Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(3S) 2055-2063 2023

Amount of Table Salt When Making Sodium Hypochlorite and

Temperature to Product Performance Effect Study
Khamidov Abdusamat Ganijonovich
Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
[email protected]

Akhmedov Sultan Mukaramovich

Kokand Branch of Tashkent State Technical University, Kokand, Uzbekistan,
[email protected]

Abstract
The article deals with the dependence of the product yield of the process on the concentration and
temperature of the starting material in the process conducted in an electrolyzer with vertically mounted
graphite electrodes in the flow mode. To prevent side processes in the installation, only graphite electrodes
are used. The article also provides the theoretical basis for the formation of sodium hypochlorite.
Keywords: drinking water, sodium chloride, electrolysis plant, hypochlorite, graphite electrodes, free
active chlorine, sodium cations, chloride anions.

INTRODUCTION "Labarrack water" for bleaching and

disinfection. This process is carried out in a
In 1785, the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm
cold solution:
Scheele [1] and in 1787 the French chemist
Claude Louis Bertolle [2] discovered that a Cl2 + 2 NaOH + H 2O → NaCl + NaOCl + H 2O
solution of chlorine gas in the water had the (3)
property of bleaching natural fabrics. [3, 4].
Even though the disinfecting properties of
Cl2 + H 2O  HCl + HOCl (1) hypochlorites were discovered in the first half
of the 19th century, their practical use began
In 1778, on the banks of the Seine River in
only at the end of the century. The first water
Paris, a company called Societé Javel began
treatment system was established in Hamburg
producing bleach by dissolving chlorine gas in
in 1893 [5]. The first drinking water treatment
water. Since this product was unstable, from
plant appeared in Jersey City, America in 1908
1787 chlorine was passed through a solution of
[6].
potassium carbonate to produce a product
called "javel water", which had strong Chlorination of drinking water was first
bleaching properties and was stable. enforced by adding chlorinated lime to water in
1910 during cholera epidemics in Kronstadt,
Cl2 + 2K2CO3 + H 2O → KCl + KOCl + 2KHCO3
Russia, and typhoid fever in Nizhny Novgorod.
(2) Treatment of water with gaseous chlorine was
French pharmacist Antoine Labarrack replaces carried out in 1917 at the Leningrad water
potash with caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) treatment station [7, 8].
and produces the cheaper sodium hypochlorite

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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(3S) 2055-2063 2023

Sodium hypochlorite - chlorine and sodium solutions with a strong chlorine odour. Its
oxide, chemical formula - NaOCl - sodium salt elemental composition is Na (sodium) (30.9%),
of chloric acid. Historical names of this Cl (chlorine) 47.6%), and O (oxygen) (21.5%).
saltwater solution are "javel water" or The molecular mass of NaClO is -74.44 and it
"labarrack water". is very soluble in water. 53.4 g of sodium
hypochlorite dissolves in 100 g of water at 20
Sodium hypochlorite is very unstable in the
℃ (or 130 g dissolves in 100 g of water at 50
free form and is usually used as a relatively
stable colourless crystalline substance ℃). The solubility of NaClO is given in the
pentahydrate NaOCl·5N2O or as aqueous table below.
Table 1. Solubility of NaClO in water

Temperature, ℃ 10 0 10 20 25 30 50

Solubility, % 26 29.5 38 53.4 82 100 130

Table 2. Densities of NaClO aqueous solutions at 18 °C [9].

Quantity, % 1 2 4 6 8 10 14

Density, G/L 1005.3 1012.1 1025.8 1039.7 1053.8 1068.1 1097.7

Quantity, % 18 22 26 30 34 38 40

Density, G/L 1128.8 1161.4 1195.3 1230.7 1268.0 1308.5 1328.5

Table 3. Freezing temperatures of NaClO aqueous solutions [10]

Quantity, % 0,8 2 4 6 8 10 12 15,6

Freezing temperature,
− 1.0 − 2.2 − 4.4 − 7.5 − 10.0 − 13.9 − 19.4 − 29.7
℃

Values of thermodynamic quantities of sodium • standard Gibbs energy, ΔGo298: −

hypochlorite in infinitely dilute aqueous 298,7 kDj/mol;
solution [11]:
Concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium
• standard enthalpy of formation, hypochlorite are unstable under normal
ΔHo298: − 350.4 kDj/mol; conditions, and their amount in solution

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 Amount of Table Salt When Making Sodium Hypochlorite and Temperature to Product Performance Effect Study

decreases over time (at a rate of 0.08 to 0.1% current is passed through an aqueous solution
per day). Its decomposition rate is actively of sodium chloride:
influenced by sunlight, heavy metal cations and
alkali metal chlorides. However, the presence 2 HO − − 2e → 1 O2  + H 2O or 2Cl − − 2e → Сl2 
2
of magnesium or calcium sulfate, boric acid, (4)
silicates, etc. in the solution reduces the rate of
decomposition of hypochlorite. The stability of HO – – The oxidation potential of anions is
solutions with a strong (pH value > 11) [12] +0.41 B, and the oxidation potential of chlorine
alkaline environment is considered longer. anions is +1.36 B. A saturated aqueous solution
of table salt in a neutral environment contains
Three crystalline hydrates of sodium 1·10-⁷ g-equiv/l of hydroxyl anions. The
hypochlorite have been identified: equilibrium oxidation potential of hydroxyl
monohydrate NaOCl·H2O – very ions φar=0.82 is equal to B and the amount of
unstable, decomposes at 60°C, explodes at chlorine anions in this solution is 4.6 g-eq/l, its
higher temperatures [12], equilibrium oxidation potential φаr=1.32. It is
considered equal to B.
crystalline hydrate NaOCl·2.5 H2O – It
is more stable than the monohydrate and According to these data, it would be correct to
release oxygen gas at the anode first, and
liquefies at 57.5 ℃ [12],
chlorine gas to release when the amount of
pentahydrate NaOCl·5 H2O – stable hydroxyl ions in the solution is too low.
form [13], consists of white or light green However, since the overstrain of oxygen is
rhombic crystals (a = 0.808 nm, b = 1.606 nm, higher than that of chlorine in graphite, which
c = 0.533 nm, Z = 4). This salt is not is the anode material, chlorine gases are
hygroscopic, but it dissolves well in water. It released first in the graphite anode. So, in the
rapidly decomposes in the air and turns into a anode, chlorine anions give up their electron
liquid state [12]. The liquid temperature of and become oxidized to chlorine atoms, and
sodium hypochlorite: 18 - 24.4 ℃ [13]. It two atoms combine to form chlorine gas and
decomposes when heated to 30-50 ℃ [14]. move upward from the solution:

When choosing a chlorine disinfectant 2Cl − − 2e → Сl2  (5)

compound, attention is paid to the active
The smallest value of the equilibrium oxidation
chlorine-retaining substances in its
potential of chlorine is observed in a saturated
composition. Active chlorine refers to the
solution of table salt. Accordingly, it is
amount of chlorine that actively reacts with the
recommended to use a saturated solution (310–
main parts of the cells of microorganisms and
315 g/l) in the stream to increase chlorine
other additives in water [15, 16].
output.
When an aqueous solution of table salt is
At the cathode, the hydrogen cations in the
electrolyzed in a device with a steel cathode
solution are reduced and released as a gas:
and a graphite anode, it is possible to obtain
gaseous chlorine, hydrogen and caustic sodium 2 H + + 2e → H 2  (6)
under certain conditions. Chlorine and oxygen
gases can be expected to evolve when a direct Since sodium chloride salt consists of strong
alkali and strong acid residues, when dissolved

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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(3S) 2055-2063 2023

in water, it immediately dissociates into sodium When the anode and cathode are lowered into
cation and chlorine anion, both of which split this solution and a direct current is passed, the
water molecules to form hydrogen cation and reason for the release of hydrogen at the
hydroxyl anion. So, sodium and hydrogen cathode is that the reduction potential of
cations neutralize chlorine and hydroxyl anions hydrogen cations at the cathode is much smaller
in this solution. When the polarized anodes and than the reduction potential of sodium at the
cathodes are lowered into the solution, chlorine cathode [17]:
gas is emitted from the anode and hydrogen gas
from the cathode, leaving undissociated water Na + + e − = Na E = −2,71B
molecules and hydroxyl anions with H 2O + 2e − = H 2 + 2 HO − E = −0,83B . (8)
dissociated sodium cations in the solution. The
2Cl − − 2e − = Cl2 E = −1,36 B
remaining sodium cation in the solution breaks
up an equivalent amount of water molecules. From these values, it can be seen that a smaller
Therefore, the electrolysis process can continue voltage is required for the hydrogen cation to
until the amount of sodium chloride salt in the accept an electron, and a larger voltage is
solution is exhausted. What kind of products required for the sodium cation to accept an
are obtained as a result of this process depends electron. So, if hydrogen is released from the
on the conditions created, the material of the solution at the cathode and chlorine at the
anode and cathode, the length of the electrodes, anode, sodium cations and hydroxyl anions
and the degree of separation of the resulting remain in the solution. At the same time,
products from other compounds and raw gaseous chlorine with hydroxyl ions forms
materials in the reaction mixture. chloric active acid HOCl, and sodium cation
Analysing the processes that occur when an splits a new water molecule to form hydrogen
aqueous solution of sodium chloride is cation and hydroxyl anions. Instead of
electrolyzed, it has been confirmed in practice hydrogen in chloric active acid, the sodium
that hydrogen gases are produced at the cation is exchanged and sodium hypochlorite is
cathode, not sodium metal. When any metal salt formed in the solution. The process of
dissolves in water, it dissociates into a metal electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium
cation and an acid residue. Water molecules chloride in a device with a vertical electrode,
that do not contain other substances do not without a barrier, is as follows [18].
dissociate under normal conditions, that is,
water molecules are not separated into ions. So,
when table salt is dissolved in water, it breaks
down into Na+ cation and Cl- anion. The
resulting sodium cation breaks down water
molecules according to the following reaction

NaCl + H 2O → Na + + Cl − + H + + HO −
(7)

From this reaction, it can be seen that the ions

of strong hydrochloric acid and strong caustic
sodium neutralize each other in the solution.

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 Amount of Table Salt When Making Sodium Hypochlorite and Temperature to Product Performance Effect Study

Fig.1. In a vertical electrode, unobstructed Fig.2. Diagram of a laboratory apparatus for

device appearance of salt solution salt electrolysis.
electrolysis

At the beginning of the study, the temperature

Practical part dependence of the process was studied. The
A continuous-mode cellular electrolyzer with a rate of electrolyte passing through the device
vertically installed graphite electrode was was kept between 50 and 55 mL/min by
assembled and research was conducted in 6 holding the separatory funnel tap in a certain
different amounts of table salt solutions at 4 position. The dependence of the process on the
different temperatures. In this device, both temperature based on the information in the
electrodes are made of graphite. In this case, the available literature is about 8A/dm² current
dimensions of the working surface of the density and the amount of table salt is 1n.
electrode were 2.0 cm wide and 7.0 cm long, (5.85%) was taken. The hydrogen indicator of
the distance between the electrodes was 1.1 cm, the electrolyte before the process was rN =
and the working surface of the electrodes was 6.89. The results of research at this stage are
0.14 dm2. A 500 ml saline solution is fed into presented in table 4 below.
the process through a hose from a dropper Temperature measurement during the process
funnel placed 50 cm above the device (see was carried out in mercury glass thermometers
image below). The resulting sodium manufactured based on GOST 215-73. The
hypochlorite flows through a hose to a product electrolysis process was carried out in the
collector flask placed 50 cm below the device. German GUNT Geratebau GmbH CE-105
During the process, the hydrogen gases rectifier. In this case, the mode of keeping the
generated at the cathode are vented into the air current constant was used. The hydrogen index
using a chimney cabinet. of the obtained solutions was measured in a
Bante 210 rN meter.
The presence of sodium hypochlorite was
determined by decolorizing an aqueous
solution of methyl orange indicator under the
influence of active chlorine. A 0.005% solution
of methyl orange and a 1 N solution of
hydrochloric acid were used.

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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(3S) 2055-2063 2023

The amount of hypochlorite in the product is 0.5

determined by determining the active chlorine. 0.45
0.4

active chlorine value

In this case, the amount of active chlorine is
0.35
extracted from the potassium iodide solution by
0.3
iodometry using active chlorine and 0.25
determined by titration with a solution of 0.2
sodium thiosulfate of known normality in the 0.15
starch indicator. 0.1
0.05
Fig. 3. Active chlorine content temperature 0
10 15 20 25
active…
Temperature

Table 4. Dependence of the amount of active chlorine on the process temperature

Temperature, Time spent Amount of active

№ VNa2 S2O3 , ml rN
℃ min. chlorine, g/l

1 10 9,40 2,1 0,37 10,58

2 15 9,20 2,6 0,46 10,24

3 20 10,10 2,5 0,44 9,56

4 25 9,20 2,3 0,41 9.65

Conclusion №1 indicating that the range of 15-20 ℃ is the most

favourable temperature.
1. The hydrogen index of the medium
indirectly indicates the amount of alkali or acid Above the temperature of 25 ℃, the mobility of
in the product. Accordingly, the large pH at a the gases is high; their absorption into the water
low temperature means that the chlorine is low, and the rate of chlorine gas escaping to
produced in the process is more absorbed in the air increases, which leads to a decrease in
water and participates in the production of the productivity of the process.
sodium hypochlorite.
Based on the results of the first stage, the
2. The height of rN and the amount of temperature was kept at 18 ± 10 ℃ during the
active chlorine in the 2 experiments with a study of the dependence of electrolysis on the
temperature of 15 ℃ were at a maximum value, amount of raw materials. Other quantities in the
although the time spent was at a minimum, process are listed in table 5 below.

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 Amount of Table Salt When Making Sodium Hypochlorite and Temperature to Product Performance Effect Study

Table 5. Dependence of the amount of active chlorine on the number of raw materials

The amount Current

Time taken
Hydrogen indicator VNa2 S2O3 Amount of
№ of table salt density, of the environment, active chlorine,
for 0.5 l, min
% A/dm2 рN ml g/l

1 5 2,0 7,05 5,40 11,6 2,05

2 10 2,0 7,00 5,35 15,8 2,80

3 15 1,67 7,14 5,79 26,8 4,75

4 20 1,33 7,41 9,02 55,3 9,80

5 25 1,33 7,44 9,25 40,3 7,14

6 30 1,33 8,26 8.41 31,0 5,49

Fig. 6. Amount of table salt the solution when the temperature is below 20
℃. During the study, the current density was
1.2
reduced from 0.2A/dm² in a 10% solution to
1 0.167A/dm² in a 20% solution due to the
possibility of large amounts of chlorine
0.8
escaping into the air at high currents.
0.6
2. The light yellow colour of the product
0.4 in experiments 1, 2 and 3 indicates the presence
of free chlorine molecules in the reaction
0.2 mixture and the presence of colourless sodium
0 hypochlorite in the product of experiments 4
5 10 15 20 25 30 and 5.
active chlorine value 3. If we analyze the hydrogen indicator
values of the medium in both stages, according
Conclusion №2 to the law of equivalents, chlorine and
hydrogen in equivalent amounts undergo
1. The productivity of hypochlorite in a electrolysis in the process, but at low
continuous-mode electrolyzer with a vertical temperatures, chlorine gas binds with hydroxyl
electrode depends on the amount of table salt in anions in the solution, gives one electron, and

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Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(3S) 2055-2063 2023

forms a solution of hypochlorous acid in water Washington: National Press Academy,

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