Republic of the Philippines

Mountain Province State Polytechnic

College Bontoc, Mountain Province

The Geography of Migration

GEOGRAPHY 1- HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (BSED-SS1)

Group Members:

Las-ig, Josiah O.
Libwangen, Marife L.
Lumidic, Frances Airel C
Lumiwes, Andrea W.
Manilang, Carl L.
Manilang, Jayson
Manochon, Jave Anthony A.
Mara, Sara O.
Masa-ew, Randal B.
Napa-eg, Ezron Wayne

Subject Instructor:
Ms. Daunlest Blessy Selvino

May 09, 2023

I. 10 Factors affecting the unequal distribution of Population.

1. Fertile Land:
Human settlements on large scale are at places which are more
fertile and where with less efforts the agricultural yield is more.
On the other hand, places which are less fertile have less density
of population. As such, hilly and rocky regions are less densely
populated. In India, since ancient times, the fertile Indo-Gangetic
plain is one of the most densely populated region in the world.

2. Availability of Mineral Wealth:

Every nation possesses some type of mineral wealth. As a matter
of fact, we can gauge the inequality between nations on the basis
of their mineral wealth. The regions of mineral wealth become a
major source of industrialization and employment of a country.

They attract people from far and near. At such places, the
density of population is high due to centralization of industries.
The main reason for high density of Europe is the availability of
mineral wealth, because chances of employment increase, more
industries are established and cities develop.

3. Availability of Water Supply:

Water is essential for life. The places which have abundant water
for daily consumption and for agricultural purposes are
moderately to densely populated. In the present era, even
industries are established at places which have sufficient supply
of water.

In the past, human civilization originated on the banks of large

rivers. The Indus and Nile valley civilizations originated and
developed along the banks of mighty rivers. Ancient cities
originated and developed along river banks. On the other hand,
due to scarcity of water and harsh climate, there are less human
dwellings in Arabia.

4. Increased facility of Transportation and Communication:

Since ancient times areas with proper transportation and
communication facilities have enjoyed large population. Means of
transportation and communication make the economy dynamic
and increase the exchange of commodities between peoples and
regions. Goods produced in one region can be made available to
the whole country in a very short period of time due to fast
means of transportation.

At places where transportation costs are low, we find localization

and centralization of industries and concentration of population.
Consequently, the density of population increases. In ancient
times, the main means of transportation were waterways.
Hence human population was centered at the banks of large
rivers where cities developed. On the other hand, in hilly areas
and desert regions, where transportation is difficult, human
dwellings are few and far in between.

5. Availability of Electric Supply:

Today, nearly all the countries are industrialized. Agriculture-
based economy has given way to industrial economy. Ready and
sufficient supply of electricity is an essential feature in industrial
development. Thus, places where industries are centralized
develop into industrial regions with high density of population,
and the demand for electric power increases.

Many cities in India are familiar with this process. Due to

industrial development, the previously small regions like
Durgapur, Jamshedpur and Bhillai, etc. have become large
industrial areas, where the density of population keeps on
increasing. This has become possible due to the availability of
power supply among other factors.

6. Favorable Climate:
From the beginning of human civilization, favorable climate is
considered as an important factor responsible for human
habitation. The density is nearly zero in places which are
extremely hot or extremely cold. The parts which have moderate
climate are inhabited on a large scale.

7. Social Factors:
Social factors also affect the distribution and concentration of
population. Where social customs and taboos are extreme,
people tend to migrate to another place, so the density of
population of that area changes. If the cultural milieu is the
same, people like to live permanently at that place. The African
population is increasing in America because Negroes were
settled there since the slavery era.
8. Migration of Population:
Every time migration of population takes place, it has an
important effect on the distribution of population. The places with
more opportunities of employment or possibilities of high income
generation attract people from different areas. In the past,
people migrated in large numbers to America, and the present
day migration to Middle Eastern countries are good examples of
migration due to better employment and income generation
opportunities.

9. Educational Factors:
In each part of the country, there remains a class which has more
curiosity to gain knowledge. This class moves from one country
 to another according to its own economic conditions and
circumstances. If the environment of the new country is
adaptable to them, they tend to settle there permanently. At
present, lakhs of youths from Asia and Africa have migrated to
America, Canada and European countries for higher studies and
after getting employment, they have settled there permanently.

10. Political Factors:

For changes in the world’s population distribution, political
factors are also responsible. In modern times, these factors have
become more important. If the people feel that their expectations
are not fulfilled by the government, or if the public is dissatisfied
with the political system, then they leave that country and settle
in another. In the past, such people have migrated to USA from
Cuba. Similarly, the Tibetans with their head Dalai Lama
migrated to India and settled here permanently.

II. The Demographic Transition Model

The demographic transition model is a framework that

explains the population growth patterns of countries over time. The
model consists of four stages, each with a unique relationship
between the crude death rate (CDR) and crude birth rate (CBR).

Stage 1: High CBR and High CDR

In the first stage, both the CBR and CDR are high. This means
that the population growth is slow, and the population remains
relatively stable. The high CBR is due to the absence of birth control
methods, while high CDR is due to poor living conditions, lack of
sanitation, and inadequate healthcare facilities.

Stage 2: High CBR and Decreasing CDR

In the second stage, there is a decline in the CDR, while the
CBR remains high. This leads to a rapid increase in the population,
as there are more births than deaths. The decline in CDR is due to
improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and living conditions, which
reduce mortality rates.

Stage 3: Decreasing CBR and Low CDR

In the third stage, the CBR starts to decline, while the CDR
remains low. This leads to a slower rate of population growth. The
decline in CBR is due to increased access to education and birth
control methods, which lead to a decrease in the number of children
per family.

Stage 4: Low CBR and Low CDR

In the fourth stage, both the CBR and CDR are low. This
means that the population growth is slow, and the population may
even decline. The low CBR is due to the continued use of birth
 control methods, while the low CDR is due to advanced healthcare
facilities and a high standard of living.

The demographic transition model is a useful tool for

understanding the relationship between CBR and CDR in different
stages of population growth. As countries develop and improve their
living conditions, the CDR declines, leading to a rapid increase in
population growth. However, as access to education and birth
control methods increases, the CBR declines, leading to a slower
rate of population growth or even a decline.

III. Interview

Ransem Jones Dulay

Ransem Jones Dulay is a 32-year-old male from Talubin, Bontoc,

Mountain Province. He worked as a construction worker at Dubai from
2014- 2017 to earn money and support his family.

According to him, here are the 5 advantages disadvantages of

Migrating as an OFW:

Advantages:

1. He was able to experience travelling abroad.

2. Overseas countries offer better employment benefits such as
more days off, sick leave, health insurance, travel
reimbursement, development opportunities, and more.
3. They pay high salaries
4. His skills are improved, not only will getting a job be easier, but
the work experience you end up gaining could be much more
valuable.
5. Recognition from families and friends

Disadvantages:

1. Culture shock- he was exposed to a new and different culture and

it`s hard adapting to the way of life in Dubai. He finds hard to
communicate because of their foreign language.
2. Homesickness- he describe it as a sort of melancholy feeling, a
sense of being ‘out of place’, and a longing to be in a place that
is familiar and safe.
3. Work is just temporary for overseas employment; agencies offer
renewal of contracts at least every 3 years.
4. He experienced humiliation and discrimination. He heard nasty
comments from certain people and being excluded from certain
social groups.
5. Spent his hard-earned salary recklessly.
 Working abroad in Dubai helped him learn more about Dubai
and its culture. It has given him a chance to feel what it's like
working in a new environment; Dubai is quite a lot different to
those he worked in here tin the Philippines. Most Importantly, he
was able to provide financial help to his family.

IV. The Cause and Effect of Migration

Reasons for
Migration

1. Political and Many people are forced to migrate because of a

Civil Strike Wars war, civil war or state policies which
discriminate against particular categories of its
citizens or the political opponents of those in
power.

War is one of the rare factors, which only

includes push factors of migration. It is typically
the scenario where the individual does not have
much of a choice, rather to move or migrate
and, most of the time, become a refugee.

This is a situation where the choices,

aspirations, and willingness of individuals do
not have a role and the sole focus is to make it
a place to secure lives.

The recent Ukraine and Russia war has shown

us how adversely wars affect the lives and
livelihood of people not only in the war
countries but as well have a huge impact on the
other countries having business or
dependencies with them.

2. Economic Willing to work abroad for a long time has been

Search and Career considered elite in Asian nations. Irrespective of
Enhancement the professions, people are willing to migrate
abroad, be it to explore new places, better
employment opportunities, for stability in life
(economic gains), etc.

3. Political Causes The migrants under this cause are the ones who
are in search to experience political freedom
compared to the restrictive lives back in their
origin countries.

Political push factors that are influencers are

persecutions based on political identification,
 policy changes, or civil wars.

For example, the recent Agriculture Policy

changes made in India are believed to
negatively impact with respect to the
cultivators, resulting in a change of livelihood.
Sri Lanka is one of the best examples of the
political and economic crisis of 2022.

4. Environmental The environment has always been a driving

factors factor for migrators; these include natural
disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes,
climate changes, etc.

The International Organization for Migration

defines environmental migrants as the ones
who are obliged to leave their origins or home
as a result of sudden or progressive
environmental changes or conditions, as it has
caused a major affect to their living conditions
and lives. This movement could be temporarily
or permanently, to internal (within the country)
or international (abroad) migration.

5. Overpopulation Overpopulation is one of the growing concerns

of developing and underdeveloped countries.
The increased population, thus resulting in
lesser opportunities or low wages, is one of the
major causes of migration among Indian
citizens.

In the present times, increasing population is

one of the growing concerns and causes of
immigration in the developing countries of Asia,
Africa, and Latin America.

The Effects of
Migration

1. Increase the Migration can increase the cultural diversity of

cultural diversity a host country, as an introduction of a new
culture can bring a whole new market of
products and services that were not available in
the host country prior to the arrival of migrants.
Migration in this sense, can have very positive
impacts on the host nation. However, there can
be negative impacts for the migrants
 themselves, for example, there can be a
significant loss of cultural norms, as they may
be entering a host country that has a
completely different way of societal living than
their origin country.

2. Discrimination International migration may create spaces for

discrimination. Migrants may have a different
ethnicity, religious practice, or cultural
characteristics from their host nation, or there
may be language barriers, which can
sometimes cause migrants to be discriminated
against in every aspect of their everyday lives,
either directly or indirectly.

3.International International borders are not always well-

borders and defined. Some territories share border control
asylum seekers authorities from different countries, and this
can cause conflict. Regarding migration, it
becomes unclear who is responsible for the
migrant movement.

4.Population and International migration can affect the

demographic population and demographics of both host and
changes origin countries. Through migration, the
population in the host country increases. This
can increase pressure on public services, as
more people are using or needing them

5. Smuggling and The process of international migration is often

human trafficking complicated, and immigration laws can be very
strict. This can lead potential migrants to hire
the services of illegal immigration officers,
commonly known as smugglers or coyotes. Due
to the illegality of their services, there is no
guarantee the migration process is safe.

No matter the reason for migration, it undoubtedly affects the

person or the family. Many times, migrants leave their home countries
because they can't live without them or because they miss them. This
demonstrates that emotional factors and relationships, rather than only or
mostly economic or political factors, influence migration. Migration
patterns are a reflection of rotted issues in their origin country. Even
though international migrants do not record a minimal percentage of the
world population, it is still a fact that cannot be omitted, that is, the
minimal migrants’ challenges and difficulties they face on arrival at
destination countries regardless of the reason or status they enter with.
References:

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John Iceland, Why does segregation occur? Residential Segregation,

A
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UNHCR, Trafficking in persons,

https://www.unhcr.org/uk/human/trafficking.html

Jamie McIvor, How does immigration affect public services? 2015,

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