9/19/23

Vectors and Matrices

EECS 1011 Class Session 5

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Reference
} You should be following along in Sections 1.6 and 5.2
of the Attaway book.

Section 1.6. Vectors

and Matrices

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Lab C

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Arrays
} an array is a multidimensional table
} the size of an array of dimension k is d1 x d2 x ... x dk

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Arrays
} an array is a multidimensional table
} the size of an array of dimension k is d1 x d2 x ... x dk
} in MATLAB
} d1 is the number rows and d2 is the number of columns

1x1 1x3 5x1 4x2 2x3x5

6
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Arrays
} all MATLAB variables are multidimensional arrays
} the size of array in MATLAB:

>> help size

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Arrays
} all MATLAB variables are multidimensional arrays
} the size of array in MATLAB:

>> help size

} the notion of an empty array exists

>> size([])

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[Fill in here]
Scalars
} a scalar in MATLAB is an array of size 1 x 1

1x1

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[Fill in here]
Vectors
} a vector is a 2-dimensional array where one of the size
of one of the dimensions is 1

vector vector

1x3 5x1

10
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10

Creating row vectors

} a row vector can be created directly by entering the
values of the vector inside a pair of square brackets
with the values separated by spaces or commas

>> v = [1 2 3 4]

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} a row vector can be created directly by entering the
values of the vector inside a pair of square brackets
with the values separated by spaces or commas

>> v = [1 2 3 4]
v =
1 2 3 4

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Example

12

Creating row vectors

} a row vector can be created directly by entering the
values of the vector inside a pair of square brackets
with the values separated by spaces or commas

>> v = [1 2 3 4]
v =
1 2 3 4

>> v = [1, 2, 3, 4]

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} a row vector can be created directly by entering the
values of the vector inside a pair of square brackets
with the values separated by spaces or commas

>> v = [1 2 3 4]
v =
1 2 3 4

>> v = [1, 2, 3, 4]
v =
1 2 3 4

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} the colon operator can be used to create row vectors
having values that are equally spaced

>> v = 1:4

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} the colon operator can be used to create row vectors
having values that are equally spaced

>> v = 1:4

v =

1 2 3 4

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Example

16

Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> v = 1:2:9

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> v = 1:2:9

v =

1 3 5 7 9

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> v = 1:2:9

v =

1 3 5 7 9

>> v = 1:2:8 what does this result in?

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> v = 1:2:9

v =

1 3 5 7 9

>> v = 1:2:8 what does this result in?

>> v = 8:1 and this?

20
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Example

20

Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> start = 5;

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> start = 5;
>> step = 5;

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Example

22

Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> start = 5;
>> step = 5;
>> stop = 25;

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> start = 5;
>> step = 5;
>> stop = 25;
>> v = start:step:stop

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} you can specify the spacing of values using the colon
operator

>> start = 5;
>> step = 5;
>> stop = 25;
>> v = start:step:stop

v =

5 10 15 20 25

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} the step size can be negative if start > stop

>> start = 25;

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} the step size can be negative if start > stop

>> start = 25;

>> step = -5;

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} the step size can be negative if start > stop

>> start = 25;

>> step = -5;
>> stop = 5;

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} the step size can be negative if start > stop

>> start = 25;

>> step = -5;
>> stop = 5;
>> v = start:step:stop

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} the step size can be negative if start > stop

>> start = 25;

>> step = -5;
>> stop = 5;
>> v = start:step:stop

v =

25 20 15 10 5

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} observe that the stop value is not guaranteed to be at
the end of the vector

>> start = 25;

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} observe that the stop value is not guaranteed to be at
the end of the vector

>> start = 25;

>> step = -5;

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} observe that the stop value is not guaranteed to be at
the end of the vector

>> start = 25;

>> step = -5;
>> stop = 6;

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Creating row vectors
} observe that the stop value is not guaranteed to be at
the end of the vector

>> start = 25;

>> step = -5;
>> stop = 6;
>> v = :step:

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Creating row vectors
} observe that the stop value is not guaranteed to be at
the end of the vector

>> start = 25;

>> step = -5;
>> stop = 6;
>> v = :step:

v =

25 20 15 10

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Example

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Creating row vectors

} the function linspace will generate a linearly spaced
vector that includes the start and end values by
calculating the step size for you

36
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36

Creating row vectors

} the function linspace will generate a linearly spaced
vector that includes the start and end values by
calculating the step size for you
>> help linspace
linspace Linearly spaced vector.
linspace(X1, X2) generates a row vector of 100 linearly
equally spaced points between X1 and X2.

linspace(X1, X2, N) generates N points between X1 and X2.

For N = 1, linspace returns X2 .

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Creating row vectors
} the function linspace will generate a linearly spaced
vector that includes the start and end values by
calculating the step size for you
>> help linspace
linspace Linearly spaced vector.
linspace(X1, X2) generates a row vector of 100 linearly
equally spaced points between X1 and X2.

linspace(X1, X2, N) generates N points between X1 and X2.

For N = 1, linspace returns X2 .
>> linspace( )

Ans =
14

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Example

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Creating column vectors

} a column vector can be created directly by entering the
values of the vector inside a pair of square brackets
with the values separated by semi-colons

>> v = [1; 2; 3; 4]

39
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Example

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Creating column vectors

} a column vector can be created directly by entering the
values of the vector inside a pair of square brackets
with the values separated by semi-colons

>> v = [1; 2; 3; 4]

v =
1
2
3
4

40
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Example

40

Creating column vectors

} a column vector can be created from a row vector by
transposing the row vector

>> v = [start:step:stop]'

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Example

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Creating column vectors

} a column vector can be created from a row vector by
transposing the row vector

>> v = [start:step:stop]'

v =
25
20
15
10

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Example

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Creating column vectors

} a column vector can be created from a row vector by
transposing the row vector
the single quote after
>> v = [start:step:stop]' after a vector or matrix
will compute the transpose*
of the vector or matrix
v =
25
20
15
10

43
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Example
Copyright Jam es Andrew Sm ith & Others 2015 – 2023. No perm ission granted to reuse. Do no share or distribute outside of York University

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Creating column vectors

} a column vector can be created from a row vector by
transposing the row vector
the single quote after
>> v = [start:step:stop]' after a vector or matrix
will compute the transpose*
of the vector or matrix
v =
*strictly speaking, the single
25 quote is conjugate transpose
20 operator
15
10

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Example

44

Creating column vectors

} a column vector can be created from a row vector by
transposing the row vector
the single quote after
>> v = [start:step:stop]' after a vector or matrix
will compute the transpose*
of the vector or matrix
v =
*strictly speaking, the single
25 quote is conjugate transpose
20 operator
15 .' is the transpose operator
10

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Example

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Creating column vectors

} a column vector can be created from a row vector by
using the colon notation like so

>> v = 1:4;

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Creating column vectors
} a column vector can be created from a row vector by
using the colon notation like so

>> v = 1:4;
>> w = v( )

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Creating column vectors
} a column vector can be created from a row vector by
using the colon notation like so
notice that the colon has
>> v = 1:4; two different uses in this
>> w = v( ) example

w =
1
2
3
4

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Example

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Number of elements in a vector

} the function length will return the number of
elements in the vector

>> v = [1 2 3 4];

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Example

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Number of elements in a vector

} the function length will return the number of
elements in the vector

>> v = [1 2 3 4];
>> length(v)

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[Fill in here]
Number of elements in a vector
} the function length will return the number of
elements in the vector

>> v = [1 2 3 4];
>> length(v)

ans =

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Number of elements in a vector
} the function length will return the number of
elements in the vector
the function length does
>> v = [1 2 3 4]; not compute the Euclidean
>> (v) length of a vector!

ans =

52
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Magnitude of a vector

} the magnitude of a vector is what mathematicians call

the norm of the vector

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Magnitude of a vector

} the magnitude of a vector is what mathematicians call

the norm of the vector
} there are many different norms

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54

Magnitude of a vector

} the magnitude of a vector is what mathematicians call

the norm of the vector
} there are many different norms
} Euclidean norm (Euclidean length, L2 norm, L2 distance)
} taxicab norm (Manhattan norm, Manhattan distance, L1
norm)
} and more...

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Magnitude of a vector
} use the norm function to compute the vector norm
} by default norm computes the Euclidean norm

56
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Copyright Jam es Andrew Sm ith & Others 2015 – 2023. No perm ission granted to reuse. Do no share or distribute outside of York University

56

Magnitude of a vector
} use the norm function to compute the vector norm
} by default norm computes the Euclidean norm

>> v = [1 1];

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Example
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[Fill in here]
Magnitude of a vector
} use the norm function to compute the vector norm
} by default norm computes the Euclidean norm

>> v = [1 1];
>>

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Magnitude of a vector
} use the norm function to compute the vector norm
} by default norm computes the Euclidean norm

>> v = [1 1];
>>

ans =

1.4142

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Indexing elements of a vector

} the elements of the vector can be accessed by using an
integer value called an index

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60

Indexing elements of a vector

} the elements of the vector can be accessed by using an
integer value called an index
} MATLAB uses a 1-based index
} the first element of the vector has index 1
} the second element has index 2, etc.

61
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Indexing elements of a vector

} the elements of the vector can be accessed by using an
integer value called an index
} MATLAB uses a 1-based index
} the first element of the vector has index 1
} the second element has index 2, etc.

} use an index inside of ( ) after the vector name to

access an element of the vector

62
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Indexing elements of a vector

>> v = -5:3

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Example

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Indexing elements of a vector

>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

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Example

64

Indexing elements of a vector

>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

>> v(1) get the value of the first element in v

ans =

-5

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Example

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Indexing elements of a vector

>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

>> v(2) get the value of the second element in v

ans =

-4

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Indexing elements of a vector
>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

>> set the value of the third element in v to 100

v =

-5 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

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Indexing elements of a vector

} the keyword end can be used to access the last
element of the vector
>> v = -5:3

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Example

68

Indexing elements of a vector

} the keyword end can be used to access the last
element of the vector
>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

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[Fill in here]
Indexing elements of a vector
} the keyword end can be used to access the last
element of the vector
>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

>> get the value of the last element in v

ans =

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[Fill in here]
Indexing elements of a vector
} you can use arithmetic with end

>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

>> get the value of the second last element in v

ans =

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Indexing elements of a vector

} the index does not need to be a scalar
} it can also be a vector of indices!

>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

>> v([1 3 5]) get a vector of the first, third and fifth elements of v

ans =

-5 -3 -1

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Example

72

Indexing elements of a vector

} the index does not need to be a scalar
} it can also be a vector of indices!

>> v = -5:3

v =

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

>> v([1 3 5]) = [7 8 9] set the first, third and fifth elements of v

v =

7 -4 8 -2 9 0 1 2 3

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[Fill in here]
Reminder: Scalars vs. Arrays.

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Arithmetic operations with arrays

} you can perform element-by-element arithmetic with
an array and a scalar
operator name
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ right division
\ left division
.^ array power

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array scalar addition

>>
w =
3 4 5

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array scalar subtraction

w =
1 0 -1

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array scalar

multiplication
w =
2 4 6

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array scalar division

w =
0.5000 1.0000 1.5000

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array power

w =
1 4 9

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Example

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[Fill in here]
Arithmetic operations with arrays
} you can perform element-by-element arithmetic with
two arrays of the same size

operator name
+ addition
- subtraction
.* multiplication
right array division
.\ left array division
.^ array power

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array addition

>> v = [7 8 9];

w =
8 10 12

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array subtraction

>> v = [7 8 9];

w =
-6 -6 -6

83
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Example

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array multiplication

>> v = [7 8 9];
in mathematics,
called the Hadamard
w = product or the Schur
7 16 27 product

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Copyright Jam es Andrew Sm ith & Others 2015 – 2023. No perm ission granted to reuse. Do no share or distribute outside of York University
Example

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; right array division

>> v = [7 8 9];
the elements in u
divided by the
w =
elements in v
0.1429 0.2500 0.3333

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Copyright Jam es Andrew Sm ith & Others 2015 – 2023. No perm ission granted to reuse. Do no share or distribute outside of York University
Example

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; left array division

>> v = [7 8 9];
>> w = u .\ v the elements in v
divided by the
w =
elements in u
7 4 3

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Copyright Jam es Andrew Sm ith & Others 2015 – 2023. No perm ission granted to reuse. Do no share or distribute outside of York University
Example

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[Fill in here]

>> u = [1 2 3]; array power

>> v = [4 5 6];
the elements in u
raised to the
w =
corresponding
1 32 729 power in v

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Copyright Jam es Andrew Sm ith & Others 2015 – 2023. No perm ission granted to reuse. Do no share or distribute outside of York University
Example

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Examples
} compute the unit vector u of a non-unit vector v

>> u = v / norm(v);

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Example

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Examples
} compute the unit vector u of a non-unit vector v

>> u = v / norm(v);

} compute the midpoint m of two points p and q

>> m = (p + q) / 2; % or
>> m = 0.5 * (p + q);

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Copyright Jam es Andrew Sm ith & Others 2015 – 2023. No perm ission granted to reuse. Do no share or distribute outside of York University
Example

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Examples
} compute the dot product of vectors u and v

>> dprod = sum(u .* v); % or

>> dprod = dot(u, v);

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Copyright Jam es Andrew Sm ith & Others 2015 – 2023. No perm ission granted to reuse. Do no share or distribute outside of York University
Example

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Examples
} compute the dot product of vectors u and v

>> dprod = sum(u .* v); % or

>> dprod = dot(u, v);

} compute the body mass index where m is a vector of

masses (in kg) and h is a vector of heights (in m)

>> bmi = m ./ (h .* h); % or

>> bmi = m ./ h .^ 2;

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Examples
} plot the standard normal distribution on the interval
[-5, 5]

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Example

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Examples
} plot the standard normal distribution on the interval
[-5, 5]

>> x = linspace(-5, 5);

>> y = exp(-0.5 * x .^ 2) / sqrt(2 * pi);
>> plot(x, y);

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Example

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