INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ROBOTICS
VPROTECH DIGITAL MOHALI
Submitted by

SARTHAK (20010305022)
Semester 7th

In partial fulfillment of the award of degree of

B.TECH (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

Under supervision of

Miss Mamta Panwar (HR VPRO Tech)

Mrs. RADHIKA (Asst. Professor , EE , RGGEC Kangra)

RAJIV GANDHI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KANGRA AT NAGROTA BAGWAN (H.P) 176047
Affiliated To

H.P TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,HAMIRPUR (H.P)

28 July 2023 to 08 sep 2023

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 CERTIFICATE

This is certified that Sarthak student of B.tech (E.E) roll no. 20010305048 has

Has completed his industrial training during 27 july 2023 to 8 sep 2023 has partial

Fulfillment of B.Tech (E.E) course

Principal Examined by OIC/Head of Department

Dr. Deepak Bansal Mrs. Radhika Er. Ajay Sharma

External
Date: 5/12/23

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 TRAINING CERTIFICATE

3
 EVALUATION SHEET

4
 STUDENT DECLARATION
SARTHAK S/O Sh. Suresh Kumar, student of B.Tech in Electrical
Engineering ,studying in 7th sem. at Rajiv Gandhi Government Engineering
College Kangra at Nagrota Bagwan (H.P) hereby declare that the work and
Projects presented in dissertation “Six Weeks Industrial Training Report
on – ROBOTICS’’ is the outcome of my work, it is bonafide and correct
to my knowledge.

Training period—27th July 2023 to 8th sep 2023

The matter embodied in this report is original and has not been submitted
for the reward of any other degree.

SARTHAK

20010305048

EE 7TH SEM

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is

correct to the best of my knowledge.

HR Mamta Panwar

Vpro Tech digital

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I firstly thank God for giving me the strength and courage which were key
features for the completion of the project. It acknowledges all the people who
gave me their extreme support in making the project successful.
I would like to thank Head of the E.E. Department, Mr. Ajay Sharma for his
constant encouragement throughout the making of the project.
My special thanks to my Project guide Mr. Deepak Kumar for his constant
support and guidance regarding the project work. I am also thankful to all the
faculty members of Electrical Engineering department for their valuable advice
that helped me to complete the project.
In the end, I would like to extend my thanks to my beloved parents for their
support at each and every step of progress I made in the project work and
continuous cooperation in any way possible for the betterment of the project.

SARTHAK
20010305048
EE (7TH Sem)

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 ABSTRACT

This industrial report presents my experience gained during the Six (6)
weeks of industrial training undertaken at VPRO tech digital Mohali. This
pandemic period led me to a door of opportunity to explore the industrial
aspects, that are necessary for any graduate student.

Thus, my enthusiasm and interests encouraged me to have a look out of

the books and peep inside the word of amazing Electrical
machines,simulations,embedded system and robotics. The things I got to
know propelled my plane to enter into new interests which was majorly
focused on the working components of Robotics.

This report discusses the technical skills gained during the training period
and justify the relevance of the scheme in equipping students with
needed technical competence to thrive in the world.

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 PREFACE
VproTech Digital is a institute which deals in Web Designing, Web Development, Digital
Marketing, Android Development, Logo Designing, Interior Designing. It also provides
courses like Autocad 2D/3D, Autodesk Revit, 3ds-Max and E-lab et

VproTech Digital offers various 6 Months/3 Months/ 6 Weeks/45 days/Summer Industrial

Training programs for B.Tech Engineering students, MCA, BCA, Polytechnic Diploma,
M.Sc (IT), B.Sc (IT), MBA, BBA, B.Com students and job-seekers VproTech Digital offers
Industrial Training in the field of CSE/IT/Electronics (ECE)/Mechanical/
Civil/Electrical/Aeronautical Engineering, Polytechnic Diploma students. VproTech Digital
offers best industrial training or summer training in Chandigarh Mohali Ajitgarh region to
make students industry ready. Over the years, with its hardwork, dedication, honesty and
teamwork, VproTech Digital has become the first choice among students/jobseekers for best
6 months, 6 weeks, summer training in Chandigarh, Mohali. Both Modes are Available
(Online Classes and Offline Classes) Practical and quality Training is guaranteed and no fake
commitments are done. They conduct regular job interviews until and unless student gets
placed.

Website: www.vprotechdigital.com

Industry: Software and Hardware Development

Headquarters: Mohali, Punjab

Type: Privately Held

Founded: March,2017

Specialties: Web Designing, Web Development, Digital Marketing, Stipend based

Internship, Digital Marketing, Web Designing Course, Free Industrial Training, Website
Designing, Android Java, Placements, Software Testing, Graphic Design, Logo Designing
and machine learning.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Introduction to Robotics 10
Introduction to basic components …………………………………………..
……………………………………………………… 11-16
Sensors used in
robotics………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………17-19
Proteus

software……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….20-24
 INTRODUCTION TO PROTEUS
 FEATURES OF PROTEUS
 HOW TO DRAW CIRCUIT IN PROTEUS

Arduino
platform……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….25-32
 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
 ADVANTAGES OF ARDUINO
 ARDUINO HARDWARE
 COMPONENTS USED IN ARDUINO
 DIFFERENT TYPES OD ARDUINO BOARDS
 ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE

Projects on proteus
Arduino…………………………………………………………………………………………………33-
40

 Led blink
 Led brightness control using potentiometer
 7 segment display
 Interfacing i2c lcd with arduino
 Project on lcd display
 Home security system using keypad

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….41

Future
scope…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………….42

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Reference…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….43

INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS
A robot is a programmable machine designed to carry out tasks autonomously or semi-
autonomously. It can be controlled remotely or operate through pre-programmed
instructions, often performing repetitive or dangerous tasks in various fields such as
manufacturing, exploration, or healthcare.

Robotics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the design, construction, operation, and use
of robots. It encompasses various branches and fields, including:

Mechanical Engineering: Involves designing the physical structure and components of

robots.

Electrical Engineering: Focuses on the electrical systems, sensors, and actuators that enable
a robot's functionality.

Computer Science: Deals with programming and developing the software that controls the
robot's behavior, perception, and decision-making.

Control Engineering: Concerned with the algorithms and systems used to regulate and
control the movement and actions of robots.

Artificial Intelligence: Incorporates AI techniques to enhance a robot's ability to learn,

adapt, and make intelligent decisions

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 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC COMPONENTS
1. AC current- The current that changes its magnitude and polarity at
regular intervals of time is called an alternating current. The major
advantage of using the alternating current instead of direct current
is that the alternating current is easily transformed from higher
voltage level to lower voltage level. When the resistive load R is
connected across the alternating source shown in the figure below,
the current flows through it. The alternating current flows in one
direction and then in the opposite direction when the polarity is
reversed.

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 2. DC Current- Direct Current, abbreviated as DC, is defined as the
unidirectional flow of electric charge (mainly electrons) through a
conductor. Therefore, the type of electric current which flows only in
one direction through the conductor is called DC or direct current.
Sometimes, we use the term DC Current torefer to the direct
current. The direct current can flow through all the conducting
materials like metallic wires or semiconductors.

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 Applications of DC:
• Direct current is required for the operation of most electronic circuits
like toys, smartphones, laptops,etc

. • Direct current is used for emergency lighting in buildings. • Direct

current is used in automotive applications.

• Electric vehicles use direct current to run.

• Direct current is also used in telecommunication systems.

• Direct current is used for long distance high voltage power transmission
in HVDC systems.

• Direct is also used in light aircraft electrical systems.

3. TRANSFORMER- A transformer is a static electrical device that

transmits AC power from one circuit to another at a constant
frequency, but the voltage level may be changed, implying the
voltage can be increased or decreased depending on the
requirement.

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 COMPONENTS OF TRANSFORMER

Core: Typically made of laminated iron, the core provides a path for magnetic
flux and enhances the transformer's efficiency.
Windings: There are primary and secondary windings. The primary winding
receives electrical power, and the secondary winding delivers the transformed
power. The windings are usually made of copper wire.
Insulation: Insulating materials are used to separate the windings and prevent
short circuits.
Transformer Oil: Often used for cooling and insulation purposes, transformer
oil helps dissipate heat and insulates the windings.
Tap Changer: Some transformers have tap changers to adjust the turns ratio,
allowing for voltage regulation.
Buchholz Relay: Common in oil-filled transformers, this relay detects faults
such as internal arcing or overheating.
Cooling System: Transformers need efficient cooling to dissipate heat generated
during operation. This can be achieved through natural convection, fans, or other
cooling methods.

DIODES
Diodes are used to protect circuits by limiting the voltage and to also
transform AC into DC. Semiconductorslike silicon and germanium are
used to make the most of the diodes. Even though they transmit current

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in a single direction, the way with which they transmit differs. There are
different kinds of diodes and each type has its own applications

CONSTRUCTION OF DIODES
Diodes can be made of either of the two semiconductor materials, silicon
and germanium. When the anode voltage is more positive than the
cathode voltage, the diode is said to be forward-biased, and it conducts
readilywith a relatively low-voltage drop. Likewise, when the cathode
voltage is more positive than the anode, the diode is said to be reverse-
biased. The arrow in the diode symbol represents the direction of
conventional current flow when the diode conducts.

APPLICATIONS- Diodes as a rectifier

• Diodes in the clipping circuit

• Diodes in logical gates

CAPACITOR
Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The
capacitor is made of 2 close conductors (usually plates) that are
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separated by a dielectric material. The plates accumulate electric charge
when connected to power source. One plate accumulates positive charge
and the other plate accumulates negative charge. The capacitance is the
amount of electric charge that is stored in the capacitor at voltage of 1
Volt. The capacitance is measured in units of Farad (F).

RESISTORS: Resistors are electronic components that resist the

flow of electricity in a circuit. Resistors are usedin electric circuits to
adjust current and voltage, in much the same way as faucets are used to
adjust the flow of tap water. They can be used not only to control the flow
of current, but also to distribute voltage in a circuit.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR

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It is an essential element of power supplies used in several electrical and
electronic devices such as computers, amplifier, automobile alternator,
mobile chargers, etc. A is basically an electronic circuit that generates a
regulated voltage of fixed value from an unregulated fluctuating voltage.

A voltage regulator is required in a circuit because all voltage sources

cannot provide a steady voltage dueto change in the load current and
other circuit parameters like temperature. Therefore, the primary
functionof a voltage regulator is to convert the fluctuating voltage of a
voltage source into a constant and steady output voltage.

PIN-1 (Input PIN) The PIN-1 is used to provide input voltage to the
voltage regulator 7805. The value of voltage connected at the PIN-1
should be in the range of 7 V to 35 V. Hence, the unregulated voltage is
connected to PIN-1 of the voltage regulator 7805 IC. It is important to
note that if we provide 7.2 V at the PIN-1, then the PIN-1 achieves its
maximum efficiency.

PIN-2 (Ground PIN) The PIN-2 of the voltage regulator 7805 IC is

connected to the ground. Therefore, for both input and output circuit, the
PIN-2 remains at the 0 V potential.

PIN-3 (Output PIN) For voltage regulator 7805 IC, the PIN-3
is used to take the fixed regulated output voltage of 5 V. But, practically,
the output voltage of voltage regulator 7805 ranges from 4.8 V to 5.2 V

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 SENSORS USED IN ROBOTICS
1. Infrared sensor- An infrared sensor detects infrared
radiation, commonly used in devices like motion detectors,
night vision cameras, and remote controls. An infrared
sensor typically consists of an infrared source, detector,
and signal processing circuit. The source emits infrared
radiation, and the detector measures the received
radiation. The circuit processes this data for various
applications like temperature sensing or motion detection.

2.ULTRASONIC SENSOR- An ultrasonic sensor utilizes sound

waves with frequencies above the human hearing range for
distance measurement or object detection. It typically includes a
transducer, which emits ultrasonic waves, and a receiver that
detects the reflected waves. The time taken for the waves to return
is used to calculate distance

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 3. GAS SENSOR- gas sensor is designed to detect the
presence of specific gases in the environment. Its components
typically include:

Gas Sensing Element:

The core component that reacts to the target gas.

.Transducer: Converts the gas-induced physical or chemical change into

an electrical signal.

.Signal Processing Circuit: Processes the electrical signal for analysis.

.Output Interface: Communicates the detected gas levels, often in

voltage or resistance changes.

4.FLAME SENSOR- flame sensor, also known as a flame detector,

is designed to detect the presence of a flame or fire. Its main
components typically include: Flame Sensor Element, Amplifier
Circuit, Signal Processing Unit, Power Supply,outout interface.

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Humidity sensor- It measures the amount of moisture in the air.
These sensors are used in various applications like weather stations,
HVAC systems, and even in some smart home devices to monitor and
control humidity levels for comfort, health, or industrial purposes.

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 PROTEUS SOFTWARE
INTRODUCTION TO PROTEUS
• Proteus is used to simulate, design and drawing of electronic circuits. It
was invented by the Labcenter electronic.

• By using proteus you can make two-dimensional circuits designs as

well.

• With the use of this engineering software, you can construct a n d

simulatedifferent electrical and electronic circuits on your personal
computers or laptops.

• There are numerous benefits to simulate circuits on proteus before

make thempractically.

• Designing of circuits on the proteus takes less time than practical

construction of thecircuit.

• The possibility of error is less in software simulation such as loose

connection that takesalot of time to find out connections problems in a
practical circuit.

• Circuit simulations provide the main feature that some components of

circuits arenotpractical then you can construct your circuit on proteus.

• There is zero possibility of burning and damaging of any electronic

component inproteus
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• The electronic tools that are very expensive can easily get in proteus
such as an oscilloscope.

• Using proteus you can find different parents of circuits such as current,
a voltage value of any component and resistance at any instant which is
very difficult in a practical circuit

. Proteus Design Suite (designed by Labcenter Electronics Ltd.) is a

software tool set, • mainly used for creating schematics, simulating
Electronics & Embedded Circuits anddesigning PCB Layouts.

• Proteus is used for designing PCB Layouts of electronic circuits.

• It's available in four languages i.e. English, Chinese, Spanish & French.

• Proteus is quite lenient in circuit designing and it works on ideal

conditions i.e. if youdon't add pull up resistors in Proteus simulation, then
it won't give garbage value.

FEATURES OF PROTEUS:
• There are 2 main parts of proteus first is used to design and draw
different circuits and thesecond is for designing of PCB layout.

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• First is ISIS that used to design and simulate circuits. And second is
ARES that used fordesigning of a printed circuit board.

• It also provides features related to the three-dimensional view of

design in PCB.

 In the above figure, you can see the proteus window and this window
has many sections that areexplained in the above figure

This is a drawing portionof proteus where you simulate

your engineering circuits and projects.
Overview Window : In the overview window, you see the complete view
of your complete design.

Object Selector : This section has 2 buttons P and E. P is used to select

different components and shown in this box.The E button is for edit
something for example you want to vary any value of components than
you can use this edit button.

Zoom Option : By using this option you can easily zoom in and zoom out
your layout and can observecomplete simulation very clearly.

Tool Option : By using this option you can select different devices like
voltmeter, ammeter, oscilloscope,etc.

Run Buttons : At the left bottom there are 4 buttons Run, stop, pause
and stop. These buttons are like theremote control and on and off your
circuit.

How to Make Circuit in Proteus :

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STEP 1- First of all click on proteus Icone in your computer and click on
a new file option.

STEP 2- After a move to the component option as shown in the below

figure and select the elements for your projects

STEP 3- • After clicking on components mode you will see two buttons P
and L. If you move to P button youwill see Pic from Libraries. • It is used
to select different components for circuit construction .

STEP 4- When you will click on the P button you will see box shown in
the below figure. Type your componentfor a circuit. As I type button and
you can see a button in right figure that different buttons are shown you
can selectaccording to your use.

STEP 5- When you will select components for your project you will see
them in a box shown in the belowfigure. I have also selected some
components for designing of a simple circuit. After the selection of
components make the circuit layout of your project and connect all these
components with the wires. For connection of one component to other
clicks left of first one terminal of component and drag it toother
components. If you want to remove any component or remove its
connection just double click on respective of acomponent of wire.

STEP 6- When you connect all components in the circuit like run button
in left bottom see the practical workingof your circuit

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STEP 7- When you will observe the simulation of your circuit than click on
stop button on the left bottom tostop the working of the circuit

ARDUINO PLATFORM
Introduction- The Arduino platform is an open-source electronics platform
that has gained significant popularity since its introduction in 2005. It
provides a user-friendly and versatile way for beginners and professionals
alike to create interactive projects and prototypes.

At the heart of the Arduino platform is the Arduino board, which consists
of a microcontroller that can be programmed to perform various tasks.
The Arduino board is equipped with input and output pins that allow it to
interact with a wide range of electronic components such as sensors,
actuators, and displays.

One of the key strengths of Arduino is its simplicity and accessibility. The
Arduino programming language is based on a simplified version of C++,
making it easier for beginners to learn and use. Additionally, the Arduino
integrated development environment (IDE) provides a user-friendly
interface for writing, compiling, and uploading code to the Arduino board .

The Arduino platform also offers a vast library of pre-written code and
examples that make it easy to incorporate complex functionality into
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projects. This extensive library covers a wide range of applications, from
basic tasks like blinking an LED to advanced projects involving wireless
communication and robotics.

Furthermore, the Arduino community is a vibrant and supportive

ecosystem of makers, hobbyists, and professionals who share their
knowledge and projects. This community-driven nature of Arduino
ensures that there are plenty of resources, tutorials, and forums available
for troubleshooting and expanding your understanding of the platform.

With its versatility, ease of use, and strong community support, the
Arduino platform has become a go-to choice for numerous projects,
including home automation, robotics, environmental monitoring, wearable
technology, and more. Whether you are a student, hobbyist, or
professional, Arduino provides an excellent platform for exploring the
world of electronics and unleashing your creativity.

Advantages of Arduino
⚫ User-Friendly: The Arduino platform is designed with
beginners in mind. It offers a simplified programming language
and an intuitive integrated development environment (IDE),
making it accessible to individuals with little or no prior
programming experience.

⚫ Open-Source: Arduino is an open-source platform, which

means that the hardware and software designs are freely
available to the public. This openness fosters a collaborative and
supportive community where users can share knowledge, code,
and projects.

⚫ Versatility: Arduino boards can be used in a wide range of

applications, from simple projects like blinking an LED to complex
projects involving robotics, home automation, IoT (Internet of

26
 Things), and more. The platform supports various sensors,
actuators, and communication protocols, allowing for diverse
project possibilities.

⚫ Extensive Library and Resources: Arduino provides a

vast library of pre-written code and examples, making it easy to
implement common functionalities without starting from scratch.
Additionally, there are numerous online resources, tutorials, and
forums where users can find help, learn new concepts, and share
their projects.

⚫ Cost-Effective: Arduino boards are relatively affordable

compared to other microcontroller platforms. This affordability
makes Arduino an attractive choice for hobbyists, students, and
projects with budget constraints.

⚫ Cross-Platform Compatibility: The Arduino IDE and

software are compatible with different operating systems,
including Windows, macOS, and Linux, allowing users to develop
projects on their preferred platform.

⚫ Rapid Prototyping: With Arduino, you can quickly

prototype and test your ideas. The platform provides an easy way
to connect and interact with various electronic components,
enabling fast iterations and experimentation.
⚫ Scalability: Arduino projects can be easily scaled up or
down. You can start with a simple Arduino board and gradually
expand your project by adding more sensors, actuators, or
utilizing advanced features available in other Arduino boards or
shields.

⚫ Community Support: The Arduino community is a vibrant

and active network of users, makers, and developers. The
community provides support, shares knowledge, and contributes
to the continuous improvement of the platform. You can benefit
from this community by participating in forums, attending
workshops, or collaborating on projects.

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 ⚫ Integration with Other Platforms: Arduino can be
integrated with other platforms and technologies, allowing you to
combine its capabilities with other systems like Raspberry Pi,
cloud services, and mobile devices.

ARDUINO HARDWARE
Arduino is open-source hardware. Most Arduino boards consist of
an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168,
ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts
of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32- bit Arduino Due,
based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The boards
use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate
connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits.
These may connect with addon modules termed shields. Multiple,
and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via
an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a
16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs,
such as the Lily Pad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the on board
voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins

for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current
Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-
width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be
used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board,
via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug- in
application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino
Nano, and Arduino- compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino
boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the
board that can plug into solderless breadboards.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some

are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used
interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding
output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify
making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically
equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining
compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use
different processors, of varying compatibility.
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 ARDUINO BOARDS
The original Arduino hardware was produced by the Italian
company Smart Projects. Some Arduino- branded boards have
been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics
and Adafruit Industries. As of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino
hardware have been commercially produced.
Some of Arduino boards are:
• Arduino RS232
• Arduino Diecimila
• Arduino Duemilanove
• Arduino Uno R2
• Arduino Uno SMDR3
• Arduino Leonardo
• Arduino Pro
• Arduino LilyPad
⚫ Arduino Mega
⚫ Arduino NanO
⚫ Arduino Robot
⚫ Arduino Esplora
⚫ Arduino Ethernet

29
30
31
 Components used in Arduino
• Analog Reference pin (orange)

• DigitalGround (light green)

• Digital Pins 2-13 (green)

• DigitalPins 0-1/Serial In/Out - TX/RX (dark green) - These pins cannot be

used for digital i/o(digitalRead and digitalWrite) if you are also using serial
communication (e.g.Serial.begin).

• Reset Button - S1 (darkblue)

• In-circuit Serial Programmer (blue-green)

• Analog In Pins 0-5 (light blue)

• Power and Ground Pins (power: orange, grounds: light orange)

• External Power Supply In (9-12VDC) - X1 (pink)

• Toggles External Power and USB Power (place jumper on two pins
closest todesired supply) -SV1 (purple)

• USB (used for uploading sketches to the board and for serial
communication between the board and the computer; can be used to
power the board)

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 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE
❖ Arduino IDE is an open-source software, designed by Arduino.cc and
mainly used for writing, compiling & uploading code to almost all Arduino
Modules.

❖ It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that

even a common person with no prior technical knowledge can get their
feet wet with the learning process.

❖ It is available for all operating systems i.e. MAC, Windows, Linux and
runs on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and
commands that play a vital role in debugging, editing and compiling the
code

. ❖ A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino

Mega, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.

❖ Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually

programmed and accepts the information in the form of code.

❖ The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform
will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded
in the controller on the board.

❖ The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and
Compiler where former is used for writing the required code and later is
used for compiling and uploading the code into the given Arduino Module.
This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

33
Projects with Arduino and proteus:
1. LED Blink-LEDs are small, powerful lights that are used in many
different applications. To start, we will work on blinking an LED, the
Hello World of microcontrollers. It is as simple as turning a light on
and off. Establishing this important baseline will give you a solid
foundation as we work towards experiments that are more complex.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED-

i. 1 x Breadboard
ii. 1 x Arduino Uno
iii. 1 x LED
iv. 1 x 330 Ohm Resistor
v. 2 x Jumper Wires

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 Source code

2. LED BRIGHTNESS CONTROL USING POTENTIOMETER

The potentiometer is also commonly known as a variable resistor, it is connected to a
circuit to vary the voltage by increasing or decreasing the resistance. We will use this
varying resistance to control the brightness of the LED like if we increase the
resistance less current will reach the LED and it will glow less bright. Similarly, if we
decrease the resistance, more current will be delivered to the LED and it will glow
brighter.

Components required for this circuit are:

i. Aurdino Uno
ii. LED
iii. Potentiometer (1KOhm)
iv. Jumper Wires
v. Bread Board

Circuit diagram-

35
SOURCE CODE

3. 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY-
From the name we can say that this display is further divided into the seven
segments used to display the numeric data of the Arduino code. This display is
small in size and we can also combine two or more displays if big numeric data is
to be displayed. Such a display is feasible in the projects like building a countdown
timer, displaying the temperature, number of visitors or displaying the token
numbers in the bank or in the hospitals.

36
 Circuit diagram on breadboard

Source Code

37
 4. INTERFACING I2C LCD WITH ARDUINO
i. LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) are used in embedded system applications for
displaying various parameters and status of the system.
38
 ii. LCD 16x2 is a 16-pin device that has 2 rows that accommodate 16 characters
each. LCD 16x2 can be used in 4-bit mode or 8-bit mode.
ii. It is also possible to create custom characters.
iv. It has 8 data lines and 3 control lines that can be used for control purposes.
v. For more information about LCD 16x2 and how to use it, refer the topic LCD
16x2 module in the sensors and modules section.
vi. A typical I2C LCD display consists of an HD44780-based character LCD
display and an I2C LCD adapter. Let’s learn more about them.
vii. As the name suggests, these LCDs are ideal for displaying only characters. A
16×2 character LCD, for example, can display 32 ASCII characters across two
rows.
viii. If you look closely, you can see tiny rectangles for each character on the screen
as well as the pixels that make up a character. Each of these rectangles is a grid of
5×8 pixels.

IX. I2c Adapter: At the heart of the adapter is an 8-bit I/O expander
chip – PCF8574. This chip converts the I2C data from an Arduino into
the parallel data required for an LCD display. The board also includes
a tiny trim pot for making precise adjustments to the display’s
contrast. There is a jumper on the board that provides power to the
backlight. To control the intensity of the backlight, you can remove
the jumper and apply external voltage to the header pin labeled
‘LED’

Connection with Arduino

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 5.Project on lcd display

Source code

6.Home security system using keypad

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 Source code

41
 CONCLUSION
42
Embedded systems and robotics have witnessed significant
advancements and integration into various industries, transforming the
way we interact with technology and perform tasks. These two fields have
revolutionized automation, enabling machines and devices to operate
autonomously, adapt to changing environments, and execute complex
tasks efficiently.

The realm of robotics is continually evolving, offering advancements in

automation, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Its impact spans
various fields, from industry and healthcare to everyday life. As
technology progresses, the potential for robotics to enhance efficiency,
safety, and innovation grows, leading to a future where human-robot
collaboration could revolutionize countless aspects of society.

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 FUTURE SCOPE OF
ROBOTICS
 Increased Automation: Robotics will lead to more automated
processes across various industries, boosting efficiency and
productivity.

 Advancements in AI and Machine Learning: Enhanced AI capabilities

will enable robots to learn, adapt, and make complex decisions
independently.

 Expanding Applications: Robotics will find applications in

diverse fields, from healthcare, manufacturing, and agriculture to
space exploration and entertainment.

 Collaborative Robots (Cobots): Continued development of

collaborative robots will facilitate safe interaction between humans
and machines, revolutionizing workplaces.

 Innovations in Design: Future robots will feature

advancements in design, including softer and more flexible
materials, enabling them to navigate complex environments and
perform delicate tasks.

 Personal Assistance and Service: Robots will increasingly

assist in daily tasks, from household chores to personalized care for
the elderly or individuals with special needs.

 Integration with IoT and Connectivity: Robotics will be

integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing seamless
connectivity and coordination between devices for improved
functionality.

 Space Exploration and Research: Robotics will play a

significant role in space missions, aiding in exploration, research,
and the development of infrastructure beyond Earth.

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 REFERENCES

[1] https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/

[2] https://lastminuteengineers.com/

[3] www.electronics-notes.com/

[4] www.components101.com/

[5] www.circuitdigest.com/

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