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NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 11
HISTORY P1
MID-YEAR EXAMINATION 2019
ADDENDUM
This addendum consists of 10 pages.
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QUESTION 1: WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF WAR COMMUNISM ON THE
RUSSIANS IN THE 1920s?
SOURCE 1A
The extract below describes the introduction of War Communism in Russia.
During the Civil War Lenin introduced a policy of war Communism. The government took
control of the economy. It was vital that the Red Army was supplied with the weapons and
food which it needed to fight the war effectively. War communism was very effective in
keeping the army supplied, but it led to widespread starvation among the peasants and
workers in Russia.
Lenin set up the supreme Council of National Economy to introduce war Communism. Private
trading was banned and profit-making was decreed (ordered) to be exploitation. Factories
with more than ten workers were taken over by the government and strict discipline was
imposed in them. Strikes were illegal. In the countryside, peasants encouraged to work harder
still. The surplus crops they grew were taken by the government to feed the factory workers
and the army. The peasants resented (refused) this. They had won the right to own their land
under the Communist, but now they wanted to profit from it by selling their crops. They did not
see why they should have to give surplus produce to the government. The government also
abolished money charges on such services as rail-ways and post. This was to encourage the
use of bartering (exchanging) instead of money. As inflation made the rouble almost
worthless, many peasants did swap goods instead of using paper money.
[From Russia and the USSR1905–1956, Heinemann, 1956 by N Kelly]
SOURCE 1B
This extract below describes the effects of War Communism on the people of Russia.
Under War Communism, factories were taken over by the government. Workers were ordered
into whatever jobs the government felt were needed at the time. Nobody was allowed to make
or sell goods for his/her own profit. The scarce supplies of food were strictly rationed, for
instance, seven kilos (+7 loaves) of bread, 450 grams of sugar and 225 grams of imitation
butter had to last a worker a month - and many people got less. To keep the army and
workers fed, the government send soldiers to the countryside. The soldiers forced peasants to
hand over any grain they had stored away. Often, they even beat and killed them. But the
peasants heat back. One Bolshevik observer described how ‘how savage (severe) peasants
would slit open a Commissar’s belly, pack it with grain and leave him by the roadside as a
lesson to all’.
War Communism kept the Red Army going through the civil war. But in every way it was a
disaster. The peasants knew that any surplus grain they produced would be taken by the
government. So they only grew what they needed to feed their own families. In industry things
were worse. The years of war had left mines flooded, machines smashed, factories and
railways in ruins. Industrial output dropped to only one-seventh of its pre-war level. In 1920
and 1921, famine and epidemic diseases swept Russia. Millions died with 3,5 million people
dying of typhoid alone..
[From https://www.britanica.com/event/warcommunism. Accessed on 15 April 2019]
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SOURCE 1C
The photograph below shows starving Russian children as a result of War Communism.
[From Making
History by C Culpin]
SOURCE 1D
The following extract focuses on the results of War Communism in Russia in the 1920s.
The result of this War Communism was chaos. Peasants refused to hand over the food, or
failed to plant crops that they knew would be taken. Many people did not receive enough
rations to live on. The situation in the factories was just as chaotic with managers fleeing
abroad and workers refusing to work for starvation wages.
By 1921 famine had broken out. Industrial production was down to one seventh of the 1913
level. It is estimated that 3,5 million people died from typhoid alone. With the economy in
ruins, inflation out of control and the country in the grip of famine, the peasants called for the
overthrow of Communism. They rose up against the army and the CHEKA. Lenin was so
concerned that he said: “We are barely hanging on”. Again the Bolsheviks responded with
terror. They imposed their will by rounding up villages and shooting them in batches; whole
villages were also sent into exile. However, they had to face a more serious revolt when, in
1921, the sailors at Kronstadt mutinied (revolted), demanding more political and economic
freedom. They had always been regarded as the most loyal supporters of the Bolsheviks.
Although Trotsky and the Red Army put down the revolt, the Party realised that if even their
most loyal supporters were revolting against them, then it was time to change the policies that
were driving them into revolt.
[From Russia and the USSR 1905 – 1995, Oxford University Press, 2000 by T Downey]
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QUESTION 2: WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF 1929
ON THE AMERICANS?
SOURCE 2A
This source below analyses the buying and selling of shares on the New York stock exchange
in the United States of America in the 1920s, which led to the collapse of the American
economy.
A company can sell shares in the ownership of their business on the stock exchange in order
to raise money. The company then uses the money from these shares to expand its
businesses or to buy more factories in order to make higher profit. When the company is
doing well, more people will buy shares in that company so that they can earn dividends (type
of profits). As more people buy shares in a company, the company increases in the value,
There is a greater demand for shares in the company and the price of the shares increases.
In the 1920s, the price of shares on the stock market increased rapidly. People believed that
buying and selling shares and speculation (buying and selling of shares) on the stock market
was an easy way to make money fast. Speculation is a form of gambling. Speculators buy
shares they do not intend to keep them for long. They buy shares which they believe will
make a quick profit and sell them as the price rises.
In the 1920s, speculative shares were widespread. Speculators often borrow money to buy
shares or bought shares on the margin. This meant that they bought shares with money they
did not have. It also meant that the value of the share was based on people’s willingness to
buy that share rather than on the real value of the company. By 1928, shares prices had risen
far above their real value and this rise was not supported by real industrial expansion.
Financial experts warned that this false prosperity (richness) would not last but most
speculators and the public ignored them. People’s confidence in their ability to make money
on the stock market lasted well into 1929 and public could be criticised for this. However, in
September, shares prices began to drop and panic set in. People were hesitant or unwilling to
invest in suspicious companies.
In many ways, the investors caused the collapse of the stock market. Confidence is vital for
successful speculation. However, some investors began to lose confidence in the market
promised. They believed that something must be wrong, so they decided to sell their shares
while the price was still high. This caused share prices to drop. When people saw this, they
began to sell their shares too and prices dropped even further. On 29 October 1929,
shareholders dumped 13 million shares and this was the trigger (start) that led to the collapse
of the American economy.
[From The USA in the Twentieth Century by P Lane]
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SOURCE 2B
The source below is an extract from historian Howard Zinn’s book A People’s History of the
United States: 1942–present. It focuses on the effects of the 1929 Great Depression on the
Americans.
After the crush, the economy was stunned (negatively affected), barely moving. Over five
thousand banks closed and huge numbers of businesses, unable to get money, closed too.
Those businesses that continued laid off employees and cut the wages of those who
remained, again and again. Industrial production fell by 50 percent, and by 1933 perhaps 15
million (no one knew exactly) – one fourth or one third of the labour force were out of work.
The Ford Motor Company which in the spring of 1929 had employed 128 000 workers, was
down to 37 000 by August of 1931. By the end of 1930, almost half the 280 000 textile mill
workers in New England were out of work. Former President Calvin Coolidge commented with
his customer wisdom: ‘When more and more people are thrown out of work, unemployment
results.’ He spoke again in early 1931. ‘This country is not in good condition.’
Clearly those responsible for organising the economy did know what had happened, were
baffled (puzzled) by it, refused to recognise it, and found reasons other than the failure of the
system. Herbert Hoover had said, not long before the crush: ‘We in America today are nearer
to the final triumph over poverty than be for in the history of any land.’ Henry Ford, in March
1931, said the crisis was here because ‘the average man won’t really do a day’s work unless
he is caught and cannot get out of it. There is plenty of work to do if people would do it.’ A few
weeks later he laid off 75 000 workers. There were millions of tons of food around, but it was
not profitable to transport it, to sell it. Warehouses were full of clothing, but people could not
afford it. There were lots of houses, but they stayed empty because people couldn’t pay the
rent, had been evicted, and now lived in shacks in quickly formed ‘Hoovervilles’ built on
garbage dumps.
[From the online version on the History is a weapon site:
http:/www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1zinnselhel15.html]
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SOURCE 2C
The cartoon below portrays President Hoover’s reaction to the Great Depression of 1929.
[From http://www.history1900s.about.com.]
SOURCE 2D
The extract below is written by a novelist writer, John Steinbeck (witer of “The Grapes of
Wrath”). He described the social effects during the Great Depression on American families.
The situation was not much better in the towns. In the steel city of Cleveland, 50% of workers
were unemployed. In Toledo, the figure was closer to 80%. At night, the parks were full of
homeless and unemployed people. At worse, there was no social welfare or unemployment
benefits which could have been to relief the poor and the destitute (extreme poverty). The
unemployed and the poor depended on bread queues and charity soup kitchens.
Every town had a so-called Hooverville, a shanty town of ramshackle huts where migrants
and the poor lived. Jon Steinbeck’s novel, “The Grapes of Wrath” captured the harrowing
(painful) scenes of these shanty towns. The rag town lay close to water; and the houses were
tents, and weed=thatched enclosures, paper houses, a great junk pile. The man drove his
family in and became a citizen of Hooverville. He scoured (searched) the countryside for work
and the little money he had went for gasoline (petrol) to look for work. “The towns were
named after President Herbert Hoover, who seemed to be doing nothing to help the poor.
[From http://www.buzzle.com/articles-of-thegreat-depression. Accessed on 17 April 2019]
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QUESTION 3: HOW DID HITLER AND THE NAZI PARTY USE EUGENICS AND
EXCLUSION OF OTHER RACES TO CREATE A MASTER RACE IN
GERMANY?
SOURCE 3A
The source below highlights how Eugenics was used in Germany.
In Nazi Germany, eugenics shaped and ultimately justified policies of mass murder. The
impact of eugenics on Nazi’s policy and practice is evident in the legislation passed, e.g. the
Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases, 14 July 1933. This legislation
put into practice negative eugenics: those considered ‘genetically unfit’, e.g. “black” Germans
and “Germans of mixed dissent” were forcibly sterilised. Those Germans who were mentally
or physically disabled were killed by gassing or lethal injection as part of a programme known
as T4.
The Nazi practiced ‘Positive Eugenics’ by encouraging Germans they deemed ‘genetically’
and ‘racially pure’ to procreate (reproduce). Financial rewards were given as incentives for
large families.
The influence of eugenics as well as racial theory and Social Darwinism on Nazi policy and
practice is evident in their division of German society into ‘desirables’ and ‘undesirable’.
In 1939, the Nazis extended their policy to kill the disabled, the chronically ill and social
misfits. They described this as euthanasia or mercy killing. In special institutions German
doctors killed about 275 000 people, usually by gassing them...
The Nazis added the element of anti-Semitism to their ideas. Hitler believed that society could
be divided into a hierarchy of races. At the top were the ubermenschen – the supermen –
personified by the Aryan race. At the bottom end of the continuum (sequence) were the
untermenschen – the sub-humans. These included Slavs, gypsies, and finally, blacks. Jews
however, did not even have a place in this continuum. As far as the Nazis were concerned,
‘the Jew is not a human being’. And because the Jew occupied the lowest level possible, the
Nazis believed that they had to be eliminated.
[From The Holocaust, Lessons for Huminity]
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SOURCE 3B
The extract below looks at Hitler’s aim to establish a ‘master race’ in Germany.
In Nazi Germany racism was founded on an obsession with racial purity which called for the
ultimate destruction of other supposedly inferior racial groups, more especially the Jews.
One of Hitler’s major goal was to establish a pure national community – a ‘master race’. The
Nazi vision of a pure Aryan community excluded minority groups who were regarded as
undesirable or racially impure. In the years to come more than a quarter of a million ‘Gypsies’
would be thrown into concentration camps and eventually murdered. Jehovah’s Witnesses
were arrested and persecuted (tortured) because of their religious beliefs and many died of ill-
treatment in camps. Homosexuals were also incarcerated (imprisoned) and thousands died of
starvation and brutality.
The mentally and physically disabled did not conform to the Nazi ideal for a pure master
‘race’. Almost 200 000 of these people were murdered.
Germany’s small ‘black’ population of several thousand did not escape either. Black men and
children of ‘mixed’ marriages were forcibly sterilised to ensure the racial group would die out.
People with ‘pure blood’ (those with blond hair and blue eyes) were encouraged to have more
children. In 1935 the leader of the Schutzstaffein (SS), Heinrich Himmler, created a project
called Lebensborn, which means ‘spring for life’. The aim of the project was to give young
“racially pure’ girls the opportunity to give birth in secret. Such girls could come to these
centres to create a baby with one of the SS officers. The children would then be taken from
their mothers and given to the SS, who took charge of their education and upbringing.
[From www.sahistory.org.za Accessed on 17 April 2019]
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SOURCE 3C
This frame from a Nazi film strip, that was made to be shown in schools, shows that their
racial hatred was not just directed at the Jews. The caption reads “The Jew is a bastard”. The
image was meant to link Jews to other groups deemed inferior – eastern peoples, blacks,
Mongols and east Africans.
[From The Nazi Era: Racial Policies]
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SOURCE 3D
The extract below highlights the reason why German people acted as they did against the
Jews. It is written by a Jewish German, Hans Margules.
I was decorating the shop window with my boss and then we heard breaking glass
everywhere, all over; it just didn’t stop. We looked out into the street and saw a mass of
people and we saw that the neighbouring shop, all the Jewish shops had been broken into.
The people who were smashing the windows, they weren’t even in uniform, they were just
young boys with sticks who were enjoying themselves enormously (hugely). That was the end
of Jewish business in Germany.
... The Germans had to feed his family. He wasn’t anti-Semitic, but he had to do what the
party desired, he had to belong to the party to carry on his job, to feed his family, and as it
was repeated, the Jews are terrible, that must have gone into people’s head. They must have
thought - well, maybe that’s right. You can’t judge all the German people... everyone had to
speak quietly ... fear ... it was a dictatorship.
[From The dawn of the century to the start of the Cold War, London: BBC Books.
Page 204 by G Hodgson.]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following:
Culpin C. Making History
Downey T. Russia and the USSR 1905 – 1995, Oxford University Press, 2000
Hodgson G. The dawn of the century to the start of the Cold War, London: BBC Books. Page 204
Kelly N. Russia and the USSR1905–1956, Heinemann, 1956
Lane P. The USA in the Twentieth Century
The Holocaust, Lessons for Humanity
The Nazi Era: Racial Policies
https://www.britanica.com/event/warcommunism.
http:/www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1zinnselhel15.html]
http://www.buzzle.com/articles-of-thegreat-depression
http://www.history1900s.about.com
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