MASTER OF ARTS IN PALI

Semester – I

MPL10I
History of Pāli Language & Literature – I

Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27

Unit - 1
1. General Definitions of a Language &Place of Pali in the Indo Aryan Family of
Languages
1. General Definitions of Language & Dialect.
2. General Introduction to the Indo Aryan Family of Languages & Place of Pali in
the Indo Aryan Family of Languages.

Unit - 2
2. Origin & Development of Pāli Language
1. Derivation of the word Pāli &Basic Characteristics of Pali Language.
2. Origin & Homeland of Pāli Language; Stages of Development of Pali
Language.

Unit - 3
3. Pāli Language
1. Phonology of the Pāli language &Law of Mora, Epenthesis, Assimilation,
Contraction.
2. Pāli and modern Indian Vernaculars & Utility of Pāli for modern linguistic
studies.
Unit – 4
4. Pāli Grammar
1. Sandhi-kappo, Kāraka-kappo, Samāsa-kappo.
2. Kāla, Dhātugaṇa, Itthipaccaya, Appaccabodhakapaccaya,
Adhikārabodhakapaccaya, Sankhabodhakapaccaya

Suggested Readings:
1. Adikaram, E. W., Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon, Buddhist Cultural Centre,
Dehiwala, Sri Lanka, 1994.
2. Bapat, P. V., 2500 Years of Buddhism, Publication Division, Govt. of India, New Delhi,
1957.
3. Barua, D. K., Analytical Study of the Four Nikāyas, Calcutta, 1991.
4. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
5. Geigre, W., (Tr. in English by Batakrishna Ghosh), Pali Literature and Language,
Calcutta University Publication, 1968.
6. Kashyapa, Bhikkhu J., Pali Mahāvyākaraṇa, Saranath, Mahabodhi Sabha, 1968.
7. Kern, H., Manual of Indian Buddhism, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1974.
8. Junghare, I.Y., Topic in Pali Historical Phonology, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi.
9. Law, B. C., A History of Pali Literature, Indica Books, Varanasi, India, 2000.
10. U Ko Lay, Guide to Tipitaka, New Delhi, Sri Satguru Publications, 1990.
11. Malalasekera, G. P., the Pali Literature of Ceylon, P.T.S. London, 1928.
12. M.H. Bode, Pali Literature of Burma, P.T.S. London, 1909.
13. Norman, K. R., Pāli Literature, Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and
Sanskrit of all the Hīnyāna Schools of Buddhism, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1983.
14. Pande, G. C., Studies in the Origins of Buddhism, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, India,
1995.
15. Tiwari, L. N. & Birbal Sharma (Ed.) Kaccāyana Vyākaraṇa, Tara Printin Press,
Varanasi, 1961.
16. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana, Prayāga,
1994.
17. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint, Oriental Books
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 MASTER OF ARTS IN PALI
MPL102
Vinaya Literature: Selected Readings – I

Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27

Unit - 1
1. Mahāvaggo
1. A General Introduction of the Mahāvaggo
2. Mahākhandhakaṁ – Bodhikathā, Ajapālakathā, Mucalindakathā,
Rājāyatanakathā, Brahmayācanakathā,
Pañcavaggiyakathā,Dhammacakkappavattanaṁ.

Unit – 2
2. Mahāvaggo
1. Mahākhandhakaṁ – Anattapariyāyo, Pabbajākathā, Mārakathā,
Pabbajjūpasampadākathā, Dutiyamārakathā, Bhaddavaggiyavatthu,
Uruvelapāṭihāriyakathā.
2. Mahākhandhakaṁ – Adittapariyāyo, Bimbisārasamāgamakathā
Sāriputtamoggallānapabbajjākathā, Upajjhāyavattakathā,
Saddhivihārikavattakathā.

Unit – 3
3. Culavaggo
1. A General Introduction of the Culavaggo
2. Bhikkhunikhandhakaṁ

Unit – 4
4. Culavaggo
1. Pañcasatikākkhandhakaṁ,
2. Sattasatikākkhandhakaṁ

Suggested Readings:
1. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
2. Geigre, W., Pali Literature and Language, Calcutta University Publication, 1968.
3. Horner, I.B., the Book of Discipline, 6 Vols. P.T.S., London, 1982-86.
4. Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn, the Bhikkhuni Patimokha of Six Schools Bangkok,
Thammasat University, 1991.
5. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Mahāvagga, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda, 1956.
6. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Culavagga, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda, 1956.
7. Oldenberg, H., (Ed.), the Vinaya Pitakam, 5 Vols, London, Pali Text Society, 1964.
8. Rhys Davids, T. W. & H. Oldenberg (Tr.) Vinaya TextsVols. I, II & III, Motilal
Banarasidass, Delhi.
9. Sankrityayan, Rahul, Vinaya Pitaka (Hindi Translation), Taipei, 1993.
10. Sankrityayana, Rahula, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow, 1976.
11. Shastri, Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Mahāvagga, Baudh Bharti, Varanasi, 1998.
12. Shastri, Dwarikadasa, (Ed. & Tr.), the Cullavagga. Varanasi, Baudha Bharati, 1998.
13. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana, Prayāga,
1994.
14. Upasak, C. S., Dictionary of Early Buddhist Monastic Terms (based on Pali Literature),
Nalanda, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, 2005.
15. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint, Oriental Books
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 MASTER OF ARTS IN PALI

MPL103
Sutta Literature: Selected Readings – I

Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27

Unit – 1
1. Dīghanikāyo
1. A General Introduction of the Dīghanikāyo.
2. Brahmajālasuttaṁ –Suppiyaparibbājakavatthu&Silamattakaṁ.

Unit – 2
2. Dīghanikāyo
1. Brahmajālasuttaṁ – Micchādiṭṭhiṭhānāni.
2. Brahmajālasuttaṁ – DiṭṭhiyoTaṇhāgatānaṁVipphanditamevaDiṭṭhijalam.

Unit – 3
3. Majjhimanikāyo
1. A General Introduction of the Majjhimanikāyo.
2. Mūlapariyāyasuttaṁ.

Unit – 4
4. Majjhimanikāyo
1. Sabbāsavasuttaṁ
2. Sammādiṭṭhisuttaṁ.

Suggested Readings:
1. Chalmers, Lord, Further Dialogues of the Buddha, S.B.B., Vols. V& VI, 1926-1927.
2. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
3. Horner, I. B., the Middle Length Sayings, P.T.S., London, Vols. I, II & III, 1951-1956.
4. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Dighanikaya, Vols. I & II, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda, 1958.
5. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Majjhimanikaya, Vols. I & II, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda,
1958.
6. Rhys Davids, T.W., Dialogues of the Buddha, Three Vols. S.B.B., 1951, 1956, 1957.
7. Sankrityayan, Rahula, Dīghanikāyo (Hindi tr.)
8. Sankrityayana, Rahula, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow, 1976.
9. Sankrityayan, Rahula & Bhikkhu Dharmarakshit,Majjhimanikāya (Hindi tr.), Sarnath,
Mahabodhi Sabha, 1964.
10. Shastri, Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Dīghanikāyapāli, Bauddha Bharati, Varanasi.
11. Shastri, Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Majjhimanikāypāli, Baudha Bharati, Varanasi.
12. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana, Prayāga,
1994.
13. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint, Oriental Books
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 MASTER OF ARTS IN PALI

MPL104
Abhidhamma Literature: Selected Readings – I
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. Abhidhammatthasaṅgaho
1. A General Introduction of the Abhidhammatthasaṅgaho.
2. Chapter 1. Cittasaṅgahavibhāgo

Unit – 2
2. Abhidhammatthasaṅgaho
1. Chapter 2. Cetasikasaṅgahavibhāgo
2. Chapter 4. Vithisaṅgavibhāgo& Chapter 6. Rupasaṅgahavibhāgo.

Unit – 3
3. Nāmarupaparicchedo
1. An introduction to the Abhidhammāvatāra
2. Chapter I (Nāmattha-vibhāgo).

Unit – 4
4. Abhidhammāvatāro
1. An introduction to the Abhidhammāvatāra
2. Chapter II (Chetasikaniddeso)

Suggested Readings:
1. Aung, S.Z., Compendium of Philosophy, P.T.S., London.
2. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
1. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., Abhidhamma Philosophy, Bhartiya Vidyaprakashan, New Delhi.
2. Kosambi, Dharmanand, (Ed.), Abhidhammatthasaṅgaho with Navanitatika,Mahabodhi
Society, Sarnath, Varanasi, 1970.
3. Nanaponika Thera, Guide Through Abhidhama Pitaka, Hermitage Publication, Ceylon,
1968.
4. Narada Thera, A Manual of Abhidhamma Philosophy, Vajrama, Colombo, 1960.
5. Rhys Davis, C.A.F., Buddhist Psychology, P.T.S., London.
6. Shastri, Revatadharma, (Ed.), Abhidhammatthasaṅgahowith Vibhāvaniṭīkā, Varanasi.
7. Tiwary, Prof. Mahesh, (Ed.), Abhidhammāvatāro, New Delhi Edition, 1987.
8. Tripathi, Ram Shankar and Revatadhamma, Abhidhammatthasaṅgaho, with Hindi
exposition, Sampurnananda Sanskrit University, Varanasi Publication.
9. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana, Prayāga,
1994.
10. Upadhyay, B., Bauddha Darsana Mimamsa, Benaras, Chowkhamba Vidya Bhavan,
1954.
11. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint, Oriental
BooksCorporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 MASTER OF ARTS IN PALI

Semester – II

MPL205
History of Pāli Language & Literature – II

Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27

Unit - 1
1. A General Introduction to the Pāli Anu-Piṭaka Literature
1. A General Introduction to the Peṭakopadesa & the Nettippakaraṇa.
2. A General Introduction to the Milindapañho.

Unit - 2
2. General Introduction to the Pāli Aṭṭhakathā and Manual Literature
1. Origin &Development of Pāli Aṭṭhakathā and Manual Literature.
2. Contributions of Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosa, Dhammapāla.

Unit - 3
3. Origin & Development of Pali Literature
1. A General Introduction to the first Buddhist Council.
2. A General Introduction to the Second & Third Buddhist Councils.

Unit - 4
4. Buddha Vacana and Its Classification
1. General Introduction to the Buddha Vacana and its Classifications.
2. General Introduction to the Piṭaka Literature (Vinayapiṭaka, Suttapiṭaka &
Abhidhammapiṭaka).

Suggested Readings:
1. Adikaram, E. W., Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon, Buddhist Cultural Centre,
Dehiwala, Sri Lanka, 1994.
2. Barua, D. K., Analytical Study of the Four Nikāyas, Calcutta, 1991.
3. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
4. Geigre, W., Pali Literature and Language, Calcutta University Publication, 1968.
5. Hazara, K. L., Studies on Pali Commentaries, B. R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi,
2000.
6. Hardy, R. Spance, A Manualof Buddhism, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt.
Ltd., 1995.
7. Kashyapa, Bhikkhu J., Pali Mahāvyākaraṇa, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi.
8. Kern, H., Manual of Indian Buddhism, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1974.
9. Law, B. C., A History of Pāli Literature, Indica Books, Varanasi, India, 2000.
10. B.C. Law, Life and Works of Buddhaghosa, Nag Publishers, Delhi, 1987-88.
11. U Ko Lay, Guide to Tipitaka, New Delhi, Sri Satguru Publications, 1990.
12. Malalasekera, G. P., The Pāli Literature of Ceylon, P.T.S. London, 1928.
13. M.L. Bode, Pali Literature of Burma, P.T.S. London, 1909.
14. Nakamura, Hajime Indian Buddhism, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1980.
15. Norman, K. R., Pāli Literature, Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and
Sanskrit of all the Hīnyāna Schools of Buddhism, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden,
1983.
16. Pande, G. C., Studies in the Origins of Buddhism, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, India,
1995.
17. Tiwari, L. N. & Birbal Sharma (Ed.) Kaccayana Vyakarana, Tara Printin Press,
Varanasi, 1961.
18. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
19. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint, Oriental
BooksCorporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 MASTER OF ARTS IN PALI
MPL206
Vinaya Literature: Selected Readings – II

Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27

Unit - 1
1. Mahāvaggo
Uposathakhandhakaṁ–
1. Sannipātānujānanā to Cnadadānākathā.
2. Ňātakādiggahaṇakathā toUddānagāthā.

Unit – 2
2. Mahavāggo
1. Vassūpanāyikakhandhakaṁ – Vassūpanāyikānujānanā to Pahite Yeva
Anujanana.
2. Vassūpanāyikakhandhaka – Antarāyeanāpattivassacchedāvaram to
Uddānagathā.

Unit – 3
3. Bhikkhupātimokkho
1. A General Introduction to the Bhikkhupātimokkho
2. Bhikkhupātimokkho –Pārājikadhammā, Sanghādisesadhammā,
Sekhiyadhammā.

Unit – 4
4. Bhikkhunīpātimokkho
1. A General Introduction to the Bhikkhunīpātimokkha
2. A comparative study of the Bhikkhu & Bhikkhunipātimokkha

Suggested Readings:
1. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
2. Geigre, W.,(Tr. in English by Batakrishna Ghosh), Pali Literature and Language,
Calcutta University Publication, 1968.
3. Horner, I.B., The Book of Discipline, 6 Vols., P.T.S., London, 1982-86.
4. Jain, Bhagchandra, (Ed.), Pātimokkha, Mamta Prakashan, Nagpur, 1966.
5. Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn, The Bhikkhuni Patimokha of Six Schools, Bangkok,
Thammasat University, 1991.
6. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Mahavagga, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda, 1956.
7. Law, B. C., A History of Pāli Literature, Indica Books, Varanasi, India, 2000.
8. Oldenberg, H., (Ed.), The Vinaya Pitakam, 5 Vols, London, Pali Text Society, 1964.
9. Pachow,W.,Comparative study of Pratimoksa, The Sino- Indian Cultural Society,
Santiniketan, 1955.
10. Rhys Davids, T. W. & H. Oldenberg, (Tr.),Vinaya Texts, Vols. I, II & III, Motilal
Banarasidass, Delhi.
11. Sankrityayan, Rahul, Vinaya Pitaka (Hindi Translation), Taipei, 1993.
12. Sankrityayana, Rahula, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow, 1976.
13. Shastri, Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Mahavagga, Baudh Bharti, Varanasi, 1998.
14. Shastri, Swami Dwarikada, (Ed.), Pātimokkha, Bauddha Bharati, Varanasi.
15. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
16. Upasak, C. S., Dictionary of Early Buddhist Monastic Terms (Based on Pali
Literature), Nalanda, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, 2003.
17. Vadekar, R. D., Patimokkha, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune, 1939.
18. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint, Oriental
BooksCorporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 MASTER OF ARTS IN PALI
MPL207

Sutta Literature: Selected Readings – II

Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27

Unit – 1
1. Dīghanikāya
1. Sāmaññaphalasuttaṁ – Cha-aññatitthiyā to Cha-titthiyavādā
2. Samaññaphalasuttaṁ – Buddhavādo to Ajātasattupāsakathapaṭivedanā.

Unit – 2
2. Dīghanikāya
1. Ambaṭṭhasuttaṁ.
2. Kuṭadantasuttaṁ.

Unit – 3
3. Majjhimanikāya
1. Vatthasuttaṁ
2. Satipaṭṭhānasuttaṁ.

Unit – 4
4. Majjhimanikāya
1. Mahāsīhanādasuttaṁ.
2. Algaddūpamasuttaṁ.

Suggested Readings:
1. Chalmers, Lord, Further Dialogues of the Buddha, S.B.B., Vols. V& VI, 1926-1927.
2. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
3. Horner, I. B., The Middle Length Sayings, P.T.S., London, Vols. I, II & III, 1951-1956.
4. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Dighanikaya, Vol. I & II, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda, 1958.
5. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Majjhimanikaya, Vol. I & II, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda,
1958.
6. Law, B. C., A History of Pāli Literature, Indica Books, Varanasi, India, 2000.
7. Rhys Davids, T.W., Dialogues of the Buddha, Three Volumes, S.B.B., 1951, 1956,
1957.
8. Sankrityayan, Rahula, Dighanikaya (Hindi tr.)
9. Sankrityayana, Rahula, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow 1976.
10. Shastri, Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Dighanikayapali, Bauddha Bharati, Varanasi.
11. Shastri, Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Majjhimanikāyapāli, Baudha Bharati, Varanasi.
12. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
13. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint, Oriental
BooksCorporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 MASTER OF ARTS IN PALI

MPL208
Abhidhamma Literature: Selected Readings – I

Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27

Unit – 1
1. Dhammasaṅgaṇipāli
1. A General Introduction of the Dhammasangani.
2. Mātikā.

Unit – 2
2. Vibhaṅgapāli
1. A General Introduction to the Vibhaṅgapāli.
2. Khandhavibhaṅgo - Suttantabhājanīyaṅ.

Unit – 3
3. Paṭṭhānappakaraṇa
1. A General Introduction of the Paṭṭhānappakaraṇa, Paccaya-uddesa.
2. Paccaya-uddeso&Paccaya-niddeso.

Unit – 4
4. Puggalapaññttipāli
1. A General Introduction of thePuggalapaññttipāli
2. Mātikāniddeso – Puthujjano Puggalo toPaññāvimutto Puggalo .

Suggested Readings:
1. Bapat, P.V. & R.D. Wadekar (Ed.), Dhammasangaài, Pune, 1940.
2. Bapat, P.V., & R.D. Wadekar (Ed.) Atthasalini, Pune, 1942.
3. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
4. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., Abhidhamma Philosophy, Bhartiya Vidyaprakashan, New Delhi.
5. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., Dhammasangani, Nalanda Edition, 1960.
6. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Patthanapakarana, Vol. I, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda,
1961.
7. Nanaponika Thera, Guide Through Abhidhama Pitaka, Hermitage Publication,
Ceylon, 1968.
8. Narada Thera, A Manual of Abhidhamma Philosophy, Vajrama Colombo, 1960.
9. Nardara, U., Conditional Relations, Vol. I, P.T.S., London, 1969.
10. Nardara, U. A Guide to Conditional Relations, Vol. I, P.T.S., London, 1979.
11. Rhys Davids, The Expositor , Vol. I, P.T.S. London, 1976.
12. Rhys Davis, C.A.F., Buddhist Psychology, P.T.S., London.
13. Rhys Davids, C.A.F., A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, Royal Asiatic
Society, London, 1923.
14. Shastri, Revatadharma, (Ed.), Abhidhammathasangahowith Vibhavanitika, Varanasi.
15. Tiwary, Prof. Mahesh, (Ed.), Abhidhammavataro, New Delhi Edition, 1987.
16. Tripathi, Ram Shankar and Revatadhamma, Abhidhammattha-sangaho, with Hindi
exposition, Sampurnananda Sanskrit University, Varanasi Publication.
17. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
18. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint,Oriental Books
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 Master of Arts in Pali
MPL309
Pāli Language, Grammar, Translation & Composition
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. General Introduction to the Pāli Vaṁsa & Kāvya Literature
a. Origin & Development of Pāli Vaṁsa Literature & Brief Introduction to the
Dīpavaṁsa & Mahāvaṁsa.
b. General Introduction to the Pali Kāvya Literature &Brief Introduction to the
Jinacarita, Jinalankara &Dathavamsa.
Unit - 2
2. General Introduction to the Pāli Grammatical Literature
a. Origin & Development of Pāli Grammatical Literature.
c. General Introduction to Different Schools of Pāli Grammar.

Unit – 3

3. Pāli Grammar
1. Technical terms of Pāli Grammar –Akkhara, Sara, Vyañjana, Niggahīta,
Nāma, Sabbanāma, Ākhyāta, Upasagga, Nipāta,Abyaya.
2. Primary Suffixes-Nta, Mana, Ta, Tavantu, Tabba, Aniya, Tva,Ya and Tum
with Relevant Suttas from Kaccāyana-Vyākaraṇa/MoggallānaVyākaraṇa.

Unit – 4
4. Translation & Composition
3. Translation of Hindi/English passage(s) into Pali.
4. Composition in Pali on Buddhist Concepts & Themes
Concepts:(a) BhagavāBuddho, (b) Tilakkhaṇaṁ, (c) Ariyoaṭṭhaṅgiko-
maggo (MajjhimāPaṭipadā), (d) Cattāriariyasaccāni, (e) Kammavādo
(f) Paṭiccasamuppādo, (g) Brahmavihāraṁ (i) DasaSikkhāpadāni
Themes: (a) Nibbānaṁparamaṁsukhaṁ, (b) ManopbbaṇgamāDhammā,
(c) AppamādaṁAmatapadaṁ, (d) NaJaccāVasaloHoti
Suggested Readings:
1. Barua, Dwijendra Lal, Pāli Grammar, Calcutta, West Bengal Board of Secondary
Education, 19
2. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
3. Geigre, W., Pali Literature and Language, Calcutta University Publication, 1968.
4. Kashyapa, Bhikkhu J., Pali Mahavyakarana, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi.
5. Junghare, I.Y., Topic in Pali Historical Phonology, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi.
6. Law, B. C., A History of Pāli Literature, Indica Books, Varanasi, India, 2000.
7. Mishra, Madhusudan, A Comparative and Historical Pali Grammar, Aroma
Publishing House, New Delhi, 1986.
8. Norman, K. R., Pāli Literature, (Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and
Sanskrit of all the Hīnyāna Schools of Buddhism), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden,
1983.
9. Pandey,Ram Awadh & Ravinath Mishra Pāli Vyakarana,
10. Shukla, Hari Shankar, Pali Nibandhavali, Tara Publications, Varanasi.
11. Tiwari, L. N. & Birbal Sharma (Ed.) Kaccayana Vyakarana, Tara Printin Press,
Varanasi, 1961.
12. Tiwary, Bhola Nath, Bhasa Vigyan,
13. Gune, Pandurang Damodar, An Introduction to Comparative Philology, Poona,
Oriented Book House, 1692
14. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
15. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Oriental Books, Reprint
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 Master of Arts in Pali
MPL310
Sutta Literature: Selected Readings – III
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. Dhammapada
1. General Introduction to the Dhammapada.
2. Bālavaggo, Paṇditavaggo, Arahantavaggo
Unit – 2
2. Sutta Nipāta
1. General Introduction to the Sutta Nipāta
2. Khaggavisāṇasutta, Mahāmaṅgalsutta, Vasalasutta, Parābhavasutta.

Unit – 3
3. Theragāthā
1. General Introduction to the Theragāthātext
2. Angulimala Theragatha, Kaludayitheragatha & Sunitatheragatha.

Unit – 4
4. Therīgathā
1. General Introduction to the Therīgāthā
2. Ambapāli Therigāthā, Mahāpajāpati Therīgāthā.

Suggested Readings:
1. Andersen, D. & H. Smith, (Ed.), The Sutta Nipāta, reprint, London: PTS, 1984. Tr.
K.R. Norman, The Groups of Discourses, with alternative tr. by I. B. Horner & W.
Rahula, London: PTS, 1984.
2. Dharmarakkhita, Bhikkhu, The Dhammapada, (Ed. & Tr.), Motilal Banarasidass, New
Delhi, Reprint, 2002.
3. Dharmratana, Bhikkhu, (Ed. & Tr.), The Suttanipata, Mahabodhi Sabha, Saranath,
1960.
4. Hinuber, O. von., & K. R. Norman (Eds.), Dhammapada, Oxford, P.T.S., 1994.
5. K., Sri Dhammananda, The Dhammapada, The Corporate Body of the Buddha
Educational Foundation, Taiwan, 1998.
6. Law, B. C., A History of Pāli Literature, Indica Books, Varanasi, India, 2000.
7. Muller, F. Max, and Fausboll V., Dhammapada and Sutta-Nipata, SBE Vol. 10,
Motilal Banarsidas Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 2003.
8. Narada Thera, (Ed. & Tr.), The Dhammapada, Buddhist Missionary Society, Kuala
Lumpur, 1978.
9. Norman, K. R., (Tr.), The Word of the Doctrine (Dhammapada), Oxford : P.T.S.,
1997.
10. Radhakrishnan, S., The Dhammapada, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006.
11. Shastri,Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Suttanipāta Pāli, Bauddha Bharti, Varanasi, 2005.
12. Shastri,Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Dhammapada Pāli (Hindi and Sanskrit Translation),
Bauddha Bharti, Varanasi, 2001.
13. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
14. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh,Therigatha
15. Upasaka, C.S., (Ed.), Dhammapada Aṭṭhakathā, Vol. I, Nalanda Edition, 1973.
16. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Oriental Books, Reprint
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 Master of Arts in Pali
MPL311
Anu-piṭaka & Aṭṭhakathā Literature: Selected Readings
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. Visuddhimaggo
1. General Introduction to the Visuddhimagga& Vimuttimagga.
2. Chapter I - Silaniddesa (up to Paccayasannisitasila),
Unit – 2
2. Visuddhimaggo
1. Chapter II – Dhutanganiddeso.
2. Chapter III -Kammaṭṭhānaniddeso (upto Kammaṭṭhānakathā).

Unit – 3
3. Milindapañho
1. General Introduction to the Milindapañho
2. Lakkhaṇapañho
Unit – 4
4. Milindapañho
1. Vimaticchedanapañho
2. Menḍakapañho.

Suggested Readings:
1. Bapat, P.V., Vimuttimagga & Visuddhimagga A Comparative Study, Ferguson
College, Poona, 1937.
2. Burlilganme, E.L., Buddhist Legends, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1921.
3. Chau, Bhikkhu Thich Minh, Milindapañha & Nāgasen Bhikshu Sutra – A
Comparative Study (Through Pali and Chinese sources), www.buddhanet.net
4. Dhammaratana, U., A Guide to Visudhimagga, Maha Boddhi Society, Varanasi.
5. Dhramaraksita, Bhikkhu, Visuddhi Mārga, Vols. I & II, Hindi Translation, Mahābodhi
Sabhā, Sāranātha, Vāranāsi,1956.
6. Hazra, K.L., Pali Language and Literature, Vols. I & II, D.K. Publishers, Delhi, 1994.
7. Horner, I. B., (Tr.), Milinda’s Questions, 2 Vols., London, Pali Text Society, 1963 –
64.
8. Law, B.C., A History of Pali Literature, Vols. I & II, Bharatiya Publishing House,
Varanasi, 1970.
9. Law, B.C., Life and Works of Buddhaghosa, Nag Publishers, Delhi, 1987-88.
10. Muller, Max, (Ed.), Questions of King Milinda, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1932.
11. Nanamoli, Bhikkhu, (Tr.), Visuddhimagga: The Path of Purification, Kandy,
Buddhist, Publication Society, 1999.
12. Rewatadamma (Ed.), Visuddhimaggo with Paramatthamañjūsāṭīkā, Sampurnanda
Sanskrit University, Varanasi, 1969.
13. Shastri, Dwarika Dass, (Ed.), Visuddhimaggo, Baudh Bharati, Varanasi, 1972.
14. Sāstrī, Dwārikā Dās, Milindapñhapāli with Hindi Translation, Bauddha Bhāratī,
Varanasi, 1998.
15. Trenckner, V., (Ed)., The Milindapanho, London, Pali Text Society,1980.
16. Tiwary, M., Sīla, Samādhi and Pranjñā(The Buddha’s Path of Purification), K. P.
Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna, 1987.
17. Pesala, Bhikkhu, The Debate of King Milinda, <www.buddhanet.net>.
18. Rhys Davids, T.W., The Questions of King Milinda, Vol. I, SBE Vol. 35, Motilal
Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 2003.
19. Shastri, Dwarikadasa, (Tr.), Milindapanho, Varanasi, Buddha Bharati, 1989.
20. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
21. Visuddhimaggao, Paṭhamo Bhāgo, Vipassana Research Institute, Igatapuri, 1998.
22. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Oriental Books, Reprint
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 Master of Arts in Pali
MPL312
Pali Poetics & Prosody Literature: Selected Readings
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. Dathāvaṁso
1. General Introduction to the Dathāvaṁso.
2. Chapter I,Chapter III.

Unit – 2
2. Telakaṭāhagāthā
1. General Introduction to the Telakaṭāhagāthā.
2. First fifty versus 50 verses of the Telakaṭāhagāthā.

Unit – 3
3. Subodhālaṅkāra
1. General Introduction to the Subodhālaṅkāra.
2. a)Definition of Bandha, Types of Bandha, Kāvya Guṇa, Kāvya-dosa.
b)Ten figures of speech with illustrations: Upamā, Rupaka,Dīpaka,Avutti,
Atisaya Vutti, Sandeha,Vañcanā, Silesa, Parihār.

Unit – 4
4. Vuttodaya
1. General Introduction to the Vuttodaya.
2. Definition with examples of the following Meters:
Anuṭṭhubha,Tuṭṭhubha,Jagati,Sakkarī, Atisakkaīi, Achaṭṭhi, Dhuti,Pakati
Dhuti.

Suggested Readings:
1. Ānandajoti, Bhikkhu, An Outline of the Meters in the Pāli Canon,
<www.buddhanet.net>.
2. Avasthi, B.M., Subodhālankāra, Lal Bahadur Shastri Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi.
3. Bode, M.H., Pali Literature of Burma, P.T.S. London, 1909.
4. Chaudhari, Angaraj, Telakatahagath, (Hindi tatha Angreji Anuvada), Delhi, Eastern
Book Linkers, 2009.
5. Chatterjee, H.N., Comparative Studies in Pāli & Sanskrit Alankāra, Sanskrit Pustak,
Kolkata,1960.
6. Dhammarakkhita, Bhikkhu, Telakatahagatha, Maha Bodhi Society, Sarnath,
Varanasi, 1955.
7. Geigre, W., (Tr. in English by Batakrishna Ghosh), Pali Literature and Language,
Calcutta University Publication, 1968.
8. Geigre, W., Mahavamsa, P.T.S., London, 1908.
9. Kaushalyayana, Bhadant Anand, Mahavamsa, (Hindi Translation), Hindi Sammelan
Prayag, 1942.
10. Law, B.C., A History of Pali Literature, Volume II, Bharatiya Publishing House,
Varanasi, 1970.
11. Law, B. C., Telakatahagatha(Verses on oil-pot), English Translation, Indian Culture,
Vol. 5. 1938-139.
12. Malalasekera, G.P., Pali Literature of Ceylon, P.T.S. London, 1928.
13. Satkari, Mookerjee, Ed., The Nava Nalanda Mahavihara Research Publication, Vol.
II, Nalanda, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, Reprint, 2004.
14. Satyapala, Bhikshu, Telakatahagatha, Kolkata, New Gita Printer, 2009.
15. Singh, Paramanand, (Ed.), Mahavamsa along with Hindi Translation, Varanasi,
Bauddha Aakra Granthamala, 1996.
16. Winternitz, M., A History of Indian Literature, Vol. I & II, Oriental Books, Reprint
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
17. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pali Sahitya Ka Itihasa, Sahitya Sammelan, Prayag, 1962.
18. Warder, A. K., Pāli Metre, Pali Text Society, London, 1967.
 Master of Arts in Pali
Group A
Pali Language & Literature

MPL413A
Sutta Literature: Selected Readings – III
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. Dīghanikāyapāli
1. Mahāparinibbānasutta – Vajjinaṁ Sata Aparihāniyadhammā to
Pāṭaliputtanagaramāpanaṁ.
2. Mahāparinibbānasutta – Dhammādāso Dhammapariyāyo to Aṭṭhavimokkha.
Unit – 2
2. Dīghanikāyapāli
1. Mahāparinabbānasutta – Mārayācanakathā to Anande Acchariyakathā.
2. Mahaparinabbanasutta – Mahāsudassanakathā to Sariradhātuvibhājanam
Dhātuthupapuja.
Unit – 3
3. Aṅguttaranikāyapāli
1. A General Introduction to the Anguttaranikāya.
2. Etadaggavagga
Unit – 4
4. Samyuttanikāyapāli
1. A General Introduction to the Samyuttanikāya.
2. Devatasamyutta – First 15 suttas.
Suggested Readings:
1. Chalmers, Lord, Further Dialogues of the Buddha, S.B.B., Volumes V& VI, 1926-
1927.
2. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
3. Horner, I. B., The Middle Length Sayings, P.T.S., London, Vol., I, II & III, 1951-1956.
4. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Dighanikaya, Vol. I & II, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda, 1958.
5. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Majjhimanikaya, Vol. I & II, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda,
1958.
6. Law, B. C., A History of Pāli Literature, Indica Books, Varanasi, India, 2000.
7. Maurice, W., The Long Discourses of the Buddha, Boston, Wisdom Publications,
1995.
8. Morris, R. and E. Hardy, (Ed.), Anguttara Nikāya, 5 Vols., London, PTS, 1885-1890.
9. Nānamoli, Bhikkhu, (Tr.), (Ed. & Revised by Bhikkhu Bodhi), The Middhe Length
Discourse of the Buddha, Boston, Wisdom Publication, 1995.
10. Rhys Davids, T. W. & J. E. Carpenter, (Ed.), Dīgha Nikāya, 3 vols, London, PTS,
1890-1911.
11. Rhys Davids, T.W.& C. A. F. Rhys Davids, Dialogues of the Buddha, Three Volumes,
S.B.B., 1951, 1956, 1957.
12. Sankrityayan, Rahula, Dighanikaya (Hindi tr.)
13. Sankrityayana, Rahula, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow 1976.
14. Shastri, Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), Dighanikayapali, Bauddha Bharati, Varanasi.
15. Shastri, Dwarikadas, (Ed. & Tr.), MajjhimanikÂyapÂli, Baudha Bharati, Varanasi.
16. Trenckner, V. & Chalmers, R., (Ed.), Majjhima Nikāya, 3 vols, London, PTS, 1888-
1896.
17. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
18. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint, Oriental
BooksCorporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
19. Woodward, F.L., (Tr.), The Book of the Gradual Sayings, London, PTS, vol. I, 1989;
vol. II, 1992; vol. III, 1992; vol. IV, 1989; vol. V, 1994.
 Master of Arts in Pali
MPL414A
Abhidhamma Literature: Selected Readings – III
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. Dhammasaṅgaṇipāli
1. Chittakaṇḍaṅ.
2. Rupakaṇḍaṅ - Mātikāuddeso&Mātikāniddeso
Unit – 2
2. Dhammasaṅgaṇipāli
1. Nikkhepakanda (Tikāni to Ganthagocchakaṅ).
2. Nikkhepakanda (Oghagocchakaṅ to Piṭṭhidukaṅ).

Unit – 3
3. Vibhangapālli
1. Khandvibhangao – Abhidhammabhajaniyam.
2. Saccavibhango.
Unit – 4
4. Paṭṭhānapālli
1. Kusalatikaṅ –Hetupaccayo to Parijātapaccayo.
2. Kusalatikaṅ – Āsevnapaccayo to Avigatapaccayo.

Suggested Readings:
1. Bapat, P.V. & R.D. Wadekar (Ed.), The Dhammasangaài, Pune, 1940.
2. Bapat, P.V., & R.D. Wadekar (Ed.) The Atthasālini, Poona, Bhandarkar Oriental
Research Institute, 1942.
3. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
4. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., Abhidhamma Philosophy, Bhartiya Vidyaprakashan, New Delhi.
5. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., Dhammasangani, Nalanda Edition, 1960.
6. Kashyap, Bhikshu J., (Ed.), Patthanapakarana, Vol. I, Nalanda Edition, Nalanda,
1961.
7. Muller, E., (Ed.), Dhammasangani, London, PTS, 1978.
8. Nanaponika Thera, Guide Through Abhidhama Pitaka, Hermitage Publication,
Ceylon, 1968.
9. Narada Thera, A Manual of Abhidhamma Philosophy, Vajrama Colombo, 1960.
10. Narada,U.(Tr.), Conditional Relations, 2 Vols., London P.T.S., 1981.
11. Nardara, U. A Guide to Conditional Relations, Vol. I, P.T.S., London, 1979.
12. Rhys Davids, The Expositor , Vol. I, P.T.S. London, 1976.
13. Rhys Davids, C.A.F., A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethic,London, PTS, 1900.
14. Rhys Davids, C.A.F., A Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, Royal Asiatic
Society, London, 1923.
15. Shastri, Revatadharma, (Ed.), Abhidhammathasangahowith Vibhavanitika, Varanasi.
16. Thittila,U. (Tr.),The Book of Analysis, London P.T.S., 1969.
17. Tin, Pe Maung, The Path of Purity, 3 Vols., (Tr.), London P.T.S., 1975.
18. Tiwary, Prof. Mahesh, (Ed.), Abhidhammavataro, New Delhi Edition, 1987.
19. Tripathi, Ram Shankar and Revatadhamma, Abhidhammattha-sangaho, with Hindi
exposition, Sampurnananda Sanskrit University, Varanasi Publication.
20. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
21. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Reprint,Oriental Books
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 Master of Arts in Pali

MPL415A
Aṭṭhakathā Literature: Selected Readings
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. Sumaṅgalvilāsini
1. General Introduction to the Sumaṅgalvilāsini
2. Brahmajālasuttavannanā.
Unit – 2
2. Papañcasūdanī
1. General Introduction to the Papañcasūdanī.
2. Sammādiṭhisuttavaṇṇanā.

Unit – 3
3. Samatapāsādikā
1. General Introduction to the Samatapāsādikā
2. Dutiyasaṅgītivaṇṇanā, Tatiyasaṅgītivaṇṇanā.

Unit – 4
4. Aṭṭhasālini
1. A General Introduction to the Aṭṭhasālini.
2. Mātikapada-vaṇṇanā.
Suggested Readings:
1. Dhramarakshita, Bhikkhu, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Gyānamandala Limited, Varanasi,
1971.
2. Geigre, W.,(Tr. in English by Batakrishna Ghosh), Pali Literature and Language,
Calcutta University Publication, 1968.
3. Junjiro T., Nagai, Buddhaghosa's Commentary on the Vinayapitaka,
Samantapasadika, London, Pali Text Society, 1966-1982.
4. Law, B. C., A History of Pāli Literature, Indica Books, Varanasi, India, 2000.
5. Law,B.C.,Life and Works of Buddhaghosa, Nag Publishers, Delhi, 1987-88.
6. Gunasekhare, L.R., Buddhist Commentarial Literature, Kandy, Buddhist Publication
Society, 2008.
7. Hazra,K.L.,Pali Language and Literature, Vol. II, D.K. Publishers, Delhi, 1994.
8. Norman, K. R., Pāli Literature, (Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit of
all the Hīnyāna Schools of Buddhism), Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1983.
9. Tripathi, Ram Shankar, (Ed.), Atthasalini, Sampurnanand Sanskrit University,
Varanasi Edition, 1989.
10. Upadhyaya, Bharat Singh, Pāli Sāhitya Kā Itihāsa, Hindi Sāhitya Sammelana,
Prayāga, 1994.
11. Winternitze M.A.,A History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Oriental Books, Reprint
Corporation, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi, 1968.
 Master of Arts in Pali
MPL416A
Inscriptions, Vaṁsa, Poems and Kathā Literature
Maximum Marks: 75 Pass Marks: 27
Unit – 1
1. Inscriptions
1. An Introduction to Pali Inscriptional Literature.
2. Ashokan Rock Edict - Bhabru Inscription & 13th Rock Edict.
Unit – 2
2. Vaṁsa Literature
1. Dipavaṁso.
2. Gandhavaṁso.
Unit – 3
3. Pali Poetic Literature
1. Jinacarita,Verse no.01 to 51.
2. Saddhammopāyanam.
Unit – 4
4. Jātakavaṇṇanā
1. General Introduction to the Jātaka Literature.
2. Tittirajataka, kurangamigajataka.

Suggested Readings:
1. Bhandarkar, D.R.,Inscriptions of Asoka, Calcutta, 1920.
2. Geigre, W., (Tr. in English by Batakrishna Ghosh), Pali Literature and Language,
Calcutta University Publication, 1968.
3. Geigre,W., Mahavamsa, P.T.S., London, 1908.
4. Kaushalyayana,Bhadant Anand,Mahavamsa, (Hindi Translation), Hindi Sammelan
Prayag, 1942.
5. Law,B.C.,A History of Pali Literature, Volume II, Bharatiya Publishing House,
Varanasi, 1970.
6. Oldenberg, , Hermann, (Ed. & Tr.), Dipavamsa, Oxford, Pali Text Society, 2000.
7. Prasad, Ram N. Jinacaritan (Ed. & Tr.), Classical Publishing Company, Karampura,
New Delhi, 2004.
8. Rouse, W.H.D., (Ed.), Jinacarita, London, The Journal of the Pali Text Society, Vols.
V, 1905.
9. Siddharth, (Ed. & Tr.), Jinacarita, Pilgrims,Varanasi,2006.
10. Thapar, Romila, Asoka & The Decline of Maurys, Oxford India Paperback, Delhi,
1998.