC = C ⎜ ⎟ − C = C ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥
⎝ cos ϕ′ ⎠ ⎝ cos ϕ′ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ cos ϕ′ ⎠ ⎦

On standard pitch circle,

2πR1 2πR2
Pitch = t1 + t2 = =
T1 T2
On operating pitch circle,
2πR1′ 2πR2′
Pitch = t1′ + t2′ + B = =
T1 T2
From the concept of Involutometry,

⎡ t ⎤ ⎡ R′ ⎤
t1′ = 2 R1′ ⎢ 1 + inv ϕ − inv ϕ′⎥ = ⎢ 1 t1 − 2 R1′ ( inv ϕ′ − inv ϕ ) ⎥
⎣ 2 R1 ⎦ ⎣ R1 ⎦
⎡ t ⎤ ⎡ R′ ⎤
t2′ = 2 R2′ ⎢ 2 + inv ϕ − inv ϕ′⎥ = ⎢ 2 t2 − 2 R2′ ( inv ϕ′ − inv ϕ ) ⎥
⎣ 2 R2 ⎦ ⎣ R2 ⎦
2πR1′ R1′ R′
Backlash = B = − t1 − 2 t2 + 2 R1′ ( inv ϕ′ − inv ϕ ) + 2 R2′ ( inv ϕ′ − inv ϕ )
T1 R1 R2
2πR1′ R1′ R′
B= − t1 − 1 t2 + 2 ( R1′ + R2′ )( inv ϕ′ − inv ϕ )
T1 R1 R1

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 2πR1′ R1′
B= − ( t1 + t2 ) + 2C ′ ( inv ϕ′ − inv ϕ )
T1 R1

2πR1′ R1′ 2πR1

B= − ⋅ + 2C ′ ( inv ϕ′ − inv ϕ ) = 2C ′ ( inv ϕ′ − inv ϕ )
T1 R1 T1

Helical Gears

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p = Circular pitch or transverse circular pitch = π m
pn = Normal circular pitch = p cos ψ = π m cos ψ = π mn where, mn = m cos ψ

Angular velocity Ratio

ω2 V2 / r2 r1 V2 ( m1T1 / 2 ) Vn / cos ψ 2 2r 2r
VR = = = ⋅ = ⋅ ∵m1 = 1 ; m2 = 2 ;Vn = V1 cos ψ1 = V2 cos ψ 2
ω1 V1 / r1 r2 V1 ( m2T2 / 2 ) Vn / cos ψ1 T1 T2

Again,
mn = m1 cos ψ1 = m2 cos ψ 2

T1 ( mn / cos ψ1 ) cos ψ1
VR = ⋅ ⋅
T2 ( mn / cos ψ 2 ) cos ψ 2

T1
VR =
T2

14
Center Distance
1 1 ⎛ mn mn ⎞ m ⎛ T T2 ⎞
C = r1 + r2 = ( m1T1 + m2T2 ) = ⎜ T1 + T2 ⎟ = n ⎜ 1 + ⎟
2 2 ⎝ cos ψ1 cos ψ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ cos ψ1 cos ψ 2 ⎠

Worm And Worm Wheel

L
tan λ = Where, D1 = Pitch diameter o the worm
πD1

Assume,
D2 = Pitch diameter of the worm gear or wheel
N 2 = No. of teeth on worm gear

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N1 = No. of teeth or threads on worm
λ = Lead angle of the worm
ψ1 = Helix angle of the worm = ( 900 − λ )
ψ 2 = Helix angle of the worm gear
px = Axial pitch of the worm
π D2
p = Circular pitch of the worm gear =
N2

For worm and worm gear with shafts at right angles to mesh properly, the following conditions must
be satisfied:
1. Lead angle of the worm ( λ ) = Helix angle of the worm gear ( ψ 2 )
2. Axial pitch of the worm ( px ) = Circular pitch of the worm gear ( p )

Angular velocity ratio

ω2 N1 D1 cos ψ1
VR = = =
ω1 N 2 D2 cos ψ 2

Bevel Gear

A0 = Length of the pitch cone element

Γ1 = Pitch angle of the pinion
Γ2 = Pitch angle of the gear
Σ = Angle between the shafts
D1 = Pitch diameter of the pinion
D2 = Pitch diameter of the gear

D1
sin Γ1 = = sin ( Σ − Γ 2 )
2 A0

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Or, sin Γ1 = sin Σ cos Γ 2 − cos Σ sin Γ 2
sin Γ1 sin Σ cos Γ 2 cos Σ sin Γ 2
Or, = −
sin Σ sin Γ 2 sin Σ sin Γ 2 sin Σ sin Γ 2
sin Γ1 cos Γ 2 cos Σ
Or, = −
sin Σ sin Γ 2 sin Γ 2 sin Σ
1 ⎡ sin Γ1 ⎤ 1
Or, ⎢ + cos Σ ⎥ =
sin Σ ⎣ sin Γ 2 ⎦ tan Γ 2
sin Γ1 D1
Again, =
sin Γ 2 D2
Therefore,
sin Σ sin Σ
tan Γ 2 = =
⎡ D1 ⎤ ⎡ N1 ⎤
⎢ D + cos Σ ⎥ ⎢ N + cos Σ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
Similarly,
sin Σ
tan Γ1 =
⎡ N2 ⎤
⎢ N + cos Σ ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦

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