Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity
Vol 2(1) pp. 001-013 April, 2016.
http://www.swiftjournals.org/sjssh
Copyright © 2016 Swift Journals
Original Research Article
Difficulties Encountered in Translating Some Legal
Texts from Arabic
Into English
Dr. Ibtihal M. Al-Tameemi1, Mahmood A. Farhan2.
1
Department of English /College of Languages/University of Baghdad
2
Department of English /College of Education for Human Sciences / Ibn Rushd / University of Baghdad
th
Accepted 9 February, 2016.
Translation is both a social and cultural phenomenon, it can neither exist outside a social community and it is within
society, nor it can be viewed as a medium of cross-cultural fertilization. This paper aims to investigate the difficulties that
a translator may face when dealing with legal texts such as marriage and divorce contracts. These difficulties can be
classified according to the present paper into syntactic, semantic, and cultural. The syntactic difficulties include word
order, syntactic arrangement, unusual sentence structure, the use of model verbs in English, and difference in legal
system. As to the semantic difficulties, they involve lack of established terminology, finding functional and lexical
equivalence, word for word translation, synonymous and antonymous words, wordiness and redundancy, loan words,
neologism, and paraphrasing. Concerning the cultural difficulties , they relate to differences in traditions and norms ,
religion and social terminology as well as faiths and doctrines .This paper falls into two parts : part one is theoretical and
tackles the definition and significance of legal translation , characteristics of legal texts , the techniques used in legal
translation and types of legal texts; whereas part two is practical and deals with the general difficulties of legal texts with
special reference to marriage and divorce contracts . It shows the syntactic, semantic and cultural analysis of different
forms of marriage and divorce contracts that are translated from Arabic into English. It has been found that translating
such legal documents as marriage and divorce contracts pose great difficulties that are due to the differences in legal
systems of the two languages. In addition, cultural differences play a major role in mistranslating some terms, for
example the words" ", " " ك ى رب وأ ص ى رغ ب ي ن ون ة ب ئ ا ن ط ق ال, " " ال رهم. The difficulties may arise from the lack of
equivalence in both the source and target languages; therefore the translation will be inadequate and inaccurate. Finally,
the paper proposes an alternative translation, which sounds more adequate, accurate and equivalent than the given one.
Keywords: legal translation, legal text, marriage and divorce contracts, syntactic semantic and cultural difficulties,
equivalence
PART ONE: THEORETICAL REVIEW speed, knowledge of laws of different cultures, knowledge of
vocabulary and confidentiality. Legal translation covers general
Legal Translation: Definition and Significance laws, contracts, patents, tenders, judicial transcripts, appeals,
statements, sales deeds and certificates.
Legal translation is considered one of the trickiest translations In addition, legal translation involves certificates of
known. Generally, legal translation is that kind of translation accuracy, witness statements, depositions, trusts, wills, articles
that is concerned with law . It is described as a category in its of incorporation, litigation documents, immigration documents,
own right , combining the inventiveness of literary translation property exhibit labels and in some cases attendance in court
with the terminological precision of technical translation .It is a by the translator(s). The legal translator should keep in mind
complex process which requires special skills, knowledge and that the legal system of the source text (ST) is structured in a
experience on the part of the translator since it involves way that suits that culture and this is reflected in the legal
knowledge of two fields, that are law and language together language; similarly, the target text (TT) is to be read by
with the fact that the translator should possess accuracy , someone who is familiar with the other legal system and its
Corresponding Author: Dr. Ibtihal M. Al-Tameemi*, Department of English /College of Languages/University of Baghdad
Website: [email protected] or [email protected]
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 002
language .In other words , the translator should be highly Types of Legal Texts
aware of the fact that when translating legal materials,
especially contracts, it is significant to establish certain Generally, Legal texts are written in special style and contain
individuals’ specific duties and rights so that accurate plenty of legal terms. According to Hiltunen (1990: 81) , there
correspondence of these duties and rights in the source and are three different types of legal writing :
target texts are correctly transmitted. (a) Academic texts which consist of journal articles, essays,
The importance of legal translation lies in connecting proposals , theses and dissertations.
people from different backgrounds. The increase of contact (b) Juridical texts which cover court judgments or law reports ,
and exchange between people and states resulted in the wide juridical transcripts, appeals, power of attorney, contracts,
use of this vital tool. In fact, it is not necessary to be used in trusts , wills , pleadings , orders and judgments.
different states or continents, but also to make it possible for (c) Legislative writings which consist of acts of Parliament,
people in bilingual countries to communicate.Furthermore, it is Treaties, constitution , pacts and agreements.
multifold since it allows different cultures to connect, interact This paper is concerned with the second type only specifically
and enrich one another, it also contributes to the resolution of contracts of marriage and divorce.
medical, political and other professional, social and individual.
(Šarčević , 2000, 140) Techniques and Strategies used in Legal Translation
Characteristics of English Legal Language The techniques used in translation generally vary and
sometimes , more than one technique is used in a certain
Alcaraz (2002 , 5) proposes general characteristics of legal translation depending on the kinds of terms in the text .
language for the translators to keep in mind when faced with According to Al-Suliman (2014: 120), there are seven
any types of legal documents, they are as in below: techniques which can be used in legal texts. They are as in
1. Legal language is conscious of precedent, conservative, below:
slow to change, formulaic.
2. It is definite, precise and technical. Functional Equivalent
3. It tends to spell things out with painstaking attention to
minute details Generally, it indicates the coherent relationship between the
4. It is characterized in all its aspects by formality. communicative values of SL and TL; also the relationship
5. The formality of certain legal concepts demands a among words, sentences, terminological expressions and
corresponding complexity in sentence structures. grammatical structures. In a specific way, that is in legal
6. Many foreign expressions are found in the legal language, translation, it ,means for a translator to translate a legal term in
especially Latin and Greek. a certain language with a functionally equivalent term in
7. Archaic diction of legal English. another language .But in some cases, a certain language may
8. Lexical repetition or redundancy and wordiness. have more than one legal system such as Arabic, which uses: “
9. Unusual use of words: “ the same “, “ such” and “said”. Religion, Law of Napoleon, French Law, Martial Laws ). Here
10. Frequent use of doublets. the translator must find a functional equivalent between the
11. Lengthy and complex sentences. required legal systems. For instance,
(SL) (TL)
American legal system : motion
Arabic حٛالئذح جٕات
British legal system : Reply to Defense
Lexical Equivalent
This technique can be used when the first technique is not
possible to be used for the difference of legal systems. Below
is an example:
SL TL Lexical Definition
ٗ لؼاء انًجهس األػهMoroccan Legal The court of cassation
System Supreme Court
Highest Court in the country
اٛح انؼهٚانًذكًح االذذاد A court that is higher than the
Iraqi Legal System court of cassation
The term “ supreme court “ has two different equivalents that system of the country of the ST he may face difficulty in
depend on the legal system of the country, i.e. in the Iraqi legal rendering some terms into the TT. Sometimes when the ST
system it is equivalent to (Arabic) is translated into TT (English) , it makes a difference
" " ا ل ع ال حاد اال ت ك مة مح ال. whether the TT is directed to American or English culture , that
But, it is called " " ل ى األ ع ل س مج ال ضاء قin the Moroccan is due to the fact that using the terms and institutions of
legal system. If the translator is not quite aware of the legal different cultures using the same language may be different .
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 003
For instance , the word “ " سجنin the ST can be translated into after I made sure they understand the impediments in Islamic
“ prison “ in the British system while in the American system it and / or civil law and confirmed there were no such
is “ penitentiary “. (Rey , 1995: 88). impediments and further stated no one of them was suffering
from any of the diseases that may be reason for separation .
General Difficulties of Legal Translation Generally , in terms of word order both Arabic and English
have different systems ; namely , in Arabic the verb is placed
In this paper three major general difficulties of legal translation at the beginning of a sentence whereas in English it is placed
can be identified ; namely , syntactic , semantic and cultural in the middle of a sentence . The translator should be quite
difficulties. Syntactic difficulties can be subdivided into : word aware of this fact.
order, syntactic arrangement , unusual sentence structure , the Another important characteristic is avoiding the use of
use of model verbs in English and difference in legal system impersonal construction, i.e., the pronouns “ I” , “ you” or “ we “
.However, Semantic difficulties can be subdivided into the lack .But the judges prefer to use the pronoun “ we “ which
of established terminology , lack of functional and lexical represents their decisions that are issued from the bodies .For
equivalence , word –for –word translation , wordiness and instance , in a divorce contract below :
redundancy , loan words , neologism and paraphrasing .The ST :
cultural difficulties can be subdivided into differences in … حن ن ا أمام... ت ب ك م ب ق موث ال... ك مة مح ل ع ت اب ال... ألح وال ل
traditions and norms , differences in religion and social ص شخ ال،
terminology. د س ال ضر ح... ة مه ال... م ا أل سم ا... خ ال
TT :
The Semantic Difficulties … in my presence and by me , I am …Notary of … , adjunct to
… , Court of civil status , I have present by me …, occupation
According to Alcaraz and Hughes ( 2002: 5) legal terms are … and his mother’s name is … Here the translator
dynamic and their meanings change due to the changes in the mistranslates the pronoun " " حن نand renders it into “ I “ which
social and cultural environment and the development of human is not appropriate and equivalent to the ST .Therefore “ we “
knowledge and new technologies. Furthermore, Legal terms should be used instead of “ I “ .
are symbolic or representational signs that refer to things or On the other hand , legal language ,according to Hiltunen
ideas found in the world of reality , physical or mental and they (1990: 76), Ha a large number of passives . This structure
may be one –word units or compound units. These concepts poses a difficulty when translated from Arabic into English . For
can be further divided into three subcategories: purely example :
technical legal terms, semi – technical terms and non- ST:
technical legal terminology (Ibid:16) من ال ك ن ب )ع( ه سول ور هللا ة س ل ى ع شرع ال زواج ال ق د ع م ت ق د ل
...
The Syntactic Difficulties TT: This legitimate contract was concluded according to the
Muslim religion, the God’s ruling and the prophet Mohammed’s
It is claimed that the syntax of legal English is quite simple. Sunna between the following two parties :
The heavy nominal constituents make it complicated
(Hiltunen,1990:69). In addition , legal texts consist of long The Cultural Level
sentences that contain a great number of coordinated and
especially subordinated clauses .(Ibid :70) One of the difficulties that a translator may encounter when
Therefore, reading and comprehending legal texts are difficult dealing with Arabic marriage contracts is that when such term
which leads to the idea that long sentences in English tend to as :
be separated by a semi-colon. This may emphasize the " " سالم وال ص ال ال ه ل ع ه سول ور هللا ة س ل ى عappear in the
important part of the sentence and make it more legitimate marriage contract .Here the translator should notice
understandable. The legal sentences are characterized as that this term is culture-specific and it is more related to the
being very long and complex .In addition , they contain some Muslim religion and specifically the prophet Mohammed’s
hidden expressions which make them more complicated . For Sunna .It can be rendered into:“According to the Muslim
example , in the marriage contract the below sentence seems religion , the God’s rulings , and the prophet Mohammed’s
very long and complex: Sunna “. Another difficulty in terms of culture can be seen
ST : ق ق ح ت زوج ال ص شخ ق ق ح ت طاق ب ل ى ع ال ع اال ط ع واق من when the word “ “ مأذونoccurs in the marriage contract . It is
دى ل/ rendered into “ marriage officer” which is not quite accurate
ة مد مأذون ا أن دى ل د أك ت... and equivalent .
ك مة مح ل ع ت اب ال... طاق ب ل ى ع ال ع اال ط ع واق من دي ل ق ق ح ت ما ك It can be translated into “ authorized person “ which can be
ققحت very accurate and equivalent, but it loses the cultural flavour ,
م ب محرر ال سن ل ل ة ب م ال ب ط ال شهاد وال ل زوجة ل ص شخ ال i.e., religious taste. However , many equivalents might be used
عرف such as : “registrar of marriage “ or “ marriage registrar “
ق وث ت ف ت هما ب رغ هما ع وب من او ان طرف ال دى أب صحة ال ت ش ف م marriage officer “ or “ marriage official “ and “ marriage
ل وهما خ دا أك ون ق ان وال شرع ال ع موان ال ب ت هما عرف أن عد وب زواجهما recorder “ .All these terms refer to one person who is legally
ها م authorized. The most equivalent term might be “ registrar of
ق ف ر ت ال ز ج ت ت ال األم راض من ل وه خ هما م ل ك رر ق ما ك. marriage “ which means religious registrar.
TT : One important term that pose difficulty in translation is “ ث
From the identification card the identity of the husband Mr. “ بwhich can be interpreted in Arabic differently such as : “
… was confirmed to me , I , the marriage officer of … under the previously married “ or “ previously wedded woman “ or “
jurisdiction of … court and it was as well confirmed to me from deflowered “ and “ a woman whose husband died “.This term
the identity card of the wife that certificate of age estimation can be interpreted according to the doctrine or sects , for
issued by … the two parties or those representing them example : for the Ahnaaf “ “ ب ثrefers to a woman who did not
expressed their desire to have their marriage registered and
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 004
marry whereas for Al-Shafiya and Al-Hanabila , it refers to a On the other hand , in the divorce contract the term “ مؤخر
woman who has either legal sexual intercourse or illegal sexual “ صداق الor “ “ مؤجل ال مهر الcan be rendered into “ expense
intercourse. of the after marriage period “ It can be observed that the
Nevertheless, the term Mahr “ “ مهر الor Al-Sadaaq “ ال divorce contracts or certificates have many different forms.
“ صداقcan cause a problem in translation .Generally , Mahr “ ال One of these forms is دخول ال ب راء اال ب ل ق اب م ن ائ ب ط الق قة وث
“ مهرcan be defined as a dowry given by the man to the woman " which is related to the Islam religion , should be translated
he is about to marry . It is part of Muslim marriage contract .It into “ irrevocable divorce in return for Non – liability after
can never be demanded back under any circumstances. consummation of marriage “. In one form of divorce contract,
Different terms may be used like “ dowry “ or “ dower” , “bridal the expression “ " ص غرى ون ب ه م ت ان ب د قseems quite odd
money “ , or “marriage portion “ or “ endowment “ which all and needs to be explained clearly .Thus , it can be translated
refer to the SL word “ “ مهر ال او صداق الbut “ dowry “ is generally into “ divorce of minor degree “ which means in Islam that a
used as well as “ dower “ .These words are used according husband can return his wife or “ minor irrevocable divorce “.
to the context of the situation . In other words , “ bridal money “ In Islam, there are different forms of divorce which can be seen
is used in a political context while “ marriage portion “ or “ in the table below with the translation :
endowment “ is used in a financial context .
The Sunnah Divorce ؽالق انسُح
Innovative Divorce ؽالق انثذػح
Divorce by Authorization غٕٚؽالق انرف
Three Simultaneous Pronouncements of ؽالق انصالز
Divorce
Escape Divorce ؽالق انفشاس
Implicit Divorce حٚؽالق انكُا
Unintentional Divorce ؽالق انًخطئ
Non- deliberate Divorce ٙؽالق انُاس
Divorce by mutual consent ٙؽالق تانرشاػ
Final Divorce ٍؽالق تائ
Approved Divorce ٍؽالق دس
Oral Divorce ٙٓؽالق شف
Divorce for property ؽالق ػهٗ يال
Divorce with mutual consent ؽالق انخهغ
In the divorce contract, there appears to be another difficulty in In order to avoid lack of equivalence in both the SL and TL ,
rendering the term “ “ د عwhich means the legally prescribed the translator should transliterate some legal terms that are
waiting period before remarrying . In other words , it is a period cultural and give some explanation or propose an effective
a woman must observe after the death of her husband or after equivalent. In terms of syntactic level, the translator has to
a divorce during which she may not marry another man . The conform the syntactic structure of the SL with that of the TL.
period is three months after a divorce and four months and ten The translator should make decisions and avoid lengthy
days after the death of a husband , it is calculated on the explanatory notes by incorporating all the information into the
number of menses that a woman has . It is more equivalent main body of the translated contract, instead where it is
and accurate to transliterate the term into “ Uddah” and then possible he should give functional equivalence
give an explanation of its meaning as mentioned above.
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
Alcaraz , E. and Hughes, B. (2002) Legal Translation Explained.
Generally, translators must use legal language effectively to Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
express legal concepts in order to achieve the desired effect. AL-Suliman (2014)
Hiltunen , R. (1990) Chapters on Legal English : Aspects Past and
In other words, the translator must be able to understand not
Present of the Language of Law. Helsinki : Suomalainen
only what the words mean and what a sentence means but Tiedeakatemia
also what legal effect it is supposed to have. The study Rey , A.(1995) Essays on Terminology.(ed. and tr.) Juan C. Sager
highlights some difficulties in the translation of some legal Amsterdam: John Benjamins
texts, namely those of marriage and divorce contracts. These Šarčević , S. (2000) New Approach to Legal Translation. London:
difficulties emerge from differences of the legal systems of the Kluwer Law International.
SL and TL. The main difficulties are due to semantic, syntactic
and cultural levels. The cultural differences play a major role in
mistranslating some terms such as “ ” عد, “ “ ك ر ال ب, “ “ ب ث, “
“ مهر ال, “ “ ق دس م ال ل ل اإل ك
“ “ ب رى ك او ص غرى ون ب ن ائ ب ق ط الئ, etc.
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 005
)APPENDIX (I
Samples of Marriage Contract
نموذج ( )1مأذونين
وثيقة عقد زواج
سلى انذفرش.............
سلى انٕشٛمح...........
لٛذ تسجم األدٕال انًذَٛح تشلى ......تراسٚخ...
ٕٚلغ انًأرٌٔ أسفم كم طٕسج ٔٚثظى ػهٓٛا تثظًح إتٓاو انضٔض ٔانضٔجح
يٍ ٔالغ اإلؽالع ػهٗ تطالح ذذمٛك شخظٛح انضٔض ذذمك نذٖ = ذأكذ نذٖ أَا يأرٌٔ يذُٚح ..........انراتغ نًذكًح ......كًا ذذمك نذٖ يٍ ٔالغ
االؽالع ػهٗ تطالح ذذمٛك انشخظٛح نهضٔجح ٔ انشٓادج انطثٛح انًثُٛح نهسٍ انًذشسج تًؼشفح يفرش انظذح أتذٖ انطشفاٌ أٔ يٍ ُٕٚب ػُٓا
سغثرًٓا فٗ ذٕشٛك صٔاجًٓا ٔتؼذ أٌ ػشفرًٓا تانًٕاَغ انششػٛح ٔانمإََٛح أكذا خهًْٕا يُٓا كى لشس كم يًُٓا خهِٕ يٍ األيشاع انرٗ ذجٛض
انرفشٚك
اَّ فٗ ٕٚو األستؼاء انًٕافك......
تذؼٕسٖ ٔػٍ ٚذٖ
يذكًح ......نألدٕال انشخظٛح نهٕالٚح ػهٗ انُفس
اَؼمذ انضٔاض اٜذٗ تٍٛ
انضٔض انسٛذ ..... /انًثاشش نؼمذ صٔاجّ تُفسّ
انؼُٕاٌ انزٖ ٚشغة انضٔض فٗ ذٕج ّٛاإلػالَاخ إن ّٛف.......ّٛ
ٔتؼذ أٌ لشس أَّ الذٕجذ فٗ ػظًرّ صٔجح أخشٖ
تٛاٌ طفح ٔكٛم انضٔجح ٔدانٓا يٍ دٛس انثكاسج ٔانصٕٛتح انثكش انثانغح تٕكانح ٔانذْا انًزكٕس فٗ ػمذ صٔاجٓا فٗ لثغ ػاجم انظذاق ٔػمذ انؼمذ ٔاالذفاق ػهٗ
يؤخش انظذاق ٔاسرالو انٕشٛمح.
(اَؼمذ انضٔاض) ػهٗ طذاق لذسِ .....انذال يُّ ....انًؤجم يُّ ......تاق تزيح انضٔض نذ ٍٛدهٕنّ ششػا.
صٔاجا ششػٛا ػهٗ كراب هللا ٔسُح سسٕنّ (طهٗ هللا ػهٔ ّٛسهى) تاٚجاب ٔلثٕل ششػ ٍٛٛطادس ٍٚت ٍٛانضٔض ٔٔكٛم انضٔجح........
انششٔؽ انخاطح.................................
اذفك انضٔجاٌ ػهٗ..............................
ال ٕٚجذ................................
سلى ٔشٛمح انرأي ٍٛانخاطح تاألسشج.........................
ٔرنك كهّ تشٓادج كم يٍ......................................
ذذشسخ ْزِ انٕشٛمح يٍ أطم ٔشالز طٕس سهًد إدذاْا إنٗ انضٔضٔ /كٛهّٔ ،انصاَٛح إنٗ انضٔجحٔ /كٛهٓا ٔانصانصح إنٗ يكرة سجم يذَ..... ٙ
ٔاألطم دفع تانذفرش.
ٚكرة انظذاق جًٛؼّ ،انذال يُّ ٔانًؤجم تاألسلاو ٔانذشٔف
ٚجٕص نهضٔج ٍٛاالذفاق ػهٗ أٚح أيٕس تششؽ أال ٚكٌٕ االذفاق ػهٗ أيش ٚذم دشايا أٔ ٚذشو دالال.
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 006
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 007
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 008
)APPENDIX (II
Samples of Divorce Contract
عقد طالق صادر عن موثق
سلى انرسجٛم ًَٕ ...................رض سلى ( ...............ػذل(
يمٛذ تشلى ( ....................ؽالق) طفذح........................
تراسٚخ........................
إَّ فٕٚ ٙو ...................انًٕافك ...................ػاو ْ .......................جش٘ ،انًٕافك .................ػاو ................يٛالد٘ ،انساػح
...........................
أيايُا َذٍ ...................انًٕشك تًكرة ...................انراتغ نًذكًح ................نألدٕال انشخظٛح ،دؼش انسٛذ ....................انًُٓح
........................اسى األو ْٕٔ .....................تانغ يٍ يٕانٛذ ...................يذُٚح ....................تجًٕٓسٚح يظش انؼشتٛح تراسٚخ
ٔ ....................يذم إلايرّ .....................لسى ٚٔ .......................ذًم تطالح إشثاخ شخظٛح سلى .............................طادسج يٍ
.......................تراسٚخ ٔ ........................سافمرّ صٔجرّ ......................شٛة ،تانغحٔ ،اسى ٔانذذٓا .......................يٍ يٕانٛذ
.......................ف ....................... ٙتجًٕٓسٚح يظش انؼشتٛح ،يذم اإللايح .....................تطالح إشثاخ شخظٛح سلى.......................
بعد التأكد من شخصيتهما أمام الشهود اآلتية أسماؤهم:
1-االسى ....................انًُٓح .......................انجُسٛح يظش٘ يٍ يٕانٛذ .......................ف ..................... ٙيمٛى ف ٙراخ انؼُٕاٌ
انز٘ ذمٛى تّ انضٔجح ٔٚذًم تطالح شخظٛح سلى ....................تراسٚخ...................... .
2-االسى ....................انًُٓح .......................انجُسٛح يظش٘ يٍ يٕانٛذ .......................ف ..................... ٙيمٛى ف ٙراخ انؼُٕاٌ
انز٘ ذمٛى تّ انضٔض ٔٚذًم تطالح شخظٛح سلى ....................تراسٚخ......................
ٔ نمذ خاؽثد انضٔجح انًزكٕسج صٔجٓا تمٕنٓا :إَُ ٙأتشئك – ٚا صٔج ٙيٍ يؤخش انظذاق كًا أتشئك يٍ َفمرٔ ٙكزنك يٍ كافح دمٕل ٙانضٔجٛح
ٔاؽهة يُك أٌ ذطهمُ ٙتُا ًء ػه ٙرنك.
ولقد أجابها الزوج علي الفور :أنت طالق مني طال ًقا بائ ًنا.
تُا ًء ػه ،ّٛأٔػذد نٓا أَا انًٕشك تأَٓا ا ٌٜيذشيح ػهٔ ّٛال ذذم نّ إال تؼمذ صٔاض جذٚذ ٔطذاق جذٚذ تؼذ يٕافمرٓا ٔلثٕنٓا تئػادج انضٔاض يُّ.
ذى إتشاو ْزا انفسخ نؼمذ انضٔاض ف ............. ٙػهٚ ٙذ يٕشك ..............لسى ٔ ............ذى سذاد انشسٕو.
انشٕٓد انًطهك انًطهمح انًٕشك
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 009
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 010
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 011
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 012
www.swiftjournals.org
Ibtihal M.Al-Tameemi et al S w i f t . J . S o c . S c . H u m a n i t y . | 013
المستخلص
ذؼذ انرشجًح ظاْشج اجرًاػٛح ٔشمافٛح يؼا ً ألَٓا ال ًٚكٍ أٌ ذرٕاجذ خاسض انًجرًغ تم اٚؼا داخهّ كًا آَا الًٚكٍ اٌ ذكٌٕ ٔسٛطا نراللخ شمافاخ
يخرهفح ٓٚ .ذف ْزا انثذس ا نٗ ذمظ ٙانظؼٕتاخ انرٕٚ ٙاجٓٓا انًرشجى ػُذيا ٚرؼايم يغ َظٕص لإََٛح كؼمٕد انضٔاض ٔانطالق ًٚٔ .كٍ أٌ
ذظُف ْزِ انظؼٕتاخ إنٗ شالز إَٔاع :انظؼٕتاخ انُذٕٚح ٔانذالنٛح ٔانصمافٛح .ذرؼًٍ انظؼٕتاخ انُذٕٚح ذشذٛة انكهًح ٔانرشذٛة انُذٕ٘
ٔذشكٛة انجًهح غٛش االػرٛاد٘ ٔاس رخذاو األفؼال انًساػذج ف ٙانهغح االَكهٛضٚح ٔاالخرالف ف ٙانُظاو انمإََ . ٙأيا فًٛا ٚرؼهك تانظؼٕتاخ انذالنٛح
فأَٓا ذرؼًٍ انُمض ف ٙػهى انًظطهذاخ انًذذد ٔانؼصٕس ػهٗ انًكافئ انًؼجًٔ ٙانٕظٛفٔ ٙانرشجًح انذشفٛح ٔانكهًاخ انًرشادفح ٔانًرؼادج
ٔاإلسٓاب ٔانذشٕ ٔانكهً اخ انذخٛهح ٔانثذػح انهغٕٚح ٔإػادج انظٛاغح .أيا تانُسثح نهظؼٕتاخ انصمافٛح فئَٓا ذشذثؾ تاالخرالفاخ ف ٙانرمانٛذ ٔاألػشاف
ٔانذٔ ٍٚانًفشداخ االجرًاػٛح ٔكزنك انًؼرمذاخ ٔانًزاْة ٚ .مسى ْزا انثذس انٗ لسًٚ : ٍٛرُأل انمسى األٔل انجاَة انُظش٘ ٔٚرؼايم يغ ذؼشٚف
ٔأًْ ٛح انرشجًح انمإََٛح ٔطفاخ انُظٕص انمإََٛح ٔاألسانٛة انًسرخذيح ف ٙانرشجًح انمإََٛح ٔإَٔاع انُظٕص انمإََٛح .تًُٛا ٚرُأل انمسى
انصاَ ٙانجاَة انؼًهٓٚٔ ٙرى تانظؼٕتاخ انؼايح نهُظٕص انمإََٛح إر ٚؼشع انرذهٛم انُذٕ٘ ٔانذالنٔ ٙانصماف ٙنشكه ٍٛيخرهف ٍٛيٍ ػمٕد انضٔاض
ٔانطالق انًرشجًح يٍ انهغح انؼشتٛح إنٗ انهغح االَكهٛضٚح .
ذ َٕطم انثذس إنٗ إٌ ذشجًح ٔشائك لإََٛح كؼمٕد انضٔاض ٔانطالق ذطشح طؼٕتاخ كثٛشج ٔانر ٙذؼٕد إنٗ االخرالفاخ ف ٙاألَظًح انمإََٛح نهغر . ٍٛتاإلػافح
تاسصاَ ف ٙسٕء ذشجًح تؼغ انًظطهذاخ ،فؼهٗ سثٛم انًصال " انثكش " " ،انصٛة " " ،انًٓش انًؼجم ٔانًؤجم " "ػُذج إنٗ أٌ االخرالفاخ انصمافٛح ذهؼة دٔساَ
" " ،ؽالق تائٍ تَُٕٛح طغشٖ أٔ كثشٖ " .لذ ذأذْ ٙزِ انظؼٕتاخ يٍ انُمض ف ٙانًكافئ انهغٕ٘ ف ٙكم يٍ انهغح انًظذس ٔانهغح انٓذف نزنك سركٌٕ
انرشجًح غٛش دلٛمح ٔغٛش يالئًح ٔ .أخٛشاً ٚمذو انثذس ذشجًح تذٚهح ٔانرًٚ ٙكٍ أٌ ذكٌٕ أكصش يالئًح ٔدلح ٔذكافئ يٍ انرشجًح انًؼطاج .
www.swiftjournals.org
