CHAPTER 4
Stoichiometry:
Quantitative
Information about
Chemical Reactions
Dr. K. Pokpas
[email protected]
NCSB, Level 3, Room 3.25
Chapter Outline
4-1 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions:
Stoichiometry
4-2 Reactions in Which One Reactant Is Present in
Limited Supply
4-3 Percent Yield
4-4 Chemical Equations and Chemical Analysis
4-5 Measuring Concentrations of Compounds in
Solution
4-6 pH, a Concentration Scale for Acids and Bases
4-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solution
Stoichiometry
The study of mass relationships in chemical reactions is called
Stoichiometry.
Stoichiometry provides quantitative information about chemical
reactions.
Mass must be conserved in a chemical reaction.
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
Chemical equations must therefore be balanced for mass.
Numbers of atoms Numbers of atoms
on the reactant = on the product
side side
Stoichiometry
The stoichiometric balancing coefficients (the numbers in front of
the chemical formulas) give the ratio of reactants and products.
Ratio → Conversion factors
The balancing coefficients allow us to convert between numbers
of reactants and products.
The ratio of any two species (reactants or products) in a balanced
chemical reaction in a balanced chemical reaction.
2A + 3B A2B3
Since, 2 A’s combine with 3B’s we can write the Conversion
Factors for this equation as:
2A 3B
or
3B 2A
Stoichiometry
Example 1: Given the following reaction:
2C2H6(l) + 7 O2(g) → 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
How many moles of water are produced when 3.0 moles of
oxygen react?
mol O2 → mol H2O
6 mol H2 O
3 mol O2 × = 2.6 mol H2 O
7 mol O2
exact conversion factor
Example 2: Given the following reaction
2C2H6(l) + 7 O2(g) → 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
How many moles of C2H6 must react to produce 1.75 mols of
CO2?
2 mol C2 H6
1.75 mol CO2 × = 0.875 mol C2 H6
4 mol CO2
exact conversion factor
Stoichiometry
Mole/Mass relationships
Note: It is not possible to relate masses in reactions without first
calculating moles.
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Glucose, C6H12O6, reacts with oxygen to give CO2 and H2O. What mass of oxygen (O2, in
grams) is required for complete reaction of 25.0 g of glucose? What masses of carbon
dioxide and water (in grams) are formed?
Step 1: Write the balanced equation:
Step 2: Convert the mass of glucose to the amount (moles) of glucose
Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor to calculate the amount of O2 required.
Step 4: Calculate the mass from the amount (moles).
Glucose, C6H12O6, reacts with oxygen to give CO2 and H2O. What mass of oxygen (in
grams) is required for complete reaction of 25.0 g of glucose? What masses of carbon
dioxide and water (in grams) are formed?
To find the mass of CO2 produced in the combustion (Repeat steps 3 and 4)
To find the mass of H2O produced in the combustion (Repeat steps 3 and 4)
or note that (Mass of Reactants = Mass of Products
(according to the Law of Conservation of Matter):
Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant
• In some cases involving two or more reactants, there
is insufficient amount of one reactant to consume the
other reactants completely.
• The reactant that is in short supply therefore LIMITS
the quantity of product that can be formed.
• The theoretical yield of products is limited by this
“Limiting Reactant”.
How to understand limiting reactants
How to make a cheeseburger:
1 bun + 1 pattie + 2 slices cheese → 1 cheeseburger
This is what we have in the fridge:
How many cheeseburgers can we make?
10
Why can we only make 3 cheeseburgers?
Which ingredient ran out first? The patties.
This is called the limiting reagent.
The buns and cheese
slices are called the
excess reagents.
Limiting reactants in the context of a chemical
reaction
Methane and water will react to form
products according to the
equation:
CH4 + H2O → 3H2 + CO
Notice that 1 mol of CH4 reacts with 1 mol of H2O
12
Mixture of CH4 and H2O molecules reacting
Which reactant will be used up?
The amount of product is limited by the methane.
13
CH4 and H2O Reacting to Form H2 and CO
Which reactant will be in excess?
Water is in excess (the excess reagent).
14
Reaction with a Limiting Reactant (reagent)
Methanol, CH3OH, which can be used as a fuel in racing cars and in fuel cells, can be
made by the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Suppose 356 g of CO and 65.0 g of H2 are mixed and allowed to react. (a) What mass of
methanol can be produced? (b) What mass of the excess reactant remains after the limiting
reactant has been consumed?
Step 1: establish; which of the reactants is the limiting one by calculating the amount of each
reactant.
Step 2: Find the stoichiometric ratio:
From the required mole ratio; 2 moles of H2 reacts with 1 mole CO. We have a mole
ratio of 2.5 moles of H2 to 1.0 mole of CO; indicating that there is an excess of H2 which
will remain unreacted because there is not sufficient CO. Thus CO is the limiting
reactant in this case. We will require 1.25 mole of CO to consume all the H2 (2.50 mol).
(a) What is the maximum mass of CH3OH that can be formed? (this calculation must be
based on the limiting reactant).
(b) What mass of H2 remains when, all the CO has been converted to product? (You
must find the mass of H2 required to react with all, the CO.)
We started with 65 g of H2 but only 51.2 g was required by the limiting reagent (CO)
thus the mass present (65 g) is in excess therefore;
A 50.6 g sample of Mg(OH)2 is reacted with 45.0 g of HCl
according to the reaction:
Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl --> MgCl2 + 2 H2O
What is the mass of MgCl2 produced?
Reaction Yields
• The theoretical yield is the maximum product yield
that can be expected based on the masses of the
reactants and the reaction stoichiometry.
• The actual yield is the experimentally measured
amount of products that results upon completion of
the reaction.
• The percent yield is a measure of the extent of the
reaction in terms of the actual vs. the theoretical
yield.
Actual Yield (in grams or moles)
% Yield = ×100
Theoretical Yield (in grams or moles)
Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in the presence of a catalyst
according to the reaction below:
2 KClO3(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
In a certain experiment, 40.0 g KClO3 is heated until it completely decomposes.
What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas?
The experiment is performed and the oxygen gas is collected and its mass is
found to be 14.9 g .
What is the percent yield for the reaction?
% Yield
= Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield x 100 %
= 14,9 g / 15,667 g x 100 %
= 94,9 %
Percentage yield
Asprin is made in the laboratory using 14.4 g of salicyclic acid (C7H6O3) and an excess
of acetic anhydride. The product obtained was 6.26 g of aspirin, what is the percent
yield of the product? The chemical reaction involved in the synthesis of aspirin is:
Step 1: Find the amount of the limiting reactant.
Step 2: Find the amount of aspirin expected based on the limiting reactant, C7H6O3.
Step 3: Calculate the maximum amount of aspirin that can be produced (theoretical
yield) is 0.104 mole. Next express the theoretical yield as a mass, in grams.
Step 4: Since the actual yield is 6.26 g, the percent yield of aspirin is;
Chemical Analysis
Mineral Analysis
Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, occurs naturally as the mineral thenardite. To analyze an
impure mineral sample for the quantity of Na2SO4, the sample is crushed, then
dissolved in water to form a solution of Na2SO4. Next, the aqueous solution is treated
with aqueous barium chloride, BaCl2, to give solid BaSO4.
Suppose a 0.498 g sample containing thenardite produces 0.541 g of solid BaSO4. What
is the mass percent of Na2SO4 in the sample?
Step 1: Calculate the amount of BaSO4 produced. The molar mass of BaSO4 is 233.4
g/mol.
Step 2: Since,1 mol of BaSO4 is produced from 1 mol of Na2SO4, the amount of Na2SO4
in the sample must also have been 2.32 × 10−3 mol. The mass of Na2SO4 can be
calculated.
Step 3: Calculate the mass percent of Na2SO4 in the 0.498 g sample;
Determining the Formula of Hydrocarbon by
Combustion
• Combustion involves the addition oxygen to another element.
• When hydrocarbon molecules burn completely, the products are
always carbon dioxide gas and water.
Using Combustion analysis to determine the formula
of a hydrocarbon
When 1.125 g of a liquid hydrocarbon, CxHy, was burned in a combustion apparatus,
3.447 g of CO2 and 1.647 g of H2O were produced. In a separate experiment the molar
mass of the compound was found to be 86.2 g/mol. Determine the empirical and
molecular formulas for the unknown hydrocarbon, CxHy.
Step 1: Calculate the amounts of CO2 and H2O isolated after combustion.
Step 2: Calculate the amount of carbon present. For every mole of CO2 isolated, 1 mol
of C must have been present in the unknown compound.
Step 3: For every mole of H2O isolated, 2 mol of H must have been present in the
unknown.
When 1.125 g of a liquid hydrocarbon, CxHy, was burned in a combustion apparatus,
3.447 g of CO2 and 1.647 g of H2O were produced. In a separate experiment the molar
mass of the compound was found to be 86.2 g/mol. Determine the empirical and
molecular formulas for the unknown hydrocarbon, CxHy.
Step 4: Determine the empirical formula of the unknown, by finding the ratio of moles
of H to moles of C.
Step 5; Convert this ratio (2.335/1) to a whole number ratio, by multiplying the
numerator and denominator by 3; this gives 7/3. The empirical formula is then;
Empirical formula = C3H7.
Step 6: Compare the experimental molar mass with the molar mass calculated for the
empirical formula.
Step 7: Note the molecular formula is twice the empirical formula. That is,
Molecular formula is (C3H7)2, or C6H14.
Using Combustion analysis to determine an empirical
formula of a Compound Containing C, H, and O.
Suppose you isolate an acid from clover leaves and know that it contains only the
elements C, H, and O. Heating 0.513 g of the acid in oxygen produces 0.501 g of CO2
and 0.103 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the acid, CxHyOz?
Step 1: Determine the amounts of C and H in the sample.
Step 2: determined the mass of C and the mass of H in the sample.
Suppose you isolate an acid from clover leaves and know that it contains only the
elements C, H, and O. Heating 0.513 g of the acid in oxygen produces 0.501 g of CO2
and 0.103 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the acid, CxHyOz?
Step 3: Determined the mass of O in the sample using the mass of the original sample
and the masses of C and H.
Step 4: Find the mole ratios of elements, C and H are present in the same amount in
the sample their ratio is 1 C ∶ 1 H. For the oxygen mole ratio is;
Step 5: Write the empirical formula of the acid as;
CHO2
CH2O
Solutions and Concentration
Molarity: Moles of solute per liter of solution.
moles of solute
Molarity of X (cX) = {units: mol/L}
L of Solution
mol NaCl
cNaCl = [NaCl] = 1.00 = 1.00 M
1L
Molarity is a conversion factor that transforms units of volume to mole
and vise–versa.
Measuring Concentrations of Compounds in solution
If 25.3 g of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is dissolved in enough water to make 250 mL of
solution, what is the concentration of Na2CO3? What are the concentrations of the Na+
and CO32− ions?
Step 1: Find the amount of Na2CO3.
Step 2: Calculate the concentration of Na2CO3
Step 3: Calculate the ion concentrations from the knowledge that each mole of Na2CO3
produces 2 moles of Na+ ions and 1 mol of CO32− ions.
Preparing a Solution by Dilution
Amount of solvent increases
Amount of solute stays the same
Minitial x Vinitial = Mfinal x Vfinal
Preparing a solution by dilution
What is the concentration of iron(III) ions in a solution prepared by diluting 1.00 mL of
a 0.236 M solution of iron(III) nitrate to a volume of 100.0 mL?
Step 1: Find the amount of iron(III) ion in the 1.00 mL sample.
Step 2:The above amount of iron(III) ion is contained in the new volume of 100.0 mL,
so the final concentration of the diluted solution is;
The sample has been diluted 100fold, so we would expect the final concentration to be
1/100th of the initial value.
The pH Scale: 0 to 14
The pH of a solution provides a way to express the acidity, or the
concentration of H+ in solution:
pH of solutions
(a) Lemon juice has [H3O+] = 0.0032 M. What is its pH?
(b) Seawater has a pH of 8.07. What is the hydronium ion concentration of this
solution?
(c) A solution of nitric acid has a concentration of 0.0056 mol/L. What is the pH of this
solution?
(a) Lemon juice: Because the hydronium ion concentration is known, the pH is found
using the equation.
(b) Seawater has a pH of 8.07. What is the hydronium ion concentration of this
solution?
(c) Nitric acid: HNO3 is completely ionized so, the concentration of HNO3 and the ion
concentrations are 0.0056 mol/L.
Stoichiometry of a Reaction in Solution
Metallic zinc reacts with aqueous HCl
What volume of 2.50 M HCl, in milliliters, is required to convert 11.8 g of Zn
completely to products?
Step 1: Calculate the amount of Zn.
Step 2: Calculate the amount of HCl required using the stoichiometric factor
Step 3: Use the amount of HCl and the solution concentration to calculate the volume.
Setup for Titrating an Acid with a Base
Titration: A method of Chemical Analysis
Acid–base Titration
A 1.034g sample of impure oxalic acid is dissolved in water and an acid–base indicator
added. The sample requires 34.47 mL of 0.485 M NaOH to reach the equivalence
point. What is the mass of oxalic acid in the sample, and what is its mass percent?
Step 1: Balance the equation for the reaction
Step 2: Calculate the amount of NaOH
Step 3: Use the required stoichiometric factor to obtain the amount of oxalic acid
present.
Step 4: Find mass of oxalic acid from its molar mass and the amount of the acid
Step 5: Calculate the mass percent of H2C2O4 in the sample
Standardizing an Acid by Titration
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is a base, and an accurately weighed sample can be used
to standardize an acid. A sample of sodium carbonate (0.263 g) requires 28.35 mL of
aqueous HCl for titration to the equivalence point. What is the concentration of the
HCl?
Step 1: Write the balanced the reaction equation.
Step 2: Calculate the amount of the base, Na2CO3, from its mass and molar mass.
Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor to calculate the amount of HCl in 28.35 mL
Step 4: Calculate the concentration of HCl solution by dividing the amount of HCl by
the volume of HCl used in the titration.
Determining the molar mass of an acid by Titration
To determine the molar mass of an unknown organic acid, HA, a 1.056 g sample of HA
is titrated with standardized NaOH (that is, with a NaOH solution whose concentration
is accurately known). Calculate the molar mass of HA assuming the acid re acts with
33.78 mL of 0.256 M NaOH according to the equation
Step 1: Calculate the amount of NaOH used in the titration.
Step 2: Note the amount of NaOH used in the titration is the same as the amount of
acid titrated.
Step 3: Calculate the molar mass of HA
Using an oxidation–reduction reaction in a Titration
The iron in a sample of an iron ore can be converted quantitatively to the iron(II) ion,
Fe2+, in aqueous solution, and this solution can then be titrated with aqueous
potassium permanganate, KMnO4. The balanced, net ionic equation for the reaction
occurring in this titration is;
A 1.026 g sample of iron-containing ore requires 24.35 mL of 0.0195 M KMnO4 to
reach the equivalence point. What is the mass percent of iron in the ore?
Step 1: Calculate the amount of KMnO4.
Step 2: Use the stoichiometric factor to calculate the amount of iron(II) ion.
Step 3: Calculate the mass of iron.
Step 4: Determine the mass percent.