© Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

2019 ISBN 978-616-541-312-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, First Published 2562
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without permission of Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 2019

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Contents
Chapter 1
Living Things and the Environment 1
A Animal and plant adaptations............................ 2
B Interdependence among living things................ 8
C Interactions between living and non-living
components....................................................... 16
D Environmental protection................................... 22

Chapter 2
Heredity 29

A Heredity ............................................................ 30

Chapter 3
Changes in Matter 48

A Physical changes .............................................. 49

B Chemical changes ............................................ 58

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Chapter 4
Forces 65

A Resultant force .................................................. 66

B Friction .............................................................. 72

Chapter 5
Sound 83

A How does sound travel?.................................... 84

B Pitch and loudness of sound ............................. 88

C Noise ................................................................. 95

Chapter 6
Stars 102

A Stars and planets .............................................. 103

B Constellations.................................................... 106

Chapter 7
Water 123

A Water sources ................................................... 124

B Conservation of water ....................................... 130

C Natural phenomena involving water ................. 132

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 Let’s Find Out !
Special Encourages students to find
features information and present their findings.

in this book
STEM Activity
Provides an activity that engages
K.W. L .W in the application of knowledge
of scientists, mathematicians and
Allows students to know what to look engineers.
for while reading and to reflect on
what they have learned.

Let’s Think!
Let’s Scan and Watch !
Challenges students with Provides direct access to the relevant
information on the Internet by scanning
questions that promote
the QR codes given.
higher thinking skills.

Helps students Presents a powerful diagram

to master their scientific to literally ‘map’ out all the
knowledge and skills. concepts in the chapter.

Let’s Laugh ! 4C’s The 4C’s of the 21st Century

Skills are:

Makes learning science Communication

a fun thing. Sharing thoughts, questions,
ideas and solutions.

Collaboration
Working together to reach a
Let’s Know More ! goal. Putting talent, expertise
smarts to work.
Presents extra information that is
relevant to the concept learned. Critical Thinking
Looking at problems in a new
way and linking learning across
subjects and disciplines.

Glossary Creativity
Trying new approaches to get
Lists and explains difficult things done equals innovation
terms used in the text. and invention.

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 Chapter

1
Living Things and the Environment
Living things need food to survive. Look at the picture above. The grass makes
its own food. The rabbit feeds on the grass. What feeds on the rabbit? Can you
describe the relationship among these living things?

K.W. L .W
What do I know about living things and the environment?
1.
2.
3.

K.W. L .W
What else do I want to know about living things and the environment?
1. How do living things adapt to their habitats?
2. How do living things depend on other living things to survive?
3. How do living things interact with the non-living components?
4. How do we protect the environment?
5.

Living Things and the Environment 1

 A Animal and plant adaptations

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Do organisms have different structures and
characteristics to survive in their habitats?

1. Observe the animals above.

2. Where does the goldfish live?

3. What structures and characteristics does the goldfish have to survive in its
habitat? List three.

4. Where does the tiger live?

5. What structures and characteristics does the tiger have to survive in its
habitat? List three.

6. Observe the plants above.

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 7. Where do the cacti live?

8. What structures and characteristics do the cacti have to survive in their

habitat? List two.

9. Where do the mangrove trees live?

10. What structures and characteristics do the mangrove trees have to survive
in their habitat? List two.

11. Do the organisms discussed above have the same structures and
characteristics to survive in their habitats? Give a reason for your answer.

12. What is your conclusion for this activity?

There are different living things or organisms surviving in different habitats.

Every organism has specialized structures and characteristics to help it to survive
in its habitat. These specialized structures and characteristics are known as
adaptations. Adaptations of animals and plants are important as poorly adapted
organisms may not survive and reproduce.

How do some plants adapt themselves to their habitats?

Water hyacinths are aquatic plants that float

Petioles
on the surface of ponds and lakes. Their leaf
stalks or petioles are hollow and filled with
air. This allows the plants to float, keeping
the flowers and leaves above the water to
prevent rotting.

Living Things and the Environment 3

Mangrove trees live in swampy areas. They
have prop roots. Prop roots provide support
to the mangrove trees to grow on soft mud.
The roots also help to take in air for the
submerged roots to breathe in the oxygen-
poor mud.

Cacti live in deserts. Their leaves are

reduced to spines to limit water loss. Their
roots are long. They grow deep into the soil
to absorb water. Cacti store water in their
fleshy stems. Do you know why cacti have
such adaptations?

Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that

grow in nutrient-poor soil. How do they
adapt? They have pitcher-shaped leaves.
The leaves are slippery. There is nectar to
attract insects into the pitchers. Once an
insect falls into the pitcher, it will be digested.

Conifers live in cold places. Their trees

are cone-shaped to prevent snow from
accumulating on them. Their needle-like
or scale-like leaves have waxy cuticles to
prevent water loss.

Let’s Think !
What structures and characteristics do that plants living in the tropical
rainforest have?

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Animals also have special structures and characteristics which help them to
survive in their habitats. Let us look at these examples.

Camels are adapted to live in deserts. A

camel has large and flat feet to walk on the
sand easily. Its legs are long to keep its body
away from the hot sand. It has long eyelashes
to keep sand out of its eyes. It stores fat as
food in its hump. It uses the fat when food
and water are not available.

Fish are adapted to live in the water. Fish

have fins to swim in the water. They also
have streamlined body to help them swim
smoothly in the water. Gills help them to take
in the dissolved oxygen in the water.

Frogs live on land and water. On land, frogs

can breathe through their lungs. They have
strong hind legs for leaping on land. In water,
they can breathe with their moist skin. Their
webbed feet help them to swim in the water.

Birds have special structures and

characteristics which help them to fly in the
air. Their forelimbs are modified into wings
for flying. They also have feathers and
streamlined bodies to help them fly. Their
bones are hollow to make their bodies light.

Living Things and the Environment 5

 Monkeys are adapted to live on trees. They have
strong and long limbs which enable them to move
and swing from tree to tree. They also have hook-
like hands and flexible feet to hold on to tree trunks
and branches. Some monkeys have prehensile tails
that can be used to grip branches and food.

Polar regions like Arctic are habitats to polar bears. Polar bears have thick fur
and thick layers of fat under the skin to keep their bodies warm. Their wide feet
help them to walk on snow and ice and to swim in water. What would happen to
the polar bears if they were to live in a dry and hot habitat like the desert?

Let’s Find Out !

Look at the animals shown below. Where do they live? What are the special
structures and characteristics that help these animals to survive in their
habitats? Discuss in groups. Present the findings of your group in the class.

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How do animals protect themselves from enemies? Many animals match their
environment in colors or shapes. This makes them difficult to be seen and
helps them escape from their enemies or creep on their prey. This is called
camouflage. For example, some animals that live in snowy areas are white.
Some animals that live on trees are green and some animals that live in the soil
are soil-colored.

Arctic fox Caterpillar Rattlesnake

An octopus can change the texture and

color of its skin to match its surroundings.

Shapes can also help to camouflage an animal. For example, a walking stick
is shaped like twigs and a leaf insect looks like leaves. They blend well with
their habitats.

Walking stick Leaf insect

Living Things and the Environment 7

 Interdependence among
B living things

Organisms like plants and algae have

chlorophyll to absorb sunlight. They can carry
out photosynthesis to make their own food.
They are called producers.

Animals cannot make their own food. They have to feed on plants or other
organisms. They are called consumers. We can categorize the consumers
according to what they eat. Herbivores are animals that eat plants only.

Examples of herbivores

Carnivores are animals that eat other animals only.

Examples of carnivores

Omnivores eat both plants and other animals.

Examples of omnivores

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A food chain shows the feeding relationship between the producers and
the consumers. A food chain always starts with a producer. For example, the
grass (producer) is eaten by a zebra (herbivore). The zebra is eaten by a lion
(carnivore). This relationship can be illustrated by a simple food chain as shown
below.

Grass Zebra Lion

The arrow in a food chain means ‘it is eaten by’.

Look at the food chain below. It is a food chain found in a paddy field. This food
chain means the rat eats the rice plant. The snake eats the rat while the eagle
eats the snake.

Rice plant Rat Snake Eagle

The following is an example of a food chain in a forest. Can you explain the food
chain?

Grass Rabbit Tiger

Example of a food chain in a forest

Living Things and the Environment 9

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Can food chains be interconnected?

1. Make a food chain with these organisms:

Grasshopper   Frog   Eagle   Grass

2. Make a food chain with these organisms:

Rabbit     Eagle     Grass

3. Can you combine the two food chains into one with each animal appearing
once only? Draw it in the space below.

4. Can food chains be interconnected?

5. Based on what you have drawn, explain why food chains can be
interconnected?

6. What is your conclusion for this activity?

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