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week 1

The document outlines the syllabus for Engineering Maths I, focusing on differentiation techniques including the chain rule, product rule, and quotient rule. It provides definitions, examples, and applications of derivatives, along with standard differentiation rules for various functions. Additionally, it includes practice problems for students to apply their understanding of differentiation concepts.

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8 views14 pages

week 1

The document outlines the syllabus for Engineering Maths I, focusing on differentiation techniques including the chain rule, product rule, and quotient rule. It provides definitions, examples, and applications of derivatives, along with standard differentiation rules for various functions. Additionally, it includes practice problems for students to apply their understanding of differentiation concepts.

Uploaded by

mahmoodsarok
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Maths I

for AES
Bootan Rahman
SEMESTER 1
2024-2025
Outlines

Differentiations (Review)
• Chain rule
• Product rule
• Quotient rule
Differentiation rules
Application of derivatives
The Definition of the Derivative
In the first week, we review the derivative, give few notations for the
derivative and work a few problems illustrating how to use the definition of
the derivative to actually compute the derivative of a function.

The derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to 𝑥 is a function 𝑓′(𝑥) and is defined


as,
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = lim (1)
ℎ→0 ℎ
A function 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if 𝑓′(𝑥) exits.
1
For example 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 at 𝑥 = 0.
Example: For the curve 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥).
Solution: First we do some algebra and plugs into (1) to find 𝑓′(𝑥),
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = (𝑥 + ℎ)2 +2(𝑥 + ℎ) + 1
𝑥 + ℎ 2 + 2 𝑥 + ℎ + 1 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ + 2𝑥 + 2ℎ + 1 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
2 2
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 + 2ℎ
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ(2𝑥+ℎ+2)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
= lim 2𝑥 + 2 + ℎ = 2𝑥 + 2
ℎ→0

1
Practice: Given 𝑓 𝑥 = find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥
,
𝑥+3
state the domain of the function and its derivative.
Differentiation rules
Constant function 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑐 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0
Power rule 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
Exponential rule 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
Natural exponential rule 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
Logarithmic rule 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 1Τ(𝑥 ln 𝑎 )
Natural Logarithmic rule 𝑓 𝑥 = ln x 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 1Τ𝑥
Sine function rule 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = co𝑠 𝑥
Cosine function rule 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
Tangent function rule 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 = 1Τcos2 𝑥
Secant function rule 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Cosecant function rule 𝑓 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
Cotangent function rule 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥
= − csc 2 𝑥 = −1Τsin2 𝑥
Differentiation
Differential calculus is the method to find the slope, starting from the original
function
𝑓(𝑥) A function

The ‘formula’ for the slope is, in fact, differentiate


just another function. We usually
write it as 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 , read “ 𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥” 𝑓′ 𝑥
or 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 Another
Slope formula function
Standard derivatives
𝑦 𝑦
Slope = 0 50
1. The derivative of any constant is zero 5 Slope = 10
′
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑎→𝑓 𝑥 =0
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 → 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 5 𝑥

2. The derivative of a power


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
𝑥2
A straight line which passes through a point on a curve and
which just touches the curve at this point is called a tangent.
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 4
Example : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = −6
𝑓′ 2 = 2 × 2 = 4
𝑓 ′ −3 = −3 × 2 = −6
−3 0 2 𝑥

3. The derivative of a logarithm function


1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
1 3
Example : 𝑓 ′ 3 =3

4. The derivative of an exponential function ln 𝑥


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 → 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑛𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑥

3
Rules of differentiation
Constant rule
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑔 𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 → 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0

Example : Find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 , a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 4 b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 10𝑥 c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 20

Sum (difference) rule


𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 ± ℎ 𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 ± ℎ′ 𝑥

Example : Find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 , a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 50 b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 3

1
c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥5 − 𝑥2 d) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥2
Chain rule
The chain rule is for differentiating a function of a function.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Example : 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 10 find 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Example: differentiate
a) 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 4

1
b) 3𝑥+7

c) 1 + 𝑥2
Product rule
The product rule is to differentiate of the product of two functions.
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑥 × 𝑣 𝑥 → 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑥 × 𝑣 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑥 × 𝑢′(𝑥)

Example: differentiate
a) 𝑥 2 2𝑥 + 1 3

b) 𝑥+1
𝑥

c) 𝑥 6𝑥 + 1
Quotient rule
The quotient rule is to differentiate of the rational functions.
𝑢 𝑥 𝑣 𝑥 ×𝑢′ 𝑥 −𝑢 𝑥 ×𝑣 ′ 𝑥
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑣(𝑥) → 𝑓 𝑥 =
′
𝑣 2 (𝑥)

Example: differentiate
a) 𝑥+1
𝑥

1+𝑥 2
b) 2−𝑥 3

c) 𝑥−1
𝑥+1
Differentiation rules
We will introduce the most important formulas in this week. We will start with
some of the basic properties and formulas. There are two different notations
𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
“prime 𝑓′(𝑥) or 𝑦′(𝑥)” notation and “fraction or ”, we will use prime
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
notation through out this course.
′
• Addition and subtraction 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ± 𝑔′ 𝑥 .
′
• Product rule 𝑓 𝑥 ∗ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∗ 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑔 𝑥 .
𝑓 𝑥 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 ∗𝑓 ′ 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥 ∗𝑔′ 𝑥
• Quotient rule = 2 .
𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
′
• Chain rule 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥 ∗ 𝑔′ 𝑥 .
Example: Differentiate each of the following function

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 15𝑥 100 − 3𝑥 12 + 56
2. ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝜋 − 𝑥 2
3 1
3. 𝑦 = 8𝑧 − 3𝑧 5 + 𝑧
3
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = (6𝑥 3 − 𝑥)(10 − 20𝑥)
3𝑡+4
6. ℎ 𝑡 =
2−𝑡
7. 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + cos 𝑥 30
8. 𝑔 𝑥 = 3 sec 𝑥 − 10 cot 𝑥
sin 𝑡
9. ℎ 𝑡 =
3−2 cos 𝑡
10. 𝑅 𝑤 = 4𝑤 − 5 log 9 𝑤
11. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑒 𝑥 + 10𝑥 3 ln 𝑥
5𝑒 𝑥
12. 𝑦=
3𝑒 𝑥 +1

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