CLOUD COMPUTING WITH AWS (22CS61)

ASSIGNMENT-I

1. Differentiate between traditional data centers and cloud computing.

Traditional Data Center
1.​ The physical space where organizations keep computer systems and related
hardware required for their websites, apps, or IT infrastructure is known as a data
center.
2.​ First and foremost, cost is a major challenge with the traditional data center.
3.​ Setting up a data center involves a huge upfront investment in building, hardware,
cooling, power, ventilation equipment, and so on.
4.​ It doesn’t end there; you have to spend a significant amount on maintenance as
well.
Cloud Datacenter
Cloud data centers are the physical infrastructure that supports cloud computing, offering
on-demand access to computing resources like servers, storage, and networking.
1.​ Instead of managing their own on-premises data centers, organizations lease
infrastructure from a cloud provider, accessing resources over the internet.
2.​ Scalability: Cloud data centers can quickly scale up or down to meet changing
demands.
3.​ Flexibility: Users can access resources from anywhere with an internet
connection.
4.​ Cost-effectiveness: Cloud providers handle the infrastructure management,
reducing costs for organizations.
5.​ Managed services: Cloud providers are responsible for maintaining and updating
the infrastructure.
2. List the various Cloud deployment models and discuss with a suitable example.
1. Private Clouds
-A private cloud is a cloud computing infrastructure that is exclusively dedicated to a
particular organization.
-In the private cloud computing model, cloud services—such as compute, storage,
database, and network—are available to an organization and its users only.
2. Public Clouds
-Public clouds are cloud computing infrastructures that are maintained and operated
by cloud service providers and that are available for public use.
-The public cloud is available from a number of providers, including Amazon Web
Services (AWS), IBM, Alibaba, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure.
 3. A hybrid cloud is a cloud computing infrastructure that benefits from the public
and private models and enables organizations to use both. When an organization uses
a public cloud along with their private cloud, that’s called hybrid cloud.
4. A community cloud deployment model is a cloud infrastructure shared by a specific
group of organizations with common concerns, goals, and interests, offering a hybrid
approach combining the private clouds with the public clouds.

3. Compare and contrast different cloud service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) function in
real-world applications?
 IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
●​ Cloud computing model that provides on-demand access to computing resources
such as servers, networking, storage, compute and virtualization.
●​ Virtualization technology makes IaaS possible by creating multiple virtual
machines (VMs)—each with its own operating system (OS) and applications—on
a single physical machine. This enables dozens of applications and workloads to
run and scale successfully.
●​ The cloud service provider manages the hypervisors, also known as virtual
machine monitors (VMMs), a hypervisor enables virtualization by allowing
multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical server.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
●​ Cloud computing model that provides a complete, on-demand environment for
developing, running, and managing applications, allowing developers to focus on
code without managing infrastructure
●​ This model adds an additional layer on top of IaaS, which includes the operating
system, middleware, and runtime.
●​ In this model, cloud providers take care of the runtime, middleware, and
operating systems, along with core services like networking, storage, servers, and
virtualization.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
●​ Cloud computing model where users access software applications over the
internet, typically through a web browser, without needing to install or manage
the software on their own devices.
●​ The SaaS model allows organizations to purchase complete software services
from third-party providers.
●​ -Cloud providers are responsible for everything that is required to develop and
deploy an application.
●​ -In an SaaS offering, you don’t have to worry about anything at all. One of the
most common examples of SaaS is Gmail, where you only care about sending and
receiving emails.
4. Discuss the key benefits of cloud computing for organizations.
 1.​ Trade Fixed Expenses for Variable Expenses
Cloud computing eliminates upfront investments, allowing businesses to pay only
for what they use. Costs can be controlled by shutting down unused resources and
optimizing applications. This flexible model is especially beneficial for startups
and growing businesses.
2.​ Benefit from Massive Economies of Scale
•​ Cloud providers operate large-scale data centers worldwide, reducing costs.
•​ Bulk hardware purchases and expert management make cloud services more
affordable. Businesses get cloud resources at a lower price compared to running
their own data centers.
3. Stop Guessing at Capacity
Overestimation leads to wasted resources, while underestimation causes delays in
scaling. Cloud services allow businesses to scale up or down as needed, ensuring
cost efficiency and flexibility.
4. Increased Speed and Agility
-Cloud computing allows businesses to experiment quickly by creating and
removing resources as needed. Unlike traditional data centers, which require
time-consuming hardware installation, cloud services enable rapid scaling
5. Don’t Spend Money on Running and Maintaining Data Centers
you can opt for the cloud setup and focus on your core business. You just get
what you require from the cloud and let the cloud providers take care of the
servers and data centers.
6. Go Global in Minutes
-Cloud computing allows businesses to deploy applications worldwide in
minutes, unlike traditional methods that take months or years.
-Cloud providers have data centers across the globe, enabling quick expansion to
different regions. This global presence helps companies operate efficiently and
scale their services easily.
5. Outline the significance of Key concepts cloud computing with an example.
1.​ Scalability (vertical and horizontal scaling) When more people access your
application, it will require more computing power, which is nothing but CPU and
memory, to serve all the users. You have to scale up this virtual machine by
increasing its computing power
2.​ Elasticity The ability to scale the virtual machines based on the demand of the
application is known as elasticity.
3.​ Agility on-premises environment usually takes days, weeks, or even months,
whereas in the cloud, this could be done in minutes or even seconds. Hence,
agility is the ability to react quickly.
4.​ High availability to make the application available to your users, you can run the
application on two virtual machines. While your security team is patching on one
virtual machine, another machine is available and serves requests to your users.
 5.​ Fault tolerance Fault tolerance refers to the ability of a system (computer,
network, storage, etc.) to continue operating without interruption when one or
more of its components fail.
6. List and discuss about various AWS pricing models?
1.​ -Pay as You Go
2.​ -Pay Less by Using More
3.​ -Save When You Reserve
4.​ -Free Tier Usage
1. Pay as You Go
-Using this pricing principle, you can rent resources on-demand and pay only for what
you use.

2. Pay Less by Using More

As their infrastructure grows, they have volume and scale, and therefore, they will share
the benefits with customers by providing them with cost discounts.

3.Save When You Reserve In this pricing principle, you reserve the capacity for an
extensive period (one or three years) and get a discount, ranging between 30 and 72
percent, based on the reserved capacity’s price.

4. Free Tier is comprised of three different types of offerings, 12 months free, always
free, and short term free trials. Services with 12 months free allow customers to use the
product for free up to specified limits for one year
7. Explain the usage of AWS Cost Explorer to track and analyse cloud spending.
1.​ By using Cost Explorer, you can view AWS costs and usage for the past 13
months, which will help you forecast future spending.
2.​ Cost Explorer allows you to create customized views, which can help you
analyze your AWS costs and identify areas for improvement.
3.​ In addition to that, the AWS Cost Explorer provides an API that enables you to
access data using your existing analytics tools.
8. How can AWS Budget be configured to monitor and control cloud expenses?
AWS Budgets, set up cost and usage budgets, define alert thresholds, and even
implement actions to restrict resource provisioning or trigger notifications.
AWS Budgets information is updated up to three times a day.
●​ Updates typically occur 8–12 hours after the previous update.
●​ Budgets can track your unblended, amortized, and blended costs.
●​ Budgets can include or exclude charges such as discounts, refunds, support fees,
and taxes.
Create the following types of budgets:
1.​ Cost budgets – Plan how much you want to spend on a service.
2.​ Usage budgets – Plan how much you want to use one or more services.
3.​ RI utilization budgets – Define a utilization threshold and receive alerts when
your RI usage falls below that threshold. This lets you see if your RIs are unused
or under-utilized.
4.​ RI coverage budgets – Define a coverage threshold and receive alerts when the
number of your instance hours that are covered by RIs fall below that threshold.
This lets you see how much of your instance usage is covered by a reservation.
5.​ Savings Plans utilization budgets – Define a utilization threshold and receive
alerts when the usage of your Savings Plans falls below that threshold. This lets
you see if your Savings Plans are unused or under-utilized.
6.​ Savings Plans coverage budgets – Define a coverage threshold and receive
alerts when your Savings Plans eligible usage that is covered by Savings Plans
fall below that threshold. This lets you see how much of your instance usage is
covered by Savings Plans.
9. Show how Consolidated Billing in AWS can be used to optimize costs for an
organization with multiple accounts.
AWS Organization also comes with a feature called consolidated billing.
-As the name suggests, consolidated billing means all of the charges for each account are
billed against the master account.
-This means if you have a hundred accounts, you can get one bill and centrally
manage the bill like AWS accounts.
One Bill
A consolidated bill lets you manage all of your accounts in one place, and it allows you
to get one bill for all linked accounts.
Easy Tracking
Consolidated billing also gives you an interface to track the charges across multiple
accounts and download the combined cost and usage data. It means that you can analyze
charges across multiple accounts and download a cost and usage report.
 Consolidated billing has the advantage of allowing all accounts within an organization to
share volume pricing discounts and reserved instance discounts. Therefore, you will be
charged less for your project, department, or company than if you had individual,
standalone accounts.

10. Apply the AWS Pricing Calculator to estimate the cost of running a web application
on AWS.
Once you start using AWS, We can estimate the total running cost of your projects. AWS
has a nice tool to do this cost calculation—the Pricing Calculator.
Step 1: Open the AWS Pricing Calculator
1.​ Go to the AWS Pricing Calculator: https://calculator.aws/
Step 2: Define Your Web Application Components
A typical web application architecture includes:
●​ Compute (EC2, Lambda, or ECS)
●​ Storage (S3, EBS, RDS, DynamoDB)
●​ Networking (Load Balancer, Data Transfer)
●​ Additional Services (CloudFront, Route 53, etc.)
Step 3: Add Services and Estimate Costs
1. Compute (EC2 or Lambda)
●​ If using EC2:
o​ Click "Create estimate" → "Amazon EC2".
o​ Choose an instance type (e.g., t3.medium for a small app).
o​ Select On-Demand or Reserved Instance for cost savings.
o​ Define usage hours per month.
o​ Add additional costs (EBS storage, data transfer).
●​ If using AWS Lambda (serverless):
o​ Select "AWS Lambda".
o​ Input estimated number of requests and execution time.
2. Storage (S3, EBS, or RDS)
●​ S3 for static files: Estimate storage in GB per month.
●​ EBS for EC2 storage: Select volume type (GP3, IO2).
●​ RDS for databases: Choose instance size and storage.
3. Networking (Data Transfer & Load Balancer)
 ●​ Add Application Load Balancer (ALB).
●​ Estimate outgoing data transfer (in GB).
4. Other Services
●​ CloudFront: For CDN caching.
●​ Route 53: For domain management.
Step 4: Review and Compare Costs
●​ Click "View Summary" to check estimated costs.
●​ Adjust settings (e.g., using Reserved Instances for savings).

11. Outline the four important components of the AWS organization?

AWS Organization has four components.
AWS Organizations, a cloud management service, comprises a
1.​ Management/Master account,
2.​ Member accounts,
3.​ Organization Units (OUs),
4.​ Service Control Policies.
Master Account
●​ This master account is the AWS account that you use to create your organization.
●​ You can use this account to manage your other AWS accounts. It will act as the
central management and governance hub for all your accounts.
●​ By using master account to create new accounts, invite other accounts to join your
organization, and remove accounts from your organization.
Member Account
Accounts other than the master account in an organization are member accounts. It means
all other accounts you created or invited to be a part of your organization are known as
member accounts.
Organization Unit (OU)
-It is also known as OU. An OU helps you group AWS accounts within your
organization.
For example, suppose you have HR, Sales, and Marketing teams and each team needs an
AWS account of their own. You can create three organization units in the AWS
Organization and place accounts in the Organization Unit.
Organization units can also contain organization units, allowing you to create hierarchies
based on your company’s structure. Keep the following points in mind regarding OUs
and accounts:
Service Control Policy (SCP)
-A set of rules that you apply to the AWS organization, account, and organization unit.
-Service control policies are a type of organization policy that you attach to the entire
organization, OUs, or individual AWS accounts.

12. Explain the different types of AWS accounts and their significance.
AWS account represents a formal business relationship you establish with AWS. You
create and manage your AWS resources in an AWS account, and your account provides
identity management capabilities for access and billing.
AWS account serves two primary functions:
 ●​ Resources container – An AWS account is the basic container for all the AWS
resources you create as an AWS customer. For example, an Amazon Simple
Storage Service (Amazon S3) bucket, an Amazon Relational Database Service
(Amazon RDS) database, and an Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)
instance are all resources. Every resource is uniquely identified by an Amazon
Resource Name (ARN) that includes the account ID of the account that contains,
or owns, the resource.
●​ Security boundary – An AWS account is also the basic security boundary for
your AWS resources. Resources that you create in your account are available to
users who have credentials for your account. Among the key resources you can
create in your account are identities, such as users and roles. Identities have
credentials that someone can use to sign in (authenticate) to AWS. Identities also
have permission policies that specify what a user can do (authorization) with the
resources in the account.

13. Describe the AWS Free Tier and its benefits for new users.
 AWS Free Tier: Overview & Benefits 🚀
The AWS Free Tier provides new users with free access to AWS services for a limited
time, allowing them to explore and test AWS without upfront costs. It includes three
types of free offers:

1️. Always Free

✅
These services are free indefinitely, as long as usage stays within limits.​

✅ AWS Lambda – 1M free requests per month​

✅
✅
Amazon DynamoDB – 25 GB of storage + 25 RCU/WCU​
Amazon SNS (Simple Notification Service) – 1M free notifications​
Amazon CloudWatch – Basic monitoring for AWS resources

2.​ 2-Month Free Tier

✅
Available for the first 12 months after account creation.​

✅ Amazon EC2 – 750 hours/month of t2.micro or t3.micro​

✅
✅
Amazon S3 – 5 GB of standard storage​
Amazon RDS – 750 hours/month of db.t2.micro​
Amazon CloudFront – 50 GB of outbound data transfer

3️. Trials (Short-Term Free Access) ⏳

✅
Certain services offer limited-time free trials.​

✅ Amazon Lightsail – Free for 1 month​

✅ Amazon SageMaker – 250 hours of model training per month for 2 months​
AWS Redshift – Free trial for 750 hours for 2 months

14. How does the AWS Global Infrastructure ensure high availability and scalability?
AWS achieves high availability and scalability through its globally distributed
infrastructure, which consists of multiple Regions, Availability Zones (AZs), Edge
Locations, and Networking Features.

1️. AWS Regions: Geographic Distribution for Resilience

●​ AWS has 100+ Availability Zones across 32+ Regions worldwide (as of 2024).
●​ Each Region operates independently and contains multiple Availability Zones.
●​ Ensures fault tolerance by allowing users to deploy applications in multiple
regions.
●​ Supports compliance by keeping data within specific geographic areas.

2️. Availability Zones (AZs): Built for Redundancy

●​ Each Region contains at least two or more AZs, which are separate data
centers.
●​ AZs are physically isolated but connected via low-latency networking.
●​ Workloads can be distributed across multiple AZs to prevent failures.

3️. Edge Locations & AWS Global Accelerator: Fast & Reliable Performance ⚡
 ●​ Edge Locations (part of AWS CloudFront CDN) bring content closer to users,
reducing latency.
●​ AWS Global Accelerator routes traffic to the nearest available AWS Region for
improved performance.

4️. Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) & Auto Scaling: On-Demand Scalability
●​ Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) distributes incoming traffic across multiple
instances for fault tolerance.
●​ Auto Scaling Groups (ASG) automatically add or remove resources based on
demand.
●​ Prevents overloading and reduces downtime by dynamically adjusting capacity

5️. Multi-Region & Multi-AZ Database Replication: Data Availability

●​ AWS offers multi-AZ RDS, DynamoDB Global Tables, and S3 Cross-Region
Replication to ensure data durability.
●​ AWS Aurora Global Database allows read/write operations across multiple
regions.
●​ Amazon Route 53 (DNS Service) enables failover routing between multiple
regions.

6️. AWS Networking: High-Speed, Resilient Connectivity

●​ AWS Backbone Network ensures low-latency, high-throughput data transfer.
●​ AWS Direct Connect provides dedicated private connections to AWS.
●​ VPC Peering & Transit Gateway allow secure, scalable network architectures.

15. Show how to navigate and use the AWS Management Console for managing cloud
resources.

🔹
1️. Accessing the AWS Management Console​
Sign In and enter your AWS credentials (Root user or IAM user).
2️. AWS Management Console Dashboard Overview

✅
After logging in, you’ll see:​

✅ Search Bar – Quickly find AWS services.​

✅
✅
Pinned Services – Customize frequently used services.​
AWS Services Menu – Browse all AWS services.​
Account Menu (Top Right) – Access billing, IAM users, and security settings.

🔹
3️. Creating and Managing Cloud Resources

🔹 Compute (EC2 - Virtual Servers)

🔹
🔹
Storage (S3 - Object Storage)
Database (RDS - Managed Relational Database)
Networking (VPC - Virtual Private Cloud)

🔹
4️. Monitoring and Security

🔹 CloudWatch (Monitoring)
IAM (Security & Access Control)
5️. Billing & Cost Management