BUKIDNON STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Education
Elementary Education Department
Instructor: Ms. Rowena F. Egargo
GE 106
Purposive Communication in English
PUBLIC
SPEAKING
HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Greco-Roman Tradition
Greeks studied the art of rhetoric on
the island of Sicily which began with
a practical need.
Notable Greek Teachers &
Students in Rhetorics
•Corax and his student Tisias
- helped citizens in speaking
persuasively in courts of law.
- expansion of teaching Rhetorics to
mainland Greece
- basic speech has three (3) parts:
Introduction, Evidence, and Conclusion
•Protagoras
- Father of Debate
- made his students argue
for and against issues of the day
- sharpens his students’ reasoning
skills and appreciate different
sides of an issue
•Aristotle
- Father of Modern Communication
- said that persuasive rhetoric/
speech has three (3) components:
*Logos (logical argument)
*Pathos (emotional argument)
*Ethos (the speaker’s character
and credibility)
• Demosthenes
- famous Orator in
Ancient Greece
- in the beginning, he
had many flaws
in his speech (stammering
and weak voice) but later on he
overcame his weaknesses
- he practiced earnestly by declaiming
on the seashore with pebbles in his
mouth, walking up and down while
reciting
- His speeches are known for
deliberation and forethought
• Cicero
- his eloquence was described as a
“resistless torrent” (Kleiser, 2009)
- he said that rhetoric should be
taught as an art form, and that this
could be useful in “all practical and
public affairs”.
- he believed that in order to prepare a
speech, one should first think of one’s
listeners and their interests, and to use
certain strategies, such as using humor,
questions, etc. to engage the audience
• Quintilian
- forwarded the idea that public
speakers should be ethical.
- he said that “a good man
speaking well…. A good
speaker is ethical and
of high character, and
speaking well meant
being well-informed and
presenting the speech
effectively.”
Other notable points on the
history of Public Speaking:
• Women were not allowed to speak in public in the Western
world.
• In the Philippines, women were allowed to speak in public
for the purpose of presiding over religious rituals.
“Babaylan” - women priestesses of the
Philippine community/tribe
- leaders of pre-colonial Philippines
- led the tribe along with
“Mandirigma” (warriors)
Philippine tradition of Public Speaking
* Karagatan – game wherein young men and
women duel with each other using words when
it comes to talking about love.
* Huwego de Prenda – a game used to entertain
guests and the bereaved family during wakes
* Balagtasan – staged public speaking during the
American Period; later became impromptu
**Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar
- Filipino poet and debater
* Pasyon/ Passion – dramatization of the
seven (7) last words of Jesus Christ
BEST PRACTICES IN
PUBLIC SPEAKING:
INTRODUCTION
- should be captivating
- the speaker may use:
*a thought-provoking question
*a quotation
*an anecdote
*audience engagement/ participation
PERFORMANCE
- Speeches are performances
- Speeches are delivered best when
there is a feel of authenticity and
earnestness (honesty and sincerity),
sense of humor, strategic shows of
vulnerability and concern to make
the audience closer to the speaker.
PLAN THE SPEECH
- choosing one’s words carefully
- nurturing a speaking style that is
effective
- building on the foundation of logos,
pathos and ethos
- Consider:
*purpose
*audience
*occasion
Name:
Schedule:
*purpose: to convince HS students
to volunteer in an environmental
group
*target audience: 30 HS students
*occasion: Science Week Program
*role: Guest Speaker
*title/ theme/ topic: Voluntarism/
Volunteerism
EYE CONTACT
- shows authenticity
- tip: pick three friendly/ encouraging
persons in the audience (placed in a
mental triangle from one’s position);
look at hem in their foreheads if you are
hesitant to have eye contact
SPEAKING STYLE
- people have different speaking styles
- speaker-styles are effective when the
speaker is seen as:
*calm *thoughtful
*trustworthy *open hand gesture
*reasonable
- other speakers have bursts of passion,
bombast, infectious enthusiasm & fervor
HAND GESTURES
- hand gestures should be open more than
closed; smooth and natural, not robotic
or artificial
- can signal inclusiveness or difference
- can also indicate making a point or
emphasis, enumeration, etc.
- should be culturally informed (some
gestures are offensive to some cultures)
RECORDING OF SPEECH
FOR FEEDBACK
PEER EVALUATION
APPEARANCE
CLOTHING
GOOD GROOMING
VISUAL AIDS
POWERPOINT TIPS:
*follow the 6x6 rule
PRESENTATION *do not make the
slides too textual
(text-loaded)
HANDOUTS
Handouts aid the listeners in note-
taking while the speaker is talking. The
handouts should be written succinctly,
and should have appropriate citations.
FEEDBACK
The speaker
should read
verbal and
non-verbal
cues from
the
audience.
CONCLUSION Public speaking is
especially useful to
The goal of Public teachers, lawyers,
politicians, preachers,
speaking are: sales persons, business
marketing officers,
*to disseminate advertisers, etc.
information
*to create greater
awareness
*to evoke emotions
in the audience
Activity:
Preparing a
Speech
CRITERIA:
Speech construction
5 pts - Mechanics (spelling, grammatical accuracy, punctuation, etc.)
5 pts - Cohesiveness (preliminary ideas support the main/ general thought)
5 pts - Use of effective opening & conclusion (wise use of opening
strategies – question, quotation, anecdote, summarizing, etc.)
5 pts - Content/ use of logical examples (effective use of logical arguments &
evidences; clarity of ideas)
5 pts - Effective use of language to communicate ideas (language & content
are appropriate to audience and occasion)
Speech Delivery
5 pts - Language Skills (pronunciation, fluency, creative use of verbal and non-
verbal cues including visuals, gestures and facial expressions..)
5 pts - Mastery (memorization; wise use of adlibs, expressions & concepts)
5 pts - Grooming (manner of dressing; appropriateness of outfit…)
5 pts - Clarity of Purpose (organized thoughts; logical presentation of ideas)
5 pts - Overall Delivery (confidence, emphasis, effect/impact to audience)
Name:
Schedule:
*purpose: to convince HS students to
volunteer in an environmental group
*target audience: 30 HS students
*occasion: Science Week Program
*role: guest speaker
*title/ theme/ topic/
*Main thought: Young people should
volunteer in environmental advocacy groups
