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Chapter 2

Chapter Two discusses the principles of operation of turbomachinery, focusing on vane-congruent flow, velocity triangles, and centrifugal compressors. It explains the importance of velocity triangles for analyzing energy transfer and introduces the concept of slip in relation to blade design. Additionally, Euler's equation is presented as a fundamental equation for understanding torque and power in turbomachines.

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6 views12 pages

Chapter 2

Chapter Two discusses the principles of operation of turbomachinery, focusing on vane-congruent flow, velocity triangles, and centrifugal compressors. It explains the importance of velocity triangles for analyzing energy transfer and introduces the concept of slip in relation to blade design. Additionally, Euler's equation is presented as a fundamental equation for understanding torque and power in turbomachines.

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fitsumbirhanuasmamaw
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Two

2. Principles of Operation of Turbo machinery

2.1-Vane-Congruent Flow
The important assumption made in vane-congruent flow is that the number of blades is
infinite with infinitesimal (extremely small) thickness. The flow is always attached to the vanes
and follows the blade angles exactly; in other words, streamlines of the flow are
congruent to the vanes. The control volume considered for analysis is unchanging (see figure
2.1)

Figure 2.1: Vane-congruent flow pattern

However, in actuality for a finite number of blades with finite thickness, the flow is not

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page1


Congruent to the vanes, and there is a slip. If there exist such a deviation between the direction
of the flow and the direction of the vane at the entrance of the vane channel, the flow is said to
approach the vane with ‘Shock’.

2.2-Velocity Triangles

Velocity triangle is one of the fundamental tools of turbo machinery analysis. It is used to
analyze energy transfer, torque and angular momentum. The following basic vector
addition and subtraction rules are important in velocity triangle of turbo machine (see

figure 2.2).

Figure 2.2: Graphical addition and subtraction of vectors

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page2


 Designation Velocities and Angles:

In the velocity triangle of turbo machinery, there are three basic velocities and two angles (see
figure 2.3)

Figure 2.3: Velocity triangle

 Peripheral Velocity/Blade Speed (U): It is the product of the angular velocity (ω) and
radius (r).

 Absolute Velocity (C): Velocity of the flow when viewed from a stationary frame of
reference.

 Relative Velocity (W): Velocity of the flow when viewed from a rotating component
frame of reference.

 Absolute Flow Angle (α): Angle between C and U.

 Relative Flow Angle (β): Angle between W and U.

Note that, the angles are positive in the direction of rotation.

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To draw the velocity triangle, the following four steps methodology is important.
1. Draw the flow that you know
2. Draw the blade speed
3. Close the triangle with the remaining vector
4. Check that the key rule is applied:

Velocity Components in a Velocity Triangle:


In the velocity triangle of the turbo machine, both absolute velocity and relative velocity

have velocity components in radial (r) and tangential directions (ϴ) in the radial flow

turbo machines; and in axial (x) and tangential directions (ϴ) in the axial flow turbo
machines (see figure 2.4)

Fig 2.4.Velocity components in a velocity triangle

From the above velocity triangle the following expression can be found:

Cϴ = C*cos(α) and Cx = C*sin(α), which implies that, tan(α) = Cx/Cϴ

Wϴ = W*cos(β) and Cx = C*sin(β), which implies that, tan(β) = Wx/Wϴ

U = Cϴ + Wϴ, which implies that, Cϴ = U – Wϴ


Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page4
2.3 Centrifugal Compressors and Fans

Centrifugal Compressors and Fans power absorbing turbomachines, used to handle compressible
fluids. There are three types of turbomachines: fans, blowers, and compressors. A fan causes
only a small rise in stagnation pressure of the flowing fluid. A fan consists of a rotating wheel
(called the impeller), which is surrounded by a stationary member known as the housing. Energy
is transmitted to the air by the power-driven wheel and a pressure difference is created, providing
air flow.

2.4 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR


The compressor, which can be axial flow, centrifugal flow, or a combination of the two, produces
the highly compressed air needed for efficient combustion. In turbocompressors or dynamic
compressors, high pressure is achieved by imparting kinetic energy to the air in the impeller, and
then this kinetic energy converts into pressure in the diffuser. Figure 2.5 shows part of a
centrifugal compressor. It consists of a stationary casing containing an impeller, which rotates
and imparts kinetic energy to the air and a number of diverging passages in which the air
decelerates. The deceleration converts kinetic energy into static pressure. This process is known
as diffusion, and the part of the centrifugal compressor containing the diverging passages is
known as the diffuser.
Air enters the impeller eye and is whirled around at high speed by the vanes on the impeller disc.
After leaving the impeller, the air passes through a diffuser in which kinetic energy is exchanged
with pressure. Energy is imparted to the air by the rotating blades, thereby increasing the static
pressure as it moves from eye radius r1 to tip radius r2. The remainder of the static pressure rise
is achieved in the diffuser. The normal practice is to design the compressor so that about half the
pressure rise occurs in the impeller and half in the diffuser. The air leaving the diffuser is
collected and delivered to the outlet.

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page5


Fig 2.5 Typical centrifugal compressor.

2.5 .Velocity diagrams centrifugal compressor


The gas enters the compressor at the eye, in axial direction with an absolute velocity C1 and
moves into the inducer section, which can be in a separate form or be a part of blades. The
inducer section transfer the gas onto the blades and enables it to move smoothly into the radial
direction .energy is imparted to the gas by the rotating blades ,thereby increasing its static
pressure ; as it moves from radius r1 to r2 and the gas moves the blade with the absolute velocity
C2 .
It should be noted that the blades are radial i.e.the blade angle is 90°while the relative velocity
vector W2 is at an angle because of slip .Idially,the component CW2 equal to U2.but it is
reduce due to slip.

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page6


(b) (d)
Fig 2.6. Outlet velocity triangle

Slip factor
From the above discussion, it may be seen that there is no assurance that the actual fluid will
follow the blade shape and leave the compressor in a radial direction. Thus, it is convenient to
define a slip factor s as:

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page7


Fig 2.7 velocity triangle for radial impellers
Figure 2.7 shows the phenomenon of fluid slip with respect to a radial blade. In this case, Cw2 is
not equal to U2; consequently, by the above definition, the slip factor is less than unity. If radial
exit velocities are to be achieved by the actual fluid, the exit blade angle must be curved forward
about 10–14 degrees. In the above diagram Cw2 is equal to U2 minus .

Cw2 = U2 − .
Slip factors: For radial vaned impellers, the formula for is given by Stanitz as follows:

Where n is the number of vanes. The velocity diagram indicates that Cw2 approaches U2 as the
slip factor is increased. Increasing the number of vanes may increase the slip factor but this will
decrease the flow area at the inlet.

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page8


Fig 2.8. Shows Velocity Triangle for the Desk of the Fan

2.6-Euler’s Equation of Turbo machinery

Newton second law of equation is the base for formulating Euler’s equation of turbo
machinery. According to Newton second law of equation, the sum of all forces acting on a

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page9


controlled volume in a particular direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the
fluid across the controlled volume in the same direction. This law can be applied for linear as
well as rotational systems. Hence, torque is equal to the rate of change in angular momentum.
Mathematically, T = dL/dt, where, ‘T’ is torque, ‘L’ is angular momentum (m*Cϴ*r) and
‘t’ is time.

Fig 2.9 Control volume of a generalized turbo machines

At the entry of a turbo machine (see figure 2.8) L1 = m1*Cϴ1*r1 and at the exit
L2 = m2*Cϴ2*r2. The change is angular momentum (dL) = L2 – L1 =
(m2*Cϴ2*r2 – m1*Cϴ1*r1) = m(Cϴ2*r2 –

Cϴ1*r1) since m1 = m2 = m.

The time rate of change in angular momentum is given by:

m(Cϴ2*r2 – Cϴ1*r1)/t = (Cϴ2*r2 – Cϴ1*r1). Since the time rate of change


in angular momentum is equal to the torque, the above equation can be
written as. T = (Cϴ2*r2 – Cϴ1*r1)

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page10


Recalling the basic mechanics of rotational system, the rate of energy transfer
(power, ‘W’ in watt) is the product of the torque (T) and angular velocity of the
rotor (ω).

Mathematically,

W = Tω= ω(Cϴ2*r2 – Cϴ1*r1) = (Cϴ2* ωr2 – Cϴ1* ωr1), but, ωr2 = U2

and ωr1 = U1. Hence, substituting U2 and U1 in the equation:

W= (Cϴ2* U2 – Cϴ1*U1) and this equation is known as Euler’s equation of


turbo machinerywith no slip. W = (Cϴ2* U2 – Cϴ1*U1) > 0 for pump and

W = (Cϴ1* U1 – Cϴ2*U2) > 0 for turbine.

For a unit mass, the energy flow/specific work (‘w’ in kJ/kg) is given by:

w = W/ ̇ = Cϴ2* U2 – Cϴ1*U1

Example 2 A centrifugal compressor impeller rotates at 9000 rpm. If the impeller


tip diameter is 0.914 m and = 20° the following for operation in standard sea
level atmospheric conditions:

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page11


.

Velocity triangle at impeller exit.

Turbo Machinery Lecture Note Page12

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