2021-2022

Fall Semester

Electronics

Dr. Ahmed Abdelreheem

Lecture No.
 ▪ Chapter 1: Electricity
▪ Chapter 03: Ohm’s Law
▪ Chapter 04: Series Circuits
▪ Chapter 05: Parallel Circuits
▪ Chapter 06: Series-Parallel Circuits
▪ Chapter 07: Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers
▪ Chapter 09: Kirchhoff ’s Laws

Outlines ▪ Chapter 10: Network Theorems

▪ Chapter 16: Capacitance

▪ Chapter 17: Capacitive Reactance
▪ Chapter 18: Capacitive Circuits
▪ Chapter 19: Inductance
▪ Chapter 20: Inductive Reactance
▪ Chapter 21 : Inductive Circuits
▪ Chapter 27 : Diodes and Diode Applications
▪ Chapter 28 : Bipolar Junction Transistors
▪ Chapter 29 : Transistor Amplifiers
2 ▪ Chapter 33 : Operational Amplifiers
 Chapter 16
Capacitance

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 Capacitance
▪ Capacitance is the ability of a dielectric to hold or store an electric charge. The more charge stored for a given voltage,
the higher the capacitance. The symbol for capacitance is C, and the unit is the farad (F), named after Michael Faraday.

▪ A capacitor consists of an insulator (also called a dielectric) between two conductors. The conductors make it possible to
apply voltage across the insulator. Different types of capacitors are manufactured for specific values of C. They are
named according to the dielectric. Common types are air, ceramic, mica, paper, film, and electrolytic capacitors.
Capacitors used in electronic circuits are small and economical.

▪ he most important property of a capacitor is its ability to block a steady dc voltage while passing ac signals. The higher
the frequency, the less the opposition to ac voltage.

▪ Capacitors are a common source of troubles because they can have either an open at the conductors or a short circuit
through the dielectric. These troubles are described here, including the method of checking a capacitor with an
ohmmeter, even though a capacitor is actually an insulator.

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 Capacitors
▪ A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field. Besides resistors,
capacitors are the most common electrical components. Capacitors are used extensively in
electronics, communications, computers, and power systems. For example, they are used in the
tuning circuits of radio receivers and as dynamic memory elements in computer systems.

▪ A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

▪ In many practical applications, the plates may be

aluminum foil while the dielectric may be air, ceramic,
paper, or mica.

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 Capacitors

▪ When a voltage source v is connected to the capacitor, the source deposits

a positive charge q on one plate and a negative charge -q on the other. The
capacitor is said to store the electric charge. The amount of charge stored,
represented by q, is directly proportional to the applied voltage v

▪ where C, the constant of proportionality, is known as the capacitance of the

capacitor. The unit of capacitance is the farad (F),

▪ Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the

voltage difference between the two plates, measured in farads (F).

▪ 1 farad = 1 coulomb/volt
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 Capacitors
▪ Although the capacitance C of a capacitor is the ratio of the charge q per plate to the applied voltage
it does not depend on q or It depends on the physical dimensions of the capacitor. For example, for
the parallel-plate capacitor, the capacitance is given by

▪ where A is the surface area of each plate, d is the distance between the plates, and is the permittivity
of the dielectric material between the plates. Although Eq. applies to only parallel-plate capacitors,
we may infer from it that, in general, three factors determine the value of the capacitance:

1. The surface area of the plates—the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
2. The spacing between the plates—the smaller the spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. The permittivity of the material—the higher the permittivity, the greater the capacitance.

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 Capacitors
▪ Capacitors are commercially available in different values and types. Typically, capacitors have values in the
picofarad (pF) to microfarad range (𝜇𝐹). They are described by the dielectric material they are made of and
by whether they are of fixed or variable type.

▪ Polyester capacitors are light in weight, stable, and their change with temperature is predictable. Instead of
polyester, other dielectric materials such as mica and polystyrene may be used. Film capacitors are rolled
and housed in metal or plastic films. Electrolytic capacitors produce very high capacitance. The capacitance
of a trimmer (or padder) capacitor is often placed in parallel with another capacitor so that the equivalent
capacitance can be varied slightly. The capacitance of the variable air capacitor (meshed plates) is varied by
turning the shaft. Variable capacitors are used in radio receivers allowing one to tune to various stations. In
addition, capacitors are used to block dc, pass ac, shift phase, store energy, start motors, and suppress noise

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 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor
▪ Charging and discharging are the two main effects of capacitors. Applied voltage puts charge in the
capacitor. The accumulation of charge results in a buildup of potential difference across the capacitor
plates.

▪ When the capacitor voltage equals the applied voltage, there is no more charging. The charge remains in
the capacitor, with or without the applied voltage connected.

▪ The capacitor discharges when a conducting path is provided across the plates, without any applied
voltage. Actually, it is necessary only that the capacitor voltage be more than the applied voltage.

▪ Then the capacitor can serve as a voltage source, temporarily, to produce discharge current in the
discharge path.

▪ The capacitor discharge continues until the capacitor voltage drops to zero or is equal to the applied
voltage.

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 Capacitance

a) the capacitor is neutral with no b) the negative battery terminal to repel free
charge because it has not been electrons in the conductor to plate A. At the same
connected to any source of time, the positive terminal attracts free electrons
applied voltage and there is no from plate B. The side of the dielectric at plate A
electrostatic field in the accumulates electrons because they cannot fl ow
dielectric. through the insulator, and plate B has an equal
surplus of protons. Remember that opposite
charges have an associated potential difference,
which is the voltage across the capacitor. The
charging process continues until the capacitor
voltage equals the battery voltage, which is 10 V in
this example. Then no further charging is possible
because the applied voltage cannot make free
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electrons flow in the conductors.
 Capacitors

▪ The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is

▪ The energy stored in the capacitor is therefore

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 Capacitors

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 Capacitors

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 Capacitance

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 Capacitance

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

▪ The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected

capacitors is the sum of the individual capacitances.

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

▪ The equivalent capacitance of series-connected

capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

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 Capacitance

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 Capacitance

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For the circuit, find the voltage across each capacitor

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For the circuit, find the voltage across each capacitor

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