INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Specific objectives
By the end of the topic you should be able to:-
a). Define a computer
b). State the different parts that make up a computer
c). Explain how computers have developed
d). Classify the various types of computers
e). Identify areas where computers are stored used
f). State the safety precautions and practices in a computer laboratory
g). Demonstrate basic hands-on skills on the use of a computer

Computer is an electronic device that accepts user input (data) and transforms it under the influence of sets of
special instructions called programs to produce the desired output (information). The computer is said to be
electronic because it utilizes small electrical signals to process information.

Programs: Set of instructions written in computer language that directs the computer what task to
perform and how to perform it.
Data: raw facts that do not have much meaning to the user which include numbers, letters and symbols.

Information is the processed data that is meaningful to the user and can be used for decision making.

Data processing: The varied activities performed to convert data into useful information.
ICT(Information and Communication Technology) is the integration of computers and telecommunication
facilities for the purpose of communication. Computers come in different sizes and designs. The most
commonly used is personal computer (PC). They are mostly used in offices, schools, business premises and at
home.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER
➢ Fast: in terms of speed computer can perform calculations within seconds that human beings
would take hours to complete.
➢ Accurate: computer has high degree of accuracy regardless of the complexity and number of
times a calculation is performed.
➢ Versatile: computers are flexible in that they can be used to carry out different types of activities
such as typing, calculations and playing music.
➢ Reliable: if the program is executed any number of times with the same type of data every time
the result will be the same.
➢ Memory: computers have in-built memory used to store and recall (retrieve) large amount of data
compared to human memory recall.
➢ Diligent: computer can perform repetitive or routine tasks without getting bored, tired, fatigued
or loosing concentration.
➢ Automation: they run with a very little human interference.

Advantages Disadvantages
➢ Accurate ➢ Expensive
➢ Flexible ➢ Computer technology changes very fast
➢ Tackle huge volumes of data efficiently ➢ Installation of computers requires
➢ Output is presentable retraining of staff
➢ Computer is automatic ➢ They are prone to failure
➢ Computer records are more secure than ➢ Causes job displacement
manual

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PARTS OF THE COMPUTER

A computer is made up of different components interconnected together in order to function as a single entity.
It is made up of a system unit and peripheral devices eg. Monitor, keyboard and mouse.

System unit

It’s the part that houses the internal components of a computer. It houses the brain of the computer called the
Central Processing Unit (CPU), motherboard, main memory, and the drives. Drives are used to store,
record and read data. The two common types of system units are Tower and desktop type.

Peripheral devices

They are connected to the system unit using special cables called data interface cables that carry data and
information to and from the devices. The cables are connected to the system unit using connectors called
ports.

Keyboard
A device that enables the user to enter data and instructions in the computer by pressing its keys.

Mouse
It is a hand held device enables the user to issue instructions to the computer by controlling a special mouse
pointer displayed on the screen.

Monitor
It is simply the screen used for displaying the output. It is called the monitor because it enables the user to
monitor or see what is going on in the computer.

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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

They are categorized according to:

1. Physical size
2. Purpose
3. Functionality
Classification according physical size

They are classified into four main groups

➢ Supercomputers
➢ Mainframe computers
➢ Minicomputers
➢ Microcomputers
Supercomputers

❖ They are fastest, largest, most expensive and powerful computers.

❖ Able to perform many complex calculations in a fraction of a second.
❖ Coz of their extreme weight they are kept in a special room.
❖ They generate a lot of heat due to their huge processing power hence special cooling systems are
required.
❖ Mainly used for scientific research which requires enormous calculations eg petroleum research,
defense and weapon analysis.
Mainframe computers

❖ Less powerful and less expensive than the supercomputers.

❖ Used for processing data and performing complex mathematical calculations.
❖ They handle both scientific and commercial tasks.
❖ Mostly used in government agencies, big organizations and companies such as banks, hospitals,
airports, etc which have large information processing needs.
Minicomputers

❖ Resembles the mainframe but slightly smaller.

❖ Supports fewer peripheral devices and it’s not as powerful and fast as the mainframe.
❖ Used by smaller organizations.
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 ❖ Mainly used in scientific laboratories, research institutions, engineering plants and places where
processing automation is required.
❖ Well adopted for functions such as accounting, word processing, database management and specific
industry applications.
Microcomputer

❖ Smallest, cheapest and relatively least powerful type of a computer.

❖ Called microcomputer coz its CPU is called a microprocessor which is very small compared to that of
other computers.
❖ Also called (PC) coz they are designed to be used by one person at a time.
❖ Used in training and learning institutions, small business enterprise, communication centres, etc
❖ Technology advancement has seen the development of smaller microprocessors.
❖ The following are various types of microcomputers in operation today arranged in descending order
according to size
i. Desktop computer: designed to be placed on top of an office desk.
ii. Notebook or laptop computer: Are small enough to rest on persons lap when using.
Advantages of laptops
a. They are portable hence are convenient to travel with
b. Their screen show sharper and clear images which prevent eye strain.
c. Laptops have power batteries which serve as inbuilt UPS

iii. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)/Palmtop computers, smartphones,smart watches:

Designed to be used on the palm of the hand and are small enough to fit in the pocket.

Classification according to purpose

Classified according to the tasks they perform either as general or special purpose computers.

General purpose computers

Designed to perform a variety of tasks when loaded with appropriate programs. Their flexibility enables them
to be applied in a wide range of applications like; document processing, performing calculations, accounting,
data and information management.

Special purpose computers

Designed to serve a specific purpose or to accomplish one particular task. The set of instructions which drive
these computers are limited in number at the time of manufacture. Examples; robots used in manufacturing
industries, mobile phones for communication only and electronic calculators that carries out calculations only.
Since they are dedicated to a single task, they can perform the task quickly and very efficiently.

Embedded computers
Are inbuilt within machines that they control. They have hidden inputs originating from the machines they are
controlling. Embedded computers are found in microwaves, digital cameras, digital watches and air
conditioners.
Dedicated computers
These are general purpose computers that are committed to a specific job or tasks. They are however capable
of performing a variety of tasks. An example is a computer set aside for graphic design or payroll processing.

Classification according to functionality

Computers can be classified into three types according to the types of data they process. Data can either be in
discrete or in continuous form.

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Digital computers
They process data that is discrete in nature. Discrete means that their values have only two possible states,
that is 0 or 1, or ON or OFF, or TRUE or FALSE.
Discrete data also known as digital data is usually represented using a two-state square waveform as shown
below.

+1

-1

Digital signal

Apart from PCs, most modern home appliances such as digital TVs, microwaves, wall clocks are digital in
nature.

Analog computers

It refers to computers that process data that is continuous in nature. They solve mathematical operations and
logical comparison by measuring the amount of change in physical magnitude e.g. speed, temperature, etc. are
dedicated to a single task.

Continuous data also known as analog data is usually represented using a continuous waveform as shown
below.

+1

-1

Analog signal

They are used in manufacturing process control like monitoring and regulating furnace temperatures, pressure,
etc. also used in application like in weather stations to record and process physical quantities eg., wind, cloud
speed, temperature etc

Hybrid computers
They are designed to process both analog and digital data.

Review questions 1.1

1. Define the term computer.
A computer is an electronic device that accepts user input, also referred to as data, and transforms it
under the influence of sets of special instructions called programs to produce the desired output
referred to as information.
2. State different parts that make up a computer.
Monitor, system unit, mouse, keyboard, etc.
3. Differentiate the following types of computers.
a. Supercomputer and mainframe.
A supercomputer is large and has more processing power and memory than a mainframe.
b. Minicomputer and a PC .
A minicomputer is large in physical size and more powerful than a PC .PC was designed to be
used by one person only.
4. Differentiate between a digital and analog computer.
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 A digital computer processes discrete data while an analog computer processes continuous data.

5. Give two reasons why smaller computers like laptops tend to be more expensive than
desktop computers.
The technology of producing smaller devices is expensive.
Convenience because of their portability.
6. A computer is called electronic device because:
It uses electrical signals.
7. What is data?.
Raw facts inform of characters, symbols and numbers.
8. The following is true about the system unit.
➢ It houses the CPU, motherboard and drives.
➢ It connects to all peripheral devices using ports.
9. What is a mouse in relation to computing.
A pointing device that controls a pointer on the screen.
10. Why the screen is also called a monitor.
It helps the user to track what is going on in the computer.
11. Pick the odd one out in the list below
a) Calculator
b) Mobile phone
c) Robot
d) laptop
12. Pick the odd one out in the list below.
a. Mainframe.
b. Microcomputer.
c. Minicomputer.
d. Digital computer.
13. Which of the following would be most suitable for travellers?.
Supercomputer .
Mainframe computer.
Palmtop computer.
Minicomputer.
14. Why is a mobile phone regarded to be a computer?.
➢ It is electronic,
➢ It has a screen,
➢ It has a keypad,
➢ It has a memory
➢ It is programmable.
15. What is meant by analog data.
Continuous data.
16. Which of the following is called a microprocessor?
a. The CPU of a mainframe.
b. The CPU of a computer.
c. The CPU of a micro computer.
d. The CPU of a supercomputer.

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 DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
Historical development of computers can be traced back to the time human beings were struggling to
invent non electronic tools that would simplify arithmetic such:
➢ Abacus
➢ Napier's bones
➢ Analytical engine
➢ Slide rule
➢ Pascaline machine

Abacus

An Abacus was Chinese counting instrument which dates back to 3000 BC. The Abacus has
bead-like parts that move along rods. Each bead above the middle bar stands for five units.
Each bead below stands for one unit.
Analytical engine
The Analytical engine was designed by English mathematician, Charles Babbage in 1832.
The engine is recognised as the first real computer and Charles Babbage as the father of
computing.

COMPUTER GENERATION
FIRST GENERATION (1940-1958)
o Large in physical size
o Relied on thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to process data
o magnetic drum memory for data storage
o Consumed a lot of power
o Produced a lot of heat
o The computers constantly broke down due to the excessive heat generated; hence were short-
lived, and were not very reliable
o Their internal memory capacity/ size was low
o Processing speed was very low
o Very costly
o Were difficulty to program, use and maintain
o Examples: Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC), Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) and
IBM 650.
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SECOND GENERATION (1958-1964)
o Used transistors for processing
o Magnetic core memories for data storage
o Consumed less power and produced less heat than the first generation computers
o Were relatively faster
o Were slightly smaller in size compared to the first generation
o Were less costly
o Were difficulty to program, use and maintain
o Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 7094 and UNIVAC 1107
THIRD GERERATION (1964-1970)
o Used integrated circuits (ICs) in their processors. IC is a small chip made of silicon.
o Semiconductor memories or magnetic disks for storage.
o Increased processing speed and storage capacity
o Reduction in size and cost
o They were faster than second generation
o Were easier to program, use and maintain.
o Examples: IBM 360, ICL 19000 series
FOURTH GENERATION (1970-1989)
o The circuit technology used was large scale integrated (LSI) and very large scale integrated
(VLSI) circuits
o The LSI and VLSI were used in the innovation and technological development of the brain of
the computer called the microprocessor. Microprocessor is a complete central processing unit
used in microcomputers.
o Used semiconductor memories, magnetic memories bubble memories and optical disks for
storage purposes
o Were very fast and had high processing speed
o First operating system was introduced
o Easier to use and program
o Examples: IBM 370 and 4300, Honeywell DPS-88 and Burroughs 7700.
FIFTH EDITION (1990-Present)
o computers have very high processing power and speed
o Size is increasingly becoming smaller because of superior hardware and software products
that are small in size.
o Emit negligible heat
o Have special instruction sets that allow them to support complex programs that mimic human
intelligence referred to as Artificial Intelligence (AI). Therefore the circuit technology is AI,
parallel architectures, three Dimensional circuit design and super-conducting materials.
o Use advanced hard disks and optical disks for storage e.g. DVDs
o Perform multiprocessing
o Use multi-user operating systems and advanced application programs
o Massive connectivity to Internet and intranet.

AREAS WHERE COMPUTERS ARE USED

Supermarkets
- Provides quick way of checking out customers purchases through EPOST (Electronic Point of
Sale Terminal)
- Provides opportunity to customers to purchase goods without hard cash through EFT (Electronic
Fund Transfer).
- to help in management of daily stock control, for production of receipts and can be used as a
barcode reader
Banks
- Manage financial transactions through the use of special cash dispensing machines called ATMs
(Automated Teller Machine) used for cash deposit and withdrawal services
- Processing of cheques
- For preparation of payrolls
- Better record keeping and processing of documents 8
 - Provide electronic money transfer facilities
Homes
- Entertainment e.g. watching movies, playing music, playing computer games
- For storing personal information / documents
- For calculating and keeping home budgets
Industries
- To monitor and control industrial processes through the use of robots
- For management control i.e. to keep track of orders, bills and transactions
- For advertisement purposes, which enable an industry to attract more customers
- CAD {Computer Aided Design} allows accurate, quick and easy designs of products on
computer screen.
Law enforcement agencies
- For matching, analyzing and keeping database of fingerprints
- For taking photographs and other identification details
- For record keeping
- For face recognition, scene monitoring and analysis, which help the police carry out criminal
investigations speedily.
Transport industry
- Airports; to control the movement of aircrafts, their take off and landing using radar equipment
- For making reservations (Booking purposes)
- Storing flight information
- Automobile traffic control i.e monitoring vehicle traffic in busy towns
- In Railway corporations to coordinate the movement of goods and wagons
- In shipping control for efficient management of fleets, cargo handling and communication
Offices
- For receiving and sending of information through e-mails, fax , etc
- Production of documents
- Keeping records
Hospitals
- For keeping patient records
- Keeping records of purchases and stock of medicine
- Analysis data obtained from X-rays
- Maintaining the booking system of scarce resources such as operation theaters.
- Control of life support machines in intensive care unit
- Used by physicians to get proper diagnosis of the affected part of body through cross sectional
view
Education
- Access internet through email to link different schools and to exchange knowledge
- Communication through email to link different schools and exchange knowledge
- For teaching and learning purposes e.g. computer practical
- Administration –storing information about students, processing grades and teachers salaries.
Library services
- Enables library personnel to easily access and keep updated records of books and other library
materials i.e. to keep electronic catalogues and track book circulation.
- Library users can also use computers to search for titles instead of using the manual card
catalogue
Entertainment industry – to generate and edit computer graphics in movies and games.

Military to design weapons and control flight.

Research institutions to process and analyze data.

Impaired persons
- converts speech to text for the deaf
- converts spoken language to sign language for the deaf.
- Converts text to speech for the blind using speech synthesizers. 9
 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1.2
1) Match the following generations of computers with the technology used to develop them.
1. First Generation A .Very Large Integrated Circuit
2. Second Generation B. Thermionic Valves (vacuum tubes)
3. Third Generation C. Artificial Intelligence
4. Fourth Generation D. Integrated Circuits
5. Fifth Generation E. Transistors

2) Identify and explain at least five areas where computers are used to process data.
- Supermarket, airport, hospital, offices, banks, industries etc.
3) What were the characteristics of first generation computers?
a. Large in physical size
b. Relied on thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to process data
c. magnetic drum memory for data storage
d. Consumed a lot of power
e. Produced a lot of heat
f. The computers constantly broke down due to the excessive heat generated; hence were
short-lived, and were not very reliable
g. Their internal memory capacity/ size was low
h. Processing speed was very low
i. Very costly
j. Were difficulty to program, use and maintain

4) Who developed the analytical engine

Charles Babbage

5) What is artificial intelligence?

Programs that make computers to mimic human intelligence.

6) Write the following initials in full:

➢ ENIAC-Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator.
➢ VLSI-Very Large Scale Integrated.
➢ IC- Integrated Circuit.
7) Represent 5780 using abacus

8) Match the following computer application areas with the role played by computers in each
case.

1. Supermarkets A. Matching fingerprints

2. Hospital B. Entertainment
3. Bank C. Stock control
4. Hotel D. Booking rooms
5. Home E. Analyzing academic data
6. School F. Manufacturing process control
7. Industry G. Life support machines
8. Police station H. Processing cheques

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 COMPUTER LABORATORY
It is a special room set aside and prepared specifically for safe installation and use of computers. In
schools it provides a safe conducive environment for teaching and learning of computer studies and
ICT related disciplines.
Factors to consider while preparing a computer lab
• Security of computer hardware and software
• Reliability of the source of power
• Maximum number of computers to be set up or installed.
• Maximum number of users that the laboratory can accommodate.
Safety precautions and practices
They are divided into two those meant to protect computer and those meant to protect the users
Measures that protect computers
i. Burglar proofing the room: fitting grills on doors, windows and roof, installation of alarms
and employing security guards.
ii. Protection against fire
Fire in laboratories is either caused by inflammable chemicals used for cleaning and servicing
computer equipment or electrical faults due to open wires or cables and sometimes cigarette
smokers. Install fire prevention and control equipment such as smoke detectors, a gaseous
fire extinguisher filled with carbon dioxide and should be non-liquid or non-power based.
The reason is that liquids may cause rusting and corrosion of computer components while
powder particles may increase friction and wear off moving parts and/or cause disks to crash
iii. The room should be well laid out: with enough space for movement. Cables should be laid
out in trucks away from user paths to avoid people stumbling on them.
iv. Providing stable power supply: to protect the computer from being damaged due to power
instabilities, avoid connecting directly to the main power supply. Instead it should be
connected to a special device called uninterruptible power Supply (UPS) and then connect the
UPS to the mains.
Function of UPS
- It regulates power from unstable power source to the required clean stable voltage
- It temporarily provides power to the computer in case of a sudden power failure.
- Alerts the user when the power goes off by producing a beep sound.

Main power computer

supply

UPS

Unstable power Stable power

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 Surge protector
Surge protector or surge suppressor is used to guard a computer against surges. A surge is
fluctuation in power. These fluctuations happen mostly during storms.

v. Dust and dump control: by fitting good windows, curtains and air conditioning system that
filters dust particles from the air entering the room. Cover computers using dust covers when
not in use. Humidity should be regulated by using dehumidifiers in the room to remain an
optimum of 50%. Humidity lower than this allows static electricity to built up and cause damage
to computer components. High humidity of over 70% may cause rusting of metallic parts.
vi. Cables and power sockets should be well insulated: to avoid short circuits.
vii. The user should not eat or drink: in the computer lab. Food particles may fall in moving
computer parts like keyboard and clog them while liquids may pour into electrical circuits
causing rusting, electrical faults, or short circuits..

Measures that protect the user

❖ The walls of the computer room should not be painted with over bright reflective oil paints and
the screens should face away from the window to avoid glare caused by bright backgrounds.
❖ Cables insulation
All power cables must be properly insulated and laid away from busy pathways in the computer
laboratory. They can be laid along the wall in trunks or use special computer tables designed to hide
all the cables by running under.
❖ Standard furniture
The table on which a computer is placed must be strong and wide enough to hold the weight and
accommodate all peripheral devices. The user’s seat must be comfortable and have a straight back
rest that allows someone to sit upright to avoid muscle pains and back aches. The sit must be high
enough relative to the table to enable comfortable use of hands on the keyboard as shown in the
diagram below:

The eye must be at the same level as the top of the screen (monitor) when user is seated upright as
show in the figure below:

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❖ Providing antiglare screens like Light filters and adjustable screens to avoid eye strain and
fatigue caused by over bright CTR monitors. Alternatively you use LCD monitors.
❖ Ventilation
There must be good air circulation to avoid suffocation or dizziness caused by lack of oxygen and to
allow computers to cool hence avoid damage to electronic parts. A computer laboratory should be
fitted with a HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system. This system controls the
temperature, air flow and humidity within a room, ensuring that the computer equipment does not get
over-heated, and the occupants of the laboratory are comfortable.
❖ Avoid overcrowding. Overcrowding in the computer laboratory should be avoided others users
will suffocate.
❖ Lighting: Computer room should be well lit to avoid eyestrain that leads to headaches, stress and
fatigue. The monitor should be positioned such that glare or bright reflections on the display are
minimized. Radiation filter screens like anti-glare screen may be fitted as shown below:.

Fig. above shows Computer fitted with antiglare)

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 COMPUTER LAYOUT
- Should be such that an instructor (tutor) can teach from the front. There should be enough room
between rows so that a person can easily move about the room. This can be attained by using
the two popular patterns for laying desks in a computer laboratory namely classroom pattern
and conference pattern. Figures below shows these layouts.

Whiteboard

Fig.1.1 Classroom pattern layout

White board

Fig. 1.2 Conference pattern layout

There should be a central printer where students can print their work. If possible the teacher’s
computer should be connected to a projector to magnify the screen on a white board
Review questions 1.3
1) What name is given to alternative sources of power.
a) Generators
b) UPS
c) Power backups
d) The sun
2) Which of the following will not ensure proper ventilation in a room.
a) Enough windows and doors
b) Overcrowding
c) Installing fans
d) Air conditioning system
3) All the following are dangerous to a computer except one.
a) Water
b) Smoke
c) Enough ventilation
d) Dust
4) Why must foods and beverages be kept out of the computer room?
a) Because computer users should not eat.
b) Because spilling may clog and destroy computer components
c) Because the smell of food is not good for the room.
d) Because all foods affect computers.

5) Which one of the following statements is correct?

a) Opening the system unit when it is still on.
b) Using magnets in the computer room 14
c) Covering the computers with dust covers after shutting down
d) Stepping on power and data cables.
6) Why are powder fire extinguishers not allowed in the computer room?
a) Powder particles settle on storage devices and may scratch them during read/write operation.
b) Power is poisonous
c) It fills the room with mist
d) Powder changes to liquid when sprayed.
7) All the following are functions of the UPS except one. Which one is it?
a) It prevents sudden power surges to destroy the computer
b) It supplies power to the computer during blackouts and brownouts
c) It provides stable power supply (clean power)
d) It can be used as the main power source for computers
8) Which of the following reasons are likely to cause eye strain in the computer room.
a) Poor lighting
b) Bright monitor
c) Poor ventilation
d) Ant radiation screen
9) All the following are proper sitting postures while using the computer except one. Which on is it?
a) Straight back position
b) Feet firmly on the floor
c) High enough allowing eyes to be level with top of monitor
d) Bending the back backwards on a relaxed chair
10) What can be done to deter illegal access to a computer room by unauthorized persons?
a) Burglar proof the room by reinforcing doors and weak access points
b) Welcome strangers to the room
c) Leave the room open when nobody is using it.
d) Switch off the security alarm when leaving the room.

PRACTICAL HANDS-ON SKILLS

Computer booting (starting – up)
Booting
Booting refers to a process whereby the computer goes through a process of self-test and preparation
for use. It is a process by which a computer loads system files into the main memory. i.e. the
operating system is read from hard disk and loaded to the main memory.

Computer booting (starting-up) process

- Make sure that all components are properly connected. Turn on the switch at the source of the
power supply. If the computer is connected to the UPS turn on this after switching the Main
supply. Switch on the monitor and the system unit.

- The computer once switched on, you hear the sound of a cooler fan running. After a view
seconds, lines of text start to scroll on the screen as the computer goes through a process of
Power-On Self-Test (POST), before it starts in preparation for use. POST is directed by a special
firmware called Basic Input Output System (BIOS) which is held in ROM chip mounted on the
motherboard. The POST checks whether existing storage, all basic Input/Output devices and
system components are working properly. If any of the devices has a faulty or is missing, the
process may stop or halt then an appropriate error message is displayed on the screen.

- After POST, the computer reads some instructions such as the current time and date from special
memory known as the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS). CMOS is a special
memory where instructions for current date and time are contained. CMOS is powered by a dry
cell that resembles that of a digital watch. If the cell is down, the computer would always
require the user to enter the current time and date. Lastly, after the checks the operating 15
 system is read from the hard disk and loaded to the memory (RAM) in a process called booting.
Once the operating system is successfully loaded, a user-interface called desktop is displayed.

- The entire process that makes the computer ready for use is called Booting up.

Types of booting
i) Cold booting {bootup}
Process of switching on a computer that has been off completely by pressing the power button.
ii) Warm booting
This happens when the computer, originally on, is forced to restart by pressing the restart button on
the system unit or using the restart command on Start menu
Shutting down a computer
If the right process is not followed, the loss of data, damage of programs and computer components
may occur. The process is as follows:
• Ensure that all the work has been properly stored (saving)
• Close all the programs that may be currently running
• Click the start button
• On the start menu click turn off computer
• On the message box the appears click turn off
• The computer will undergo the shutdown process
Importance of shutting down computer using proper procedure
➢ To avoid loss of data and information
➢ To avoid damage of system and application files
➢ To avoid the damage of storage devices that could still be in use

KEYBOARD

THE KEYBOARD LAYOUTS

QWERTY Layout on Windows

Colemak Layout on Windows

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Dvorak Layout on Windows

Most of the keyboards have the typing keys Q,W,E,R,T,Y on the upper low hence they are known as
QWERTY keyboards. The other keyboard layouts include Dvorak and Colemak.

The keys are classified in five categories: alphanumeric (typing) keys, function keys, cursor
movement and editing keys, special keys and numeric keypad keys.

Alphanumeric keys
✓ Include letters A – Z, numbers 1, 2, ……..0 and special symbols such as !,%,&.
✓ Caps lock key: pressing this key lets user to type in upper case letters (capitals)
✓ Enter key (return key): pressing this key forces the text cursor to move to the beginning of the
next line. It also instructs the computer to execute a command that has been selected on the
screen. A cursor is a blinking underscore ( _ ) or a vertical beam (I) that shows where the next
character to be typed will appear.
✓ Tab key: used to move the text cursor at set intervals on the same line eg. 10mm, 20mm, etc
✓ The space bar: creates a space between the words during typing.
✓ Backspace: deletes characters from right to the left on the same line.
Function keys
These keys are located on top of the keyboard. They are labeled F1, F2 …. F12. each of these
keys is used for a special function or job. Example pressing F1 invokes the on-line help, Pressing
F7 starts Spelling and Grammar Checker
Cursor movement and editing keys
Cursor movement(navigation) keys: are used to move the cursor on the screen.
They include: Home, End, Pageup / Pagedown and Arrow keys.
✓ Arrow keys: pressing the right or left key moves the cursor one character to right or left
respectively. Pressing the upward or downward arrow key moves the text cursor one line up
or down respectively.
✓ Page up and page down keys: page up moves the cursor up one page and page down moves
cursor down one page in case a document has many pages.
✓ Home and end keys: Home key moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line while
end key moves the cursor to the end of the current line.
Editing keys: Editing keys are used to erase (delete) or insert characters in a document
✓ Insert key: help the user to insert or replace a character at the cursor position.
✓ Delete (Del) key: deletes characters at the cursor position from left to right.
Special purpose keys
They are used in combination with other keys to give certain commands to a computer. Example
CTRL + ESC is used to display the start menu. They include: SHIFT, CTRL, ALT and ESC.
Ctrl key:
used for shortcuts in combination with other keys e.g. holding down Ctrl + S activates Save command,

17
 Shift Key
used for typing alternative characters for keys that represent more than one character e.g. Shift + 5 types
operator %.
Changing cases i.e. if the Caps Lock light is not illuminated and you hold down the shift key and press a
letter key, the upper case version of the character will be generated. The opposite will happen if the Caps
Lock light is illuminated.
If you hold down Shift key as you delete folders/files from hard disk they will bypass recycle bin folder
and get deleted (discarded) completely.
Numeric keypad keys
They are located on the rightmost part on the keyboard. They have digits marked on the in rows from
bottom upwards ie 0-9. They have numbers in compact form and helps in rapid entry of numeric
data. Apart from the digits the numeric keypad has some mathematical symbols also marked on its
key e.g /, +,\, -, *.
Note: that the numbers on the numeric keypad can only be used when the Num Lock key is turned
on. The key is situated on the numeric pad.
They can also be used as cursor movement keys and editing keys when Num Lock key is turned off.
Some portable computers lack numeric keypad due to size limitations.
The Num Lock used to switch between numbers, editing and navigation keys on the numeric
keypad.

Toggle Key
A toggle key is a key that is used to turn a function on or off, or to switch between two functions.
A toggle key is turned on or off when pressed; they need not be held down while pressing other keys.
Most keyboards have lights indicating whether the keys are switched on or off. Some operating
systems and applications also display the toggle key status on the screen. Examples of toggle keys
are the caps lock key, number lock key and scroll lock key.

Caps lock key: which alternates the letter keys between uppercase and lowercase.
Num lock key: it toggles the input of the numeric keypad. When Num Lock is on, the keypad can be
used to enter numeric values. When Num Lock is off, they keys provide different input. For example,
4 is left arrow, 6 is right arrow, 8 is up arrow, and 2 is down arrow.
scroll lock key: which allows arrow keys to scroll through window's contents and allows users to
scroll without depending on the scroll bar. When the scroll lock mode was on, the arrow keys would
scroll the contents of a text window instead of moving the cursor.[
Insert key: it toggles between overtype mode (which overtypes characters) and insert mode (which
inserts characters) while entering text.

MOUSE SKILLS
✓ Clicking: this means pressing and releasing the left mouse button once. A click often selects an
object.
✓ Double clicking: This means pressing the left button twice in quick succession. Double clicking
usually opens a file or starts a program.
✓ Right clicking: Pressing the right hand mouse button once displays a list of commands from
which the user can make a selection. This list called shortcut menu or context sensitive menu. It
is called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to the right-clicked item.
✓ Drag and drop: this is where the user drags an item from one location on the screen to another.
Review questions 1.4
1) What is booting?
Booting refers to a process whereby the computer goes through a process of self-test and
preparation for use.
2) Differentiate between cold booting and warm booting. 18
 Cold booting is starting up a computer which was originally off while warm booting is restarting
a computer which was already on.
3) What is the difference between function keys and special PC keys?
Function keys are used for a special function or perform a specific task while special purpose
keys are used in combination with other keys to give certain commands to a computer.
4) Explain the various categories of keys found on a standard keyboard.
➢ Alphanumeric (typing) keys: this are typing keys and include; A-Z and 0-9
➢ Function keys: are used for a special function or perform a specific task F1,F2….F12
➢ Cursor movement and editing keys: help in cursor movement eg. Arrow keys and editing
keys help in deleting or inserting characters in a document eg. Insert and delete keys.
➢ Special keys: are used in combination with other keys to give certain commands to a
computer. Eg. SHIFT,CTRL
➢ Numeric keypad keys: consists of set of numbers 0-9 and arithmetic signs ie +,-,*,/
5) Define the following terms:
a) Clicking: this means pressing and releasing the left mouse button once. A click often selects
an object.
b) Double clicking: This means pressing the left button twice in quick succession. Double
clicking usually opens a file or starts a program.
c) Right clicking: Pressing the right hand mouse button once displays a list of commands from
which the user can make a selection. This list called shortcut menu or context sensitive menu.
It is called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to the right-clicked
item.
d) Drag and drop: this is where the user drags an item from one location on the screen to
another.
e) Mouse pointer: the pointer that echoes movements of the pointing device, commonly a
mouse or touchpad. The pointer is the place where actions take place that are initiated
through direct manipulation gestures such as click, touch and drag
f) Cursor: A cursor is an indicator used to show the position on a computer monitor or other
display device that will respond to input from a text input or pointing device.
g) Insertion point: The text cursor or insertion point represents the point of the user interface
where the focus is located. It represents the object that will be used as the default subject of
user-initiated commands such as writing text, starting a selection or a copy-paste operation
through the keyboard.
6) What makes a mouse move a pointer on the screen?
Moving the mouse on any direction on a flat surface.
7) Explain the correct procedure for shutting down of the computers in the computer
laboratory.
• Ensure that all the work has been properly stored (saving)
• Close all the programs that may be currently running
• Click the start button
• On the start menu click turn off computer
• On the message box the appears click turn off
• The computer will undergo the shutdown process
Revision questions
1. Explain why smoke and dust particles are harmful to a computer
Dust and smoke settles on storage devices scratching them during read/write operation.
2. Explain the emerging trends in a microcomputer technology in relation to size.
PCs are becoming small and portable e.g. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).
3. describe the ideal environment for a computer to work properly 19
 Free from dust, water, magnets, well ventilated rooms, medium humidity, etc.
4. Explain the term system unit and name some of the components found in the system unit
It’s the part that houses the brain of the computer called the Central Processing Unit (CPU),
motherboard, main memory, and the drives
5. What is booting? Explain what happens in the computer during the booting process.
Starting up a computer. Internally it first checks whether all the components are in good
working condition then loads the operating system.
6. State on reason why a computer needs to be connected to a stable power source.
To avoid damage and loss of data.
7. Give two examples of special purpose computers
Mobile phones, calculators, robots etc.
8. Why would it not be good to install water based fire extinguishers in the computer room?
Water causes rusting of metallic parts and short circuits if used.
9. Explain the following terms: clicking the mouse, right clicking the mouse, double clicking
the mouse
➢ Clicking-pressing and releasing the left mouse button once.
➢ Double clicking-pressing the left mouse button twice in a quick succession. Double clicking
usually opens a file or starts a program.
➢ Right clicking-pressing the right mouse button once displays a list of commands from which
the user can make a selection. This list of commands is called a shortcut menu or context
sensitive menu. It is called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to
the right-clicked item.
10. What precaution would you take in the computer room in case:
a) The humidity falls below normal for prolonged periods due to weather change.
Install humidifiers in the room,
b) Users complain of backaches after long periods of using the computer.
Improve furniture to avoid bending when using the computer.
11. Classify the following keyboard characters
a) A, B, C, …Z - alphanumeric keys
b) 0,1,2,…9 - numeric keys
c) F1, F2, …F12 - function keys
d) Del, Insert - editing keys
e) Home, End, Page UP, arrow key - Cursor movement keys
f) Ctrl, shift, Alt - Special purpose keys

20
 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Specific objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to;
a) Describe a computer system
b) Explain the functional organization of the elements of a computer system
c) Describe input devices of a computer system
d) Describe the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
e) Describe the output devices of a computer system
f) Describe the types of secondary storage devices and media
g) Distinguish between power and interface cables
h) Explain basic computer setup and cabling
i) Distinguish between system software and application software
j) Evaluate the criteria for selecting a computer system.

Introduction
A computer is made up of two main components Hardware and Software while a computer system
has three components namely: Hardware, software and liveware (computer user).
A system is a collection of different entities that collectively work together to achieve a desired goal.
Examples of systems are human body, social system, school system etc.
A computer system is a collection of three components namely hardware, software and liveware
entities that work together to receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful
format using computers.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

The computer system consists of three major parts namely hardware, software and liveware.
i). Hardware
These are the physical or tangible components of a computer system, which one can touch and
feel/see. They consist of the mechanical, electrical and electronic parts of the system e.g monitor,
system unit, keyboard and mouse, etc.

ii). Software
Is a set of instructions or programs that direct a computer on what to do. They guide the computer in
each and every activity that happens inside the computer during data processing. The programs are
also written to help the computer users perform various tasks using the computer. The software is
intangible, flexible and changeable in nature. They are mainly classified into two categories namely
system software and application software.

iii). Liveware (computer user)

Refers to users who have computer knowledge and hence can properly utilize the computer hardware
and software as well as in participation in hardware and software selection.

COMPUTER HARDWARE
The computer hardware is classified into four categories namely:
i). Input devices,
ii). Central processing unit,
iii). Output devices
iv). Storage devices.

21
22
Input devices
These are devices which accept data and send it to the CPU. They convert user input which is in
human readable form to machine language that a computer can process. The input devices have two
tasks to perform:
➢ Read data from the medium from which it is stored
➢ Code it into a form that can be understood by the computer

Input devices are classified according to how they are used to enter data as follows:
i). Keying devices i.e. keyboard, keypad
ii). Pointing devices i.e. mouse, joy stick, light pen, track ball.
iii). Scanning and other data capture devices
iv). Speech recognition or voice input devices
v). Touch screen, digitizer and digital cameras

1) Keying devices
Keying or typing is the most common way to input data. A keying device converts typed numbers,
letters and special characters into machine readable form before processing takes place.

Keyboard and keypad

They enter data into a computer by typing (pressing its keys). A keypad is a tiny keyboard which is
mostly used on small portable computers, calculators, mobile phones etc.

Common types of keying devices include:

✓ Traditional keyboard : It is a full sized rigid keyboard as discussed in Chapter 1 of the
Handout.
✓ Flexible keyboard: It is a more portable type of keyboard that can be folded and packed into a
bag.
✓ Ergonomic keyboard: is specially designed to provide comfort and alleviate wrist strain.
✓ Keypad : is a miniature keyboard used on portable devices such as PDAs, laptops, palm notes,
calculators and mobile phones, etc.
✓ Braille keyboard: is an accessibility option for the blind. It consists of keys identified by raised
dots.

Advantages of keyboard
▪ It’s very reliable compared to other methods of text input (voice input)
▪ Is very cost effective, since every computer comes with a keyboard and there are no
additional costs.

2) Pointing devices
Enter data or instructions by controlling a pointer or cursor on the screen. Some examples pointing
devices include:- mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen, and stylus.
i) A mouse
Enter data or instructions by controlling a pointer on the screen. Generally there are three types of
mice available in the market today namely mechanical, optical and cordless.

a) Standard or traditional mouse

It has a ball underneath, two buttons and an optional scroll wheel located between the left and
right buttons.

b) The optical mouse

Has a pointing device that uses light emitting diode (LED), an optional sensor and digital
signal processing (DSP) in place of the traditional mouse ball and electromechanical
transducer. It does not have any moving parts.

23
 c) Cordless ( wireless) mouse
Cordless or wireless mouse is a battery powered mouse that uses radio or infrared waves
instead of being physically connected to the system unit.

Uses of a mouse
- To select options from menus or from a set of icons by clicking the mouse button.
- To position the cursor when editing text or using design package
- To select an object in a drawing or a piece of text to be copied, moved or deleted.

Advantages of using a mouse

- Is easy and convenient to use
- It is inexpensive
- Most modern software includes an option to use it
- It selects a position on screen much more quickly than a keyboard
Disadvantages
- Cannot be used to input text easily, you need a keyboard to do that.
- It is relatively slow for selecting menu options
- Requires a flat surface to operate
- It is not accurate for drawing purposes

ii). Track ball

A track ball is like a mouse that has been turned upside down. The ball is on top, and the user moves
the ball without moving the mouse. The track ball does not require a flat surface to operate.
Question: State one advantage of using a track ball over a mouse.
Answer: It does not require flat surface or extra space to operate.

ii). Joystick
Is a hand held device used for playing computer games and video games. It allows the fast
interaction needed in games. The user controls game actions by varying the pressure, speed and
direction of the joystick. Just like mouse, it has a button which is used for selecting an item, issue
commands or trigger actions.

iii). Light pen and stylus

A light pen is a pen-like light-sensitive device, held in the hand. It operates by sensing to the
presence and absence of light through a light sensitive cell at its end. A stylus on the other hand is
used on touch sensitive devices such as PDA screens that recognize commands or handwritten text.

24
 Uses of light pen
- Are used as design aids
- Used to read bar codes and to indicate a point on the a screen or pad

Advantages
- Provide a direct mode of input
- More precise than using a mouse
Disadvantages
- Can only detect the presence and absence of light
- Can only be used in conjunction with a graphic VDU, which is able to sense special hardware
and software.

3) Scanning devices (Document readers)

Scanning means capturing data from an object and converting it into digital format. Scanning devices
are devices that capture data into the computer directly and are classified according to the technology
they use to capture data namely optical and magnetic scanners.

A). Optical scanners

Capture data using optical or light technology. A light beam passes over an object and the image is
analysed by a specialized software.

They are of three types

i). Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR detect marks made on a piece of paper using ink or soft pencil, by passing an infrared beam of
light over them.. The documents are pre-printed with predefined data positions. The OMR converts
the marks into computer readable data. The reader detects the presence and absence of a mark on a
form by sensing reflected infrared light.

Uses of OMR
- Are used to mark multiple choice questions, e.g. KCPE or aptitude test.
- analyzing responses to structured questionnaires
- Insurance premium collection
- Selecting correct number combinations from lottery tickets.
- Supermarkets for stock recording
- Payroll data entry
- Market research questionnaires
- Voter’s registration process

25
 Advantages
- Has low error rate
- Conspicuous errors are easily corrected
- Economical where the volume of data is large
- Data captured at source, hence no data entry errors

ii. Optical Bar Reader (OBR)

These scanners are used to capture data coded as lines of varying thickness known as bar codes or
universal product code (UPC). Scan and translate a bar code into machine understandable mode. Bar
codes are lines of different thickness and are common on consumer products and contain item
information such as country of manufacture, manufacturer and the product code. Bar codes do not
have the price details because prices vary from one place to another.
The two types of bar code scanners are the hand held wand and desktop bar code reader.

Uses
- On labels and on shelves for stock taking
- Printed on shop goods e.g. supermarkets
- In libraries

iii. Optical Character Reader (OCR) or Image scanners

Is the most advanced type of scanner that works like the human eye. It is used to read typewritten,
computer printed, or handwritten characters and transforms the images into a softcopy that can be
manipulated using a word processor.
Today OCR comes as integrated feature of more advanced scanners called flat-bed scanners. Flat-
bed scanners are used to capture pictures and real objects.

Advantages
i). Data is captured at source hence errors are limited
ii). Its an easier method to use
iii). Document design is less complicated
iv). Characters can be read by people

Disadvantages of OCR
- Some optical scanners are expensive
- Handling precaution necessary e.g. document should not be folded or creased for accurate reading

26
 Uses
- Sale order forms
- Stock taking sheets

B). Magnetic Scanners

These scanners use the principle of magnetism to sense the document characters that have been
written using magnetized ink or coded onto magnetic strip. They can also be said to use magnetic
technology to capture data.

Examples of magnetic scanners are:-

i). Magnetic-Ink Character Reader (MICR)
The MICR is also known as magnetic reader.. MICR recognizes characters formed from magnetic
ink. The document characters are typed or printed in ink containing Iron II Oxide that gives them
magnetic property. MICR is used in banks to read cheques, credit cards etc.

Advantages of MICR
- Its fast, accurate and automatic
- The codes are both machine and human readable.
- Reduces forgery i.e. its difficult to forge
Disadvantages
- MICR system is limited to only 14 characters
- MICR system is based on magnetism and can easily be damaged.

ii). Magnetic stripe recognition (magnetic card reader)

A magnetic card reader is used to read data coded on a magnetic strip on a plastic card such as the
one used on an automated teller machine (ATM) and credit card reader.
A magnetic stripe is a thin magnetic tape, often at the back of a plastic card e.g. ATM card. The
stripe contains coded information of the holder.

Applications
- On credit cards
- On bank cards e.g. ATM
- As a phone card
- Production control where punched cards holds data in a factory like employee’s details
- Access control for security reasons in many offices to control access to buildings or rooms
- Car parks where badges are used to raise car barriers, allowing entry or exit from a car park.
Advantages
- Simple to produce
- Not easily damaged
- Stores fairly large number of characters
27
 Disadvantage
- Data can be changed or erased by magnetic fields

4) Speech Recognition devices

Data is entered directly into a computer using voice input devices such as microphones. A
microphone is attached to a sound card which has an analog-digital converter. Speech recognition
software allows the user to issue commands using natural language. The device recognize a limited
standard of spoken words via a microphone linked to a computer system. A user must train the
system to recognize his/her voice by repeating each word in the vocabulary several times. \
An emerging trend in voice input is the inclusion of voice tag in cell phones that allows the user to
simply store and dial contacts.

Uses of speech input/recognition devices

- For people with special needs (disabilities)
- In language translator programs
- Voice tags for voice dialing
- Quality control and automation in factories i.e. speech input used to order robots e.g in Japan
- Automated material handling whereby in airports, handlers speak the commands to direct
luggage on conveyor belts.
- House / car security using voice activated locks

Advantages
- No keyboards is necessary useful in situations where hands or eyes are busy handling
documents etc
- People are moving around, since wireless microphone can be used.
- Can be used from remote locations via the telephone

Disadvantages
- Homophones: some words sound the same e.g. Fair & Fare
- Recognition is low
- Speaker variability
- Limited vocabularies
- Background noise can disrupt the data entered

5) Other input technologies

a). Touch screen
It utilizes the technology of a touch sensitive screen. It works by allowing the user to touch the
screen using a finger or stylus in order to select an item or write an item. The screen consists of
infrared light crisscrossing behind it. When the user touches a location on the screen, the finger
interrupts the infrared light and the command touched is executed.

28
b). Digital cameras
Capture the same way as other cameras do but stores image in digital form. Pictures are stored on a
memory card instead of a film. The digital image taken can be streamed directly into a computer,
uploaded to internet using a webcam or directly printed using a special photo printer. Are used to
take electronic pictures of an object. They are of two types:
1. still digital camera one that can take still images i.e. photographs and another
2. a video digital camera that takes motion pictures.

c). Digitizers
A digitizer also known as graphic tablet, is made up of a flat surface and allows the user to draw an
image using a stylus. The image drawn does not appear on the tablet but on the computer screen.
The stylus moves on the tablet and the drawing is directly reflected on the screen. Digitizers are used
for tracing highly detailed engineering and architectural drawings and designs.

Interactive whiteboard (smartboard)

Is a large interactive display that connects to a computer. The computer display is projected onto the
board’s surface, where users control the computer and write using a pen or a finger. The board is
typically mounted to a wall or on a floor stand.
Smart boards are used in places such as classrooms, seminars, corporate broad broadcasting studios

29
Factors to consider when selecting an input device
- Device cost :The initial cost and recurrent cost to be weighed against the expected benefits and /or
operational characteristics of the facility
- Device speed: the device should enter data very fast to safe on time.
- Data volume: It should cope with that data volume to be input with appropriate timing.
- Device accuracy: the device should be able to enter data without errors.
- Device reliability: can the device work with consistency.
- Mode of operation: This will depend on the nature of the system i.e. data processing system.
- Type of data to be input: the kind of data to be input eg. Barcode reader can be used to enter data
with barcodes.

TURNAROUND DOCUMENT
- A turnaround document is a document that has been output from a computer, some extra
information potentially added to it, and then returned to become an input document. For example,
meter cards are produced for collecting readings from gas meters, photocopiers, water meters etc.
- Name any two data capture techniques that make use of turnaround documents.
- - Optical character recognition (OCR)
- Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
- Optical Bar Recognition (OBR)

What's A QR Code? – Quick Response

QR code is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode). A barcode is a
machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached. In
practice, QR codes often contain data for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a website or
application. A QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary,
and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions may also be used

Very simply, they are barcodes, not too dissimilar to the barcodes you seen on the packaging of
almost every product you buy. The main different between QR Codes and what you may refer to as a
traditional barcode, is that QR Codes can store many times more data in a much smaller surface area.
This is due to their ability to store data in 2 dimensions rather than 1.

To read the data stored within a QR Code you will need a scanner of some sort. You don't need
special, dedicated or expensive hardware to read a QR Code, scanners can be as simple as an app on
your smartphone that uses the camera and some decoding algorithm.

QR Codes offer a number of advantages over traditional barcodes:

• High Capacity - store a lot more data, allowing for real content to be stored and not just IDs
or references.
• Require Less Space - Get the same data stored over a much smaller surface area.
• Dust And Damage Resistant - Even when damaged there is a chance they are still readable.
• Readable From Any Direction - Scan them from any angle, readers don't need to be aligned
to the orientation of the code.
• Structured Appending - Data can be split over multiple codes which when scanned can be
30
 combined to reconstruct the original content.

QR Codes are appearing everywhere with many creative uses, today they can be found in magazines,
newspapers, food packaging, supermarkets, games and on giant billboards. They are flexible, very
cheap and their scope of use is very large.

The entire purpose of a QR Code is to quickly and easily get data from a printed medium to a digital
medium such as a barcode scanner or your smartphone where it can be processed. This can be for
simple stock taking or to provide digital contents to support an experience or physical product.
Compatibility is key to the rising popularity, and the availability of free scanners on all the major
smartphone platforms means almost everyone has their own scanner on an internet connected device
at all times.

Review questions 2.1

1. What is a computer system?
It is a collection of three components namely hardware, software and liveware entities that work
together to receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful format using
computers.
2. Differentiate between a computer and a computer system.
A computer is made up of two main components Hardware and Software while a computer
system has three namely: Hardware, software and liveware (computer user).

3. A scanner used at points of sale terminals in supermarkets is an example of a ___________

scanner.

4. The automated input technique where keying of input data is eliminated is sometimes referred to
as __________.

5. The type of scanner used to grade multiple choice examination is called an ________________.

6.Name three factors one would consider when selecting data entry method, and give a reason
why each is important.
✓ Device cost :The initial cost and recurrent cost to be weighed against the expected benefits
and /or operational characteristics of the facility
✓ Type of data to be input
✓ Device speed
✓ Data volume: It should cope with that data volume to be input with appropriate timing.
✓ Device accuracy
✓ Device availability
✓ Mode of operation: This will depend on the nature of the system i.e. data processing system.

7. Describe three different optical and two magnetic techniques used for input and give an
example of the use of each.
✓ Optical: OMR, OBR and OCR
✓ Magnetic: MICR and Magnetic strip

8. Explain how banks use MICR scanners for cheques processing.

Special magnetic characters are written on cheques that can only be detected by MICR
reader.

9.Describe two situations in which speech recognition devices may be useful as a method of
data entry.
✓ For people with special needs (disabilities)
✓ In language translator programs
✓ Voice tags for voice dialing
31
10. Optical scanning of the Universal Product Code is now widely used as input method.
Give an example of a place where it is used and explain how it is used.
Supermarkets and superstores. To capture prices of goods from bar codes.

THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

CPU is also called the Processor or microprocessor is a tiny chip etched into a silicon chip. The CPU
is the most important component of the computer. It is actually regarded as the brain of a because all
processing activities are carried out inside the processor.
In microcomputers, the CPU is housed inside the system unit where it’s mounted on a circuit board
called the motherboard or the system board.

Functional units of the CPU

Regardless of size, a processor consists of three functional elements namely;
- Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
- Control Unit (CU)
- The Main Memory (primary memory)

MAIN MEMORY
Send results to Fetch data and
main memory instructions from
RAM

Performs ALU CONTROL UNIT

arithmetic and
logic operations

Cache and Registers

❖ Control unit
CU controls / coordinates all processing activities in the CPU using a system clock, which sends
electrical signals. The CU interprets instruction fetched from the Main Memory and sends control
signals to the ALU instructing it on how to execute instructions, issue control instructions to the
operating system, determines the operation to be performed by the instruction, where the results are
to be stored, and where the next instruction is located. The CU fetches data from the main memory
and puts it in the proper order for the processor. It also sends the processed results back to the main
memory. The CU also locates any data needed by the instruction and sees that the instruction is
followed.

❖ Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations (the basic data transformation in a
microprocessor). Arithmetic operations include addition, multiplication and division. Logical
operations includes comparing two quantities or more numbers to determine which is greater or
equal to or less than the other. It also involves testing for existence of a condition encountered during
the processing of an application. The ALU carries out all the logical and arithmetic processing on
data as directed by Control Unit. It decodes the instructions and then processes the data. Data to be
executed by ALU is temporarily held registers inside the processor. 32
 ❖ Main memory
It is also called primary memory storage. It provides storage location for data and instructions
accessed by the control unit.
Its two main functions are:
i). Holding data just before and after processing
ii). Holding instructions just before and execution

Classification of Computer Memory

The different types of memories are
❖ Primary storage
❖ Secondary storage

The primary memory is used for temporarily holding data and instructions required immediately by
the CPU and contents are lost once the power is switched off. Secondary storage is used for
permanently storing information by the CPU and is not lost when power is switched off.

A comparison between primary and secondary memory:

Primary storage Secondary storage

- Data can be processed directly from - Data cannot be processed directly but must
storage be moved into main memory first
- Located within CPU - Located outside CPU
- More expensive - Less expensive
- Lower capacity - Higher capacity
- Faster access time - Slow access time

Primary memory
Is of two types Read Only Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM).

RAM
ROM
A). Read Only Memory (ROM)
Used to store firmware from hardware manufacturers and/or programmed instructions and data
permanently or semi-permanently. Its contents can be read but cannot be written back or you cannot
store anything in ROM during normal computer operations. ROMs are used in computers for
permanent storage of instructions such as
- Power On Self Test (POST)
- The Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
- The bootstrap loader (the automatic program that finds and loads the operating system program
from disk) so that the computer has something to do when power is first applied.

NB: Ordinary users can’t change ROM.

Types of ROM
i). Mask Read Only memory (MROM) 33
 Contents are written once by the manufacturer and cannot be changed afterwards.

ii). Programmable Read Only Memory(PROM)

Can be programmed directly by the user using a special PROM programmer. PROMs come as
blanks having nothing programmed or recorded on them. Once programmed it cannot be changed
therefore it allows user to program (write) it only once. After programming it assumes the
characteristics of Mask ROM..

iii). Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM)

Is a special type of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed again by exposing it to ultra-violet
light.
Advantage: contents can be erased and reprogrammed for another use.

iv). Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

EEPROM can be erased and reprogrammed using electricity under software control and can support
selective modification of its contents. A BIOS chip found on a microcomputer’s motherboard is an
example of EEPROM..

v). Electrically Alterable ROM (EAROM)

Can be read from and written to. However, since the processes are significantly different, the
EAROM can be called a Read-Mostly” Memory. In order to write into EAROM you require a
millisecond, while the read operation can be performed in microseconds. The application of EAROM
is limited to critical industrial and military applications.
Advantage:
It is non-volatile and does not require an auxiliary power source such as battery.
Disadvantage:
- Cannot be used as a general purpose read/write memory because it takes much time to write to
than read from.
- EAPROM has limited application only to critical industrial and military applications
Characteristics of ROM
- Can only be read and cannot be written to unless it’s a special ROM e.g EAROM
- Its non-volatile
- Stores permanent or semi permanent instructions from manufacture although some can be
programmed according to users specification.
- Its contents are manufacturers’ defined.

Disadvantages of ROM
- Are not cost effective because of large production volumes
- A ROM cannot be changed, once manufactured.
- Delay in production of the ROM.
B). Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is mostly referred to as working storage. RAM holds the programs being run and the data
being used by the CPU at the current time. Its contents can be read directly regardless of the
sequence in which it was stored. RAM can be written to and retrieved from. RAM is the memory
used in large quantities in Main Memory and every computer must specify its size. Ram holds the
programs being run and the data being used by the CPU at the current time.
Characteristics of RAM
- Data can be read and written in it. 34
 - It’s temporary (volatile) storage , its contents are lost/ disappears when the computer is
switched off.
- It’s contents is user defined.
Types of RAM
There are two types of RAM namely Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
i). Static RAM (SRAM)
SRAM is a fast type of memory found inside a microprocessor.
Characteristics
- Stores a bit of information within a flip-flop
- It’s a very fast memory and holds its contents as long as there is power.
- Its content does not require refreshment
- Its expensive
- Its very fast compared to DRAM
- Its mostly used to make special types of memories known as Cache memory
- Used for smaller memories
ii). Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
The term dynamic refers to the tendency for stored charge to leak away, even with constant power
supply. Due to this DRAM requires periodic recharging referred to as refreshing to maintain its data
storage.
- Stores a bit of information in a charge and (a disadvantage) additional logic is needed for
refreshing the memory.
- It holds its contents for a short while even when the power is on. To maintain its content it
must be refreshed severally per second.
- Is less expensive than SRAM
Summary of Computer memory

Computer Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

RAM ROM

MROM
SRAM PROM
DRAM EPROM
EEPROM
EAROM

Special purpose memories

Are memories embedded in a microprocessor in order to enhance its processing speed and are found
inside the CPU or in the input and output devices. These memories increase the overall performance
of data and instructions moving in and out of the CPU. They increase the hit ratio (the availability of
data and information when required) and reducing the wait time when the CPU searches for data and
instructions from memory. Slower memories like DRAM make the CPU to wait longer when it needs
data stored in them.
These memories include: 35
 ➢ Buffers
➢ Registers
➢ Cache memory.
i) Buffers
Is a temporary holding place that may be part of the CPU or built in an I/O device.. Acts as interface
between very fast processor and slow input/output devices. Since the CPU is very fast compared to
the I/O devices, buffers provide temporary storage so that the CPU is set free to carry other activities
instead of waiting for all data entered or information to be output. Input data is held in the input
buffer while processed data is held processed data is held in output buffer. Examples: computer
printers have buffers where they can store massive documents sent by the CPU for printing hence
freeing the CPU to perform other urgent tasks as the printer continues to print in the background.
NB: Buffers can hold more than one piece of data at a time.
ii) Registers
Are high speed temporary memory locations within the CPU that holds data and instructions just
before and after processing in the ALU. They hold one piece of data a time and are located inside the
CPU.
Types of registers
❖ Instruction register (IR)
Temporarily holds an instruction just before it is interpreted into a form that CPU can understand it.
❖ An accumulator (AC)
Temporarily holds the results of the last processing step of the ALU e.g 3 + 4 = 7 is held in the
accumulator.
❖ An address register (AR)
Temporarily holds the address of the next piece of data to be fetched for processing.
❖ Storage register (SR)
Temporarily holds a piece of data that is on its way to and from the CPU and main memory.
❖ Program counter (PC)
An incrementing counter that keeps track of the memory address of the instruction that is to be
executed next or in other words, holds the address of the instruction to be executed next.
iii)Cache memory
Cache memory (pronounced as cash) is a very high speed type of SRAM whose purpose is to allow
the processor to access data and instructions faster i.e. speeds up processing (fetch cycle).
There are three types of cache memory namely:
- Level 1 (primary cache) located inside the microprocessor.
- Level 2 (external cache) may be inside the microprocessor or mounted on the motherboard.
- Level 3 is the latest type of cache that works with Level 2 cache to optimize system
performance.
Virtual memory
If you have limited memory or you have many programs open, your computer may need to use part
of the hard drive to simulate more memory. This simulated more memory is called virtual memory
and allows the computer to continue operating but at much slower speed. Therefore a virtual
memory is simulated memory from hard drive which makes the computer operate at a much slower
speed.
Memory capacities
Memory and storage capacity is measured in special units called bytes. A byte is equivalent to a
single character, which can be numbers 0 – 9, letters A – Z or a special symbol e.g. a number 2341
has 4 bytes, while words ‘My school’ has 9 bytes.
Memory quantities can be expressed in:
1. Kilobytes (KB) – 1024 bytes ie. Approximately one thousand bytes (103) 36
 2. Megabytes (MB) – 1048576 bytes ie. Approximately one million bytes (106)
3. Gigabytes (GB) – 1073741824 bytes ie. Approximately one billion bytes (1012)
4. Terabytes (TB) – 1099511627776 bytes ie. Approximately one trillion bytes (1024)
Overall organization of the CPU
The ALU, CU and Main Memory use electrical pathways or links called buses. A bus is an electrical
path for signal to flow from one point to another in a circuit. There are three types of computer buses
namely:
a). Control bus
This is a pathway for all timings and controlling functions sent by the control unit to other parts of
the system.
b). Address bus
This is used to locate the storage position in memory of the data to be executed or an instruction to
be decoded.
c). Data bus
This is the pathway where the actual data transfer takes place.

Summary of the overall organization of the CPU

The central processing unit exchanges data with the main memory and input/output devices. The
control unit fetches data and instructions from the main memory then sends to ALU for execution in a
process called fetch execute cycle.

Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

FETCH
(Seeking for data
and instructions)

EXECUTE DECODE 37
(Obeying the (Interpreting the
instructions) instructions by the
CU)
Fetch
The first step the CPU carries out is to fetch some data and instructions (program) from main
memory then store them in its own internal temporary memory areas. These memory areas are called
'registers'. Ie. The program counter (PC) holds the address of the instruction to be fetched next. The
fetched instruction is loaded into instruction register (IR). This is called the 'fetch' part of the cycle.
For this to happen, the CPU makes use of a vital hardware path called the 'address bus'. The CPU
places the address of the next item to be fetched on to the address bus. Data from this address then
moves from main memory into the CPU by travelling along another hardware path called the 'data
bus'.
Decode
The next step is for the CPU to make sense of the instruction it has just fetched. This process is
called 'decode'. The CPU is designed to understand a specific set of commands. These are called the
'instruction set' of the CPU. Each make of CPU has a different instruction set. The CPU decodes the
instruction and prepares various areas within the chip in readiness of the next step.

Execute

This is the part of the cycle when data processing actually takes place. The instruction is carried out
upon the data (executed). The result of this processing is stored in yet another register. Once the
execute stage is complete, the CPU sets itself up to begin another cycle once more.

Summary of the fetch-decode-execute cycle

1. The processor checks the program counter to see which instruction to run next.
2. The program counter gives an address value in the memory of where the next instruction is.
3. The processor fetches the instruction value from this memory location.
4. Once the instruction has been fetched, it needs to be decoded and executed. For example, this
could involve taking one value, putting it into the ALU, then taking a different value from a
register and adding the two together.
5. Once this is complete, the processor goes back to the program counter to find the next nstruction.
6. This cycle is repeated until the program ends.
PROCESSORS
A processor consists of an inbuilt set of instructions called instruction set.

Types of processors
A microprocessor is a complete CPU where ALU and Control unit has been combined into tiny
single processor. The microprocessor chips use many different internal designs, and the chips vary in
appearance and capability.

Three basic characteristics that differentiate microprocessors are:

❖ Bandwidth: Which is the number of bits that can be processed by one instruction
❖ Clock speed or Clock Rate: Which is the speed of the internal timer that determines how
many instructions per second the processor can execute. The internal clock regulates the rate at
which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The faster
the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute.
❖ Instruction set: is an inbuilt set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
38
There are two types/ classes of Microprocessors namely:
▪ Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
▪ Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)

- Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) is the name given to types of processors that use a
large number of complicated instructions microcoded into the processor, to try to do more work.
- Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) is the name given to processors that use a small
number of simple instructions meant to do less work with each instruction but execute them
faster.

Processor Clock speed

Clock speed is measured in units called Hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz equals 1 cycle (tick) per second. A
Hertz is a unit of frequency which measures the number of cycles in a signal.
The clock/clock rate – refers to how many instructions per second the processor can execute.
Quantities of clock speed can be expressed in :
i) Kilohertz (kHz) : approximately one thousand hertzs.
ii) Megahertz (MHz): approximately one million hertzs
iii)Gigahertz (GHz) : Approximately one billion hertzs.
- Modern CPUs reach over 3 GHz.
Summary of microprocessors and their clock speeds

1. Pentium II 1997 Intel Plugged on to Single-edge

contact (SEC)
2. AMD K6 1997 AMD 166-266 MHz
3. Cyrix 6x86 1997 Cyrix 150, 166, or 187 Mhz
4. Pentium III 1999 Intel 450MHz to 1.13 GHz
5. AMD Athron 1999 AMD 500Mhz to 2.33Ghz
6. AMD Duron 2000 AMD 600 MHz – 1.8 GHz
7. Pentium 4 Nov. 2000 Intel 1.4 Ghz to 3.2 Ghz
8. Intel Core 2 2006 Intel >1.6GHz x 2
Duo
9. AMD Athron 2005 AMD >2.0Ghz x 2
Dual Core

TRENDS OF MICROPROCESSOR FIELD

A Multicore processor is a single computing component with two or more independent central
processing unit. They have several independent cores which works together in parallel.

A Multicore microprocessor is one which combines two or more independent processor into a single
package, often a single integrated circuit • Eg:Dual core contains only 2 independent microprocessor

Trends in microprocessor world: Dual core microprocessor

Quad core microprocessor
Penta core microprocessor
Hexa core processor
Octa core processor

DUAL-CORE: refers to a CPU that includes two complete execution cores per physical
processor. It has combined two processors and their caches and cache controllers onto a single 39
integrated circuit (silicon chip). Dual core chip is that tasks can be carried out in parallel streams,
decreasing processing time. For example, AMD Phenom II X2 and Intel Core Duo.

Outline architecture of dual core:-

➢ Two cores for processing

➢ System request interface-to Communicate with system
➢ Crossbar switch-to switching between Memory and all other components
➢ DDR2 memory controller- is a digital circuit that manages the flow of data going to and from
the computer's main memory
➢ Hyper transport technology- is a technology for interconnection of computer processors

Dual Core Processor Performance a. each core handles incoming data strings simultaneously to
improve efficiency. b. advantages of a dual-core processor over the single processor is a performance
gain. c. amount of improvement varies both with the hardware and software involved and also with
the particular task the user is doing.

Dual Core Processor Speed: a dual core system is faster than a single- core system, when everything
else is equal. SMT enables parallel multi-threading increases the speed of processor. Multi-core
processor is that it each processor acts independently from one another

Clock speed: Clock speed is a measure of how quickly a computer completes basic computations and
operations. Most clock speed measures is very high, the terms megahertz and gigahertz are used. A
megahertz is one-million cycles per second, while a gigahertz is one-billion cycles per second. So a
computer with a clock speed of 800MHz is running 800,000,000 cycles per second, while a 2.4GHz
computer is running 2,400,000,000 cycles per second.

QUAD CORE: Quad-core refers to a CPU that includes four complete execution cores per physical
processor. It has combined four processors and their caches and cache controllers onto a single
integrated circuit (silicon chip). Quad core chip is that tasks can be carried out in parallel streams,
decreasing processing time

Block diagram for quad core processor.

➢ Four cores for processing.

➢ System request interface-to Communicate with system
➢ Crossbar switch-to switching between Memory and all other components
➢ DDR2 memory controller- is a digital circuit that manages the flow of data going to and from
the computer's main memory
➢ Hyper transport technology- is a technology for interconnection of computer processors

Applications of quad core processor:- Light Wave 3D combines a state-of-the-art renderer with
powerful, intuitive modeling, and animalization. Light Wave is enjoyed worldwide, as a complete
3D production solution for feature film, television visual effects, broadcast design, • print graphics,
visualization, game development, and Web. Light Wave is a software package used for rendering 3D
images, both animated and static

PENTACORE: Pentacore refers to a cup that includes five complete execution cores per physical
processor.It has combined five processor and their caches and cache controllers on to a single
integrated circuit • Penta-core chip is that tasks can be carried out in parallel streams, decreasing
processing time • for example AMD phenom,intel i5

Pentacore processor performance: each core handles incoming data strings simultaneously to
improve efficiency. Advantages of a pent core processor over the dual processor is a performance
gain. Amount of improvement varies both the hardware and software involved and also with the
40
particular task the user is doing

Penta-core processor speed: Penta-core system is faster than a tri core system, when everything else
is equal. SMT increases the speed of the processor. Penta-core processor is that it each processor acts
independently from one another

Benefits of pentacore: Increased performance, faster memory, improved storage capacity, Enhanced
reliability and increased flexibility.

HEXA CORE: hexa-core refers to a CPU that includes six complete execution cores per physical
processor. It has combined six processors and their caches and cache controllers onto a single
integrated circuit (silicon chip). Dual core chip is that tasks can be carried out in parallel streams,
decreasing processing time

Features of hexa-core processor on real world • 22nm tri gate 3d -transistors • 8 cores ,16 threads •
20 mb smart cache • Turbo boost technology • Conflict –free microprocessor • Over clocking
enabled for extra- performance

OCTA CORE: Octa-core refers to a CPU that includes eight complete execution cores per physical
processor. It has combined eight processors and their caches and cache controllers onto a single
integrated circuit (silicon chip). Dual core chip is that tasks can be carried out in parallel streams,
decreasing processing time Example for octa core processor- Hasswell-E HEDT 9(OVERVIEW)

It has improved current applications experience. Advanced web browsing : octa core allows more
faster , more stable web browsing experience • Smoother user interface : renders 3d effect smoothly .
Functionality and appearance is significantly enhanced • Superior gaming experience: advanced
multithreaded programming.

Advantages of octa-core processor: Multitasking is the major advantages of octa core processor.
More cores provide more capacity to mobile performing many tasks in the single instance. Octa-core
processors are helpful in running such apps which are rather intensive and require a lot of resources.
Such apps include video editors, anti-viruses, graphics programs, etc. New octa processors consumes
less power and general less heat. That’s why they are much efficient. Octa-core is actually way ahead
of current mobile application development technology.

Review questions 2.2

1. What is the meaning of CPU.
Central processing Unit- it is the brain of the computer which carries of all processing
activities.
2. Describe three functions performed by CPU.
Arithmetic Logic Unite (ALU) – in this unit of CPU all the arithmetic and logical operational
are carried out.
Control unit – this unit coordinates all processing activities in the CPU as well as input,
storage and output operations.
Main memory (primary storage) – this unit provides storage location for data and instructions
accessed by the control unit.
3. What is a microprocessor
It is a tiny processor mainly a combination of the ALU and control unit on a single silicon
chip.
4. Explain the functions performed by :
a) the Control Unit
Directs the flow of information into the CPU memory and storage. Controls the instructions
the CPU will perform next.
41
 b) the Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Does all the mathematical computations in a computer.
Does all of the logic comparisons of values
c) the Main Memory
Holds data awaiting processing.
Holds data that has been processed awaiting to be output.
Holds data been processed.
5. Define the terms: volatile memory and non-volatile memory
Volatile memory is temporary while non- volatile is permanent.
6. Define and explain the difference between RAM and ROM.
RAM is temporary and rewritable while ROM is permanent and read only.
7. How many characters (Bytes) of data are held in each of the following memories?
4KB - approximately 4,000 characters
640KB - approximately 640,000 characters
16MB - approximately 16 million characters
20BG - approximately 20 billion characters
8. Name three special purpose memories found either inside or outside the microprocessor,
and explain what each does.
➢ Cache Memory – speed up processing
➢ Buffer – acts as interface between very fast processors and slow input/output devices
by holding data temporary.
➢ Register – temporarily holds data/instructions just before and after processing.
9. In reference to arithmetic and logic unit, explain the meaning of logic operations and give
an example of this processing operation.
Comparisons include: =,<,>,and <>.
10. What is the difference between mainframe computers CPU and that of a microcomputer?
The CPU of a microcomputer is smaller and less powerful than that of mainframe
11. Explain the purpose of the system clock.
Determines the processing speed of the CPU.

12. What is the meaning of BIOS, and what role does it play in a computer?
Basic Input Output System – holds hardware setup and configuration information.

13. List three buses found in the CPU.

Data bus, address bus and control bus

Practical activity
With the help of the teacher, find out the following:
1. The type of processor in one of the computers in your computer laboratory.
2. The clock speeds of all the computers in the computer laboratory.
3. What is the size of RAM in MB of the computer you are currently using?

42
 OUTPUT DEVICES

An output device is a peripheral device that a computer uses to give out information produced after
processing. The most common types of output data include text, pictures, sound and video.

Types of output devices

Are classified as either softcopy or hardcopy.

Softcopy
Refers to intangible output displayed on the screen or listened to through devices like speakers.
Softcopy output devices include monitors, speakers, LCD Projectors and light emitting diodes.
Example of softcopy output devices:

A). Monitors (VDU)

Also known as Visual Display Unit or Screen. It displays information in form of text, pictures and
video on the screen thus helping the user to monitor operations carried out by the computer.

Types of monitors
There are two commonly used technologies used in monitors: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and Flat
Panel Display. Monitors that display sharp clear images are said to have high resolution.

Terms associated with computer display include:

Pixel: Picture elements are tiny dots which are used to form the images displayed on the screen. In
colour monitor, a pixel has three primary colours namely red, green and blue.

Colour depth: refers to number of colours which can be displayed by a pixel. It is measured in bits.

Resolution: is the number of pixels per inch on the screen usually given in dots per inch (dpi) or bits.
The higher the resolution, the more the number of pixels per inch, hence the clearer the images.

Refresh rate
Since the CRTs cannot hold an image for a long time, image in the video RAM is used to refresh the
one on the screen as long as necessary. If a screen has a low fresh rate, images tend to flicker hence
causing eyestrain.

Display size: is measured in inches as the diagonal length of the screen measured from top to bottom
left.

43
 CTR monitor
The screen is curved slightly outward forming a convex shape. A CRT monitor consists of a long
glass tube with an electron gun on one end and a screen on the other end. The screen is coated with
tiny phosphorus dots that illuminate red, green and blue to make a pixel. The CRTs are too bulky to
carry around, consume a lot of power and are cheap to buy.

Flat Panel Display

The screen is flat, they are portable, consume less power, comfortable to use, occupy less space, are
expensive and provides high quality output.

Examples of flat panel displays

(i). Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Are made from a tiny special liquid crystals that reflect light falling on them from the environment.
Are less bulky, consume less power and have very little effect on eyes.
There are two technologies used to make LCDs monitors: Active and Passive matrix.
a) Passive matrix: Create images by scanning the entire screen. It requires little power but have
poor clarity.
b) Active Matrix: displays are made using thin film transistors. Consumes less power but offer
better clarity.
(ii). Thin Film Transistor (TFT)
It provides high quality output (text and graphics)
(iii). Electro Luminescent (EL)
They glow when exposed to an electric current, giving rise to an electroluminescent display. Images
are clearer than LCD.
(iv). Gas Plasma
They use gas that emits light when electric current is passed through them. They contain millions of
pixels that are illuminated by charged neon gas. Gas Plasma panels do not suffer from angle
distortion and the technology is popularly used in producing high definition Tvs (HDTV) with large
screens used in homes and entertainment places.

Video adapter
Also referred to as graphic adapter or video card. The monitor is connected to the system unit
through the video port to a video adapter. The video adapter determines the resolution and clarity of
the monitor. Graphic Adapter / Video card is a piece of circuit board plugged to the motherboard
that connects a monitor to a computer and allows the computer to show images and text on its screen.

Examples of Graphic Adapters

- Monochrome Displays Adapter (MDA) which displays text only in one colour.
- Hercules Graphic Card (HGC) – displays both text and images in one colour.
- Colour Graphic Adapter (CGA) – displays text and images using up to 16 colours.
- Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) – displays text, graphics and video using 16 colours.
- Video Graphic Adapter (VGA) – offers at most 256 colours.
- Super Video Graphic Array (SVGA) – Offers over 256 colours with a minimum resolution of
800 x 600 pixels.
- Super Extended Graphics Array (SXGA) has a resolution of 1280 x 1024 pixels and is popular
with 19 and 21 inch monitors.
- Ultra Extended Graphics Array (UXGA) is the latest and has the highest standard.
B). Sound output devices
These devices produce sounds such as beeps, audio or digital. Speaker is an example of sound output
device. This output is in form of spoken words. Speakers are used to output sound from a computer.
Sound may be output inform of music, warning, video, interactive communication with the computer
or to give messages in emergency situations. Speakers can be external or internal. Some computers
have internal speakers like Compaq. An external speaker should be connected to a sound card
through the jacks on the system unit or on a multimedia monitor.

44
 Sound output has the following advantages:
- No reading is needed
- Useful in situation where you can’t look at the screen or where you are too busy
Disadvantage
Not suitable for noisy situations
Inappropriate for lengthy or permanent information.
Applications of sound output
- Learning Aids e.g. Computer Aided Learning
- Lift where messages are used to greet visitors and tell them the floor they are in.
- Emergency massages i.e. Public address systems, in cars when running out of petrol.
- Text speech translation for blind people.

C). LCD Projectors (Data Projectors)

Are used to display output from a computer on plain white paper screen like a wall or whiteboard.
It’s actually a creative and interesting technology way of presenting computer output to an audience
unlike traditional overhead projectors.

D). Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

They are components (indicators) that display light when electric current is passed through them. It is
used mainly for warnings. Example: a red or green light displayed by the system unit to help user
know is ON or OFF, warnings given by motorists to indicate when overtaking or taking a turn.

Hardcopy Output Devices

Hardcopy refers to tangible output that can be seen and touched and recorded on a physical media.
Hardcopy output devices are printers, plotters and facsimile (fax).

1. Printers
Produce a hard copy of information on papers. The printing mechanism determines the quality of
hardcopy. They are two types of printers namely impact and non-impact.

Impact printers
Impact printers print using striking mechanism, they strike the paper in order to form an imprint on
it. Impact printers are cheap to run, slow, use inked ribbons, produces multiple copies, uses cheap
technology, are noisy because of impact, produce low quality printout and print for long periods
without breaking down. They produce characters by using special light hammers with characters or
pins held on the printing head. When the hammer strikes on the head, character mark is stamped. In
impact printing, the printing head comes into physical contact with the stationery. An inked ribbon
placed between the stationery and the printing head element creates the imprints when the printing
head strikes.

Types of impact printers

i) Dot Matrix Printer
Has a set of pins which strikes on an ink ribbon placed over the paper and provide character prints in
terms of dots.
ii) Daisy Wheel Printer
Works like a typewriter, and has a removable flower-like wheel consisting of spokes with embossed
characters. When printing, the wheel is rotated to align the required character and then hit with a
45
hammer on an inked ribbon against a sheet of paper, leaving an image of the letter.
 iii) Golf Ball Printer
The character images are incorporated on the surface of a gold ball like Print head, which is either
rotating or pivoted.
iv) Drum printer
It provides one whole line print at a time. The characters are incorporated on circular bands that
move round the surface of the drum.
v) Chain printer
It’s an impact line printer that incorporates engraved characters printing slugs on a moving chain or
belt. The chain moves the character printing slugs at high constant speed past printing positions.

Non-impact printers
Are fast, use thermal and electrostatic principles, produces single copies, are costly due to
technology involved and quiet because of non-impact. They print using ink, toner catridge , thermal
or laser mechanisms. In non-impact the printing head does not come into physical contact with the
stationery but by other means like thermal or electrostatic.

Types of non-impact printers

i). Thermal printer
Use heat principle to transfer characters onto a piece of paper. Work by heating solid ink which is
normally in wax or resin form to melting point then transferring it onto the paper to form characters.
Thermal printers are mostly used on point of sale terminals to print receipts and bar codes. Thermal
printers produce high quality printouts. They are inexpensive alternative to inkjets.

ii). Inkjet printer

Use the concept of spraying ink onto the paper, from tiny holes on the ink cartridge onto the paper. A
colour inkjet printer may have two cartridges, one for black
and a tricolour that contains cyan, magenta and yellow
(CMY) compartments. The cartridge has nozzles that do the
actual spraying of ink on the paper

Advantages
- Are cheaper and produce better quality printouts
- Inkjets printers use smaller mechanical parts than
laser printers
- Provide inexpensive way to print full-colour
document.

Weaknesses
- Are slow
- Expensive to run because they require special type of ink
- An inkjet printout is easily gets smudged when water drops on it.

iii). Electrostatic printer

Uses electrostatic charges to form characters in a line on a special paper

iv). Photo printers are special purpose printers designed to print photographs.

v). Laser printer

Prints by passing laser beam back and forth over a rotating drum, just the same technology as
photocopy machine. As the beam hits the drum, it ionizes some regions which attract ink toner
particles. They are cheaper to run, faster, produce high quality printouts but are expensive to buy
than inkjets.

46
 Deference between impact and non-impact printers
Impact Non-impact
- Slow - Fast
- Cheaper - Costly
- Use striking mechanism - Use thermal or electrostatic principles

- Noisy - Quiet
- Multiple copy production possible - Multiple copy production almost impossible

- Use inked ribbon - Use ink cartridge or toner cartridge, resin/wax.

Factors to consider when selecting a printer

- Initial cost and subsequent costs of maintenance
- Volume of printing expected
- Colour printing: coloured laser printers are very expensive, so depending with the volume
of print one can decide to buy Laser or Inkjet.
- Nature of reports to be generated
- Range of capability for selected printers e.g. multiple copier, print styles etc.
- Interface with the computer system
- Speed: the speed of a printer is measured in Pages per minute
- Quality of prints (print quality).

2. Plotters
These are output devices that are mostly used in engineering and architecture field for production of
graphical outputs e.g. diagrams, photographs, maps, architectural designs and such outputs.
The most common commercially available graph plotters are the
➢ Flatbed Plotter
➢ Drum Plotter.

Drum Plotter Flatbed Plotter

Review questions 2.3
1. Differentiate between softcopy and hardcopy.
2. What is the difference between CRT monitor and a flat-panel display.
3. Give three examples of flat panel monitors available in the market today.
4. Name four criteria used when selecting a printer.
5. Distinguish between impact and non-impact printers and give two examples of each.
6. State one advantage and disadvantage of laser and inkjet printers respectively. 47
 7. Give two advantages of sound output devices.
8. Karuri road construction company CKRCC) intends to buy an output device they can use to
produce road maps. Which device would one advice the company to buy and why?

SECONDARY (AUXILIARY) STORAGE AND MEDIA

Are alternative long-term storage devices that are not part of the Main memory. These devices are
not directly accessed by the CPU and are not housed inside the system unit. Can be carried around to
be used with another computer hence the name removable storage devices and media. A drive is
needed in order to read and write data into the storage media. The data and instruction held in these
devices must first be moved into RAM before processing. They are used to store information for
longer period, data stored in them is permanent unless erased by user. Stores large volume of data.
Stored data can be erased and the media reused to store fresh data and programs.
Difference between a drive and drivers
Drive is a computer device for reading data from or writing data into a storage media e.g. a tape, or
disk.
Drivers are software or programs that operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to
the computer.
Types / examples of computer drives
- Hard disk drive (HDD) - Floppy disk drive (FDD)
- CD-ROM drive - DVD – ROM drive
- USB Port - Zip drive
- USB Port
Examples of computer auxiliary storage devices
Magnetic tapes, floppy disks, cassette tapes, Hard disks, zip disks, jaz , Flash disks, video
compact disks (VCD), digital video disks (DVD’s), Punched cards, optical disks e.g CDs, LS-120
Super Disks, optical card, optical tape.
Classification of Secondary Storage Devices
Can be classified in two ways by:
1. Portability as removable and fixed.
2. Technology used to store and retrieve data (magnetic, optical, magneto-optical and solid
state).
It is important to have a backing storage for long – term storage of data and programs and also
when there is limited storage capacity in the main memory. Backing store is a non-volatile
(permanent) memory outside the CPU such as floppy disks, CDs and USB flash Disks.
Characteristics of a Backing store
- Data is usually accessed using read/write heads.
- Access to backing storage is slower than main storage
- Are non-volatile i.e. the data is stored on the medium until it is deleted.
REMOVABLE STORAGE
Magnetic storage media
Magnetic storage media use magnetic technology to store data.
i). Magnetic tapes
A magnetic tape is made using a thin ribbon of mylar (plastic) coated with a thin layer of
magnetic material composed of iron oxide on which data can be stored using magnetic process.48
 The tape may be housed inside a plastic as a cassette or coiled around an open wheel. It uses serial
access where all proceeding data is read before the required data can be accessed.

NB: the advantage of Inter-Block Gap/Inter-Record Gap(IRG) is that it prevent the over-writing
of data stored in the tape.
Advantages
- Store large amount of data
- Light and easy to carry
- Effective when to store sequential files for batch applications
- High capacity and backup storage at relatively low cost
Disadvantages
- Slow due to sequential reading of data
- Wastage of recording surface because of Inter-block gaps left for stopping purposes.
- Easily distorted by environmental factors such as dust, moisture, humidity etc.

ii). Floppy disks

Are made of a thin plastic disc with a magnetisable iron oxide coating and enclosed in a plastic
case. Inscription of data is done on the magnetic coating around the plastic. The floppy disk is
inserted inside a floppy drive which has a read /write that runs over the magnetized spots. There
are two types of disks:
▪ 3 ½ which has storage capacity of 1.44MB and
▪ 5 ¼ inch which has a storage capacity of 1.2MB.
3 ½ inch floppy store more data and are better protected as opposed to 5 ¼ inch floppy.
Parts of a floppy disk
Recording window - used to read and write data to the diskette
Hub – used for rotating the diskette
Index (spindle) hole – assists in rotating the diskette
Plastic case – protects the mylar coated with iron oxide that stores data.
Sectors – concentric circles where data is written.

A block
Tracks
The structure of a disk platter

48
The surface is divided into tiny invisible concentric circles called tracks that store data. The tracks
are further divided into units called sectors. The area within the same track bound by the two
edges of a sector forms a block which forms the unit for the read/write operations. Data can be
written to and read from the disk.
Note:
To write data means to move it or copy it from the main memory to backing storage.
To read data means to move it or copy it from the backing store to the main memory.
Disks are direct access storage media.
Disadvantages of floppy disks
- Storage area is limited to 1.44MB
- Easily damaged
- Are short-lived
- Slow access time. Access time is the time taken to read the data from disk to the Main
storage.

Removable Magneto-Optical Storage

Magneto – optical media stores data both magnetically and optically. i.e write using magnetic and
read using optical beam. Some examples are: Zip, Jaz, HiFD and LS-120 Super disk.
49
 i). Jaz Disk
Is a high storage floppy disk with a storage capacity of up to 2GB. They are read using an internal
or external jaz drive.

ii). Zip disks

Resemble floppy disk but are slightly larger and thicker in size. Have a storage capacity which
can hold up to 250MB. It is stable, inexpensive and easy to work Have either internal or
externally portable Zip drive. Are mainly used for backing up and archiving personal computer
files.

iii). High capacity floppy disk: simply known as HiFD disk stores upto 200MB of data. HiFD
drive can also read the 1.44MB floppy disk.

iv). Laser Servo 120 SuperDisks

Laser Servo 120 SuperDisks simply known as LS-120 Super disk. It resembles 3 ½ floppy disk
but uses optical technology instead magnetic technology to read data. It has a greater storage
capacity of 120MB and greater speed of data retrieval.
Fixed storage
Refers to storage devices that are housed inside the system unit. E.g. Hard disk.
NB: Some hard disks especially those in small computers such as laptops are removable.

Hard disk (Winchester)or hard drive

Is a sealed unit in which are shiny rigid magnetic disks or platters that are arranged vertically one
after the other on a common axis. The read and write operations are carried out by the R/W heads,
in the disk drive, under the influence of the computers command signals. They can hold thousand
of programs and files.

Care of hard disk

- Keep it away from smoke and dust
- Switch off the computer using the correct procedure to avoid crashing on rotating disks.
Advantages of hard disk
- It’s cheap
- Store very large volume of data
- Very reliable than floppy
- Does not deteriorate as floppy disks
- Has faster access time
Disadvantages
- Are usually fixed and cannot be removed without opening the system unit.
- They can suffer a head crash resulting to loss of data
- Are sensitive to dust, humidity, magnetism which can corrupt the data stored 50
 - They are inflexible i.e cannot be changed.
Care for magnetic and magneto-optical media
- Do not expose them to strong magnetic fields because the magnetically recorded data on disk
will be erased
- Keep them away from excessive heat because heat energy weakness magnetic media’s ability
to store data
- Do not drop magnetic media on the ground.
- Do not bend or fold magnetic media or put heavy weights on the to avoid breaking or
damaging them
- Do not touch the magnetic surfaces
- Do not remove media from drive when it is still being accessible by the computer because this
may result in data loss.
Removable Optical storage
Data is written and read from using a laser beam.
Laser disks
Data is recorded using a very concentrated light (laser beam). They store very large volumes of
data. Data stored in them is more stable and permanent than the magnetic media. Examples are:
Compact disks (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), Optical Card and Optical tape.
i. Compact disk (CD)
CD is made of a small plastic disk with a reflective aluminium coating on one side. They hold
large quantities of data and information, as much as 700MB.
Forms of CDs
➢ Compact Disk – Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)
➢ Compact Disk – Recordable (CD-R)
➢ Compact Disk – Rewriteable (CD-RW)

a). Compact Disk – Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)

When data is recorded on them one cannot change or add anything on them. Mostly used to store
music recordings.
b). Compact Disk – Recordable (CD-R)
They are initially blank but with a CD- Writer (Drive), the user can record data, programs or
information on it. Once data has been written on it, one can only read but not change it i.e. it
becomes read only.. Are coated with special dye which changes colour to represent data when
burned using a laser beam.
NB: CD-ROMs and CD-Rs are referred to as WORM (Write Once Read Many) because they
allow the use to write (record) data on them once but read them many times.

c). Compact Disk – Rewriteable (CD-RW)

Allows the user to record, erase and rewrite new information on the disk as many times as
possible.
ii. Digital Versatile Disk / Digital Video Disk (DVD)
Resemble CDs but have higher storage capacity of up to 17GB, approximately 26 CDs of capacity
640MB. They are suitable for recoding motion pictures like videos because of they offer better
sound and quality pictures. There are three common types of DVDs namely read only, recordable
and rewriteable DVDs.
iii. Blu-ray disk(BD)
It is a high capacity optical storage used for storing and playing back highly definition audio and
video content. Blu-ray technology gets its name from the blue-violet laser beam used to read the
storage media. Compared to DVD, Blu-ray disk support higher resolutions and higher storage
capacity of up to50GB.
51
iv. Optical card
Resemble MICR, but it has optically recordable stripe that store information. Mostly used in
Banking to store customer details.

v. Optical tape
Similar to magnetic tape, but data is stored on it using optical technology.
Advantages of optical storage
- Have massive capacity
- Stores data permanently
- Accessing of data is fast
- Secured i.e. it’s hard to copy
- High quality pictures and sound
- Portable
Disadvantage
- Expensive
- Costly hardware and software for reading
- It can break easily
- Very sensitive to things like dust, water, heat, scratches which easily damage them.
Solid state storage devices
Is a kind of non-volatile storage media that employs integrated circuits rather than mechanical,
magnetic or optical technology. They are regarded as solid state because they do not have moving
parts but everything is electronic as the case of RAM or EEPROM. Examples include flash disks,
Flash pen drives and memory cards.
Flash disk
It is small in size but with massive storage capacity of as much as 32GB. It’s more portable and
convenient to carry around than other secondary storage medias.

Advantages of solid state storage over other removable

- Are noiseless since they have no mechanical parts
- Offer faster access to stored data
- Are very small hence more portable

External hard Disk

52
53
Review questions
1. Distinguish between primary memory and secondary storage devices.
Primary storage is accessed directly by CPU while secondary is not.
2. Distinguish between removable and fixed storage
Removable are portable while fixed are mounted inside the system unit.
3. Compare three types of removable disks i.e. Floppy, zip and jaz disks in relation to size.
Floppy – physically small in size and capacity. Jaz&Zip are slightly large in size and have
large storage capacity.
4. What is a hard disk? How does it differ from the floppy disks?
It is hard magnetic platter used to store data and is encased in a metallic housing (casing). It
differs from a floppy because it is metallic, shinny and non flexible.
5. What are the advantage3s of the hard disk over the floppy disk?
➢ It is large in storage capacity,
➢ More reliable,
➢ Faster access to data and information.

6. Give four examples of optical disks and how they differ from each other in term of
storage capacity and mechanism.
CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, LS-120, Super disk, DVD, optical card, optical tape.
7. What are the advantages of a digital versatile disk over a typical compact disks.
➢ DVD has larger storage capacity than CD,
➢ Offers better data storage quality.
8. Define the term multimedia and list down the components required to make a computer
multimedia.
Multimedia is an integration of sound, video and text processing and output.
Components – optical drive, speakers, sound adapter, VGA monitor.
9. Why are CD-ROM and CD-R referred to as WORM?
Write Once Read Many (WORM) – recorded once but can be accessed many times without
changing content.
10. Describe the different between magnetic and optical storage media.
Magnetic – data recorded using magnetism.
optical – data recorded using a beam of light (laser).
11. Jets publishers is a company that specializes in production of news papers. One of the
editors wanted to transfer a 50MB document from the hard disk of one computer to
another using removable storage media. Give four examples of the devices he/she could
use.
Jaz, Zip, Flash disk, CD-R, CD-RW, Memory card.
12. Describe three precautions you would take to avoid damaging the hard disk.
➢ Do not drop the disk drive,
➢ Do not expose it to strong heat,
➢ Do not expose it to dust/smoke particles,
➢ Do not unprocedurally switch off the computer.

54
POWER SUPPLY AND PERIPHERAL DEVICE INTERFACE

Port
The port is a holes or a slot or a point at which a peripheral device attaches to the system unit
e.g. mouse, keyboard etc is plugged to facilitate transfer of information.
Connector
A connector is the unique end of a plug, jack, or the edge of a card that connects to a port. For
example, all desktop computer expansion cards have a connector that allows them to connect in a
slot on the motherboard. When referring to cables, the connector is the end of the cable that
connects into a port.

Power cable
They supply power to the device. Power cables connect the computers power supply unit to mains
outlet.
Power supply unit
It is a special unit inside the system unit that supplies power to the motherboard and other internal
devices. Computers are connected to AC power while internal components require DC power.
The power supply unit and adapter convert AC to DC.

55
Peripheral device interfacing
Interface cables: Transmit data signals. Connect the device on one end, and to the motherboard
via ports on the other end.
HDMI – High Defination multimedia interface
It is used for transmitting digital audio and video data from computer to a projector, TV or audio
devices.

Parallel interface
A parallel port is also called the Centronics port and the computer refers to a parallel port as LPT1
(Line Printer One). Parallel cables transfer data in parallel 8-bits at a time using a set of many
conductors. Parallel ports (the 25-holes, D-shaped holes) mainly connect printers, scanners,
portable CD-ROM drives, tapes and network adapters. Parallel cables transmit data faster over
short distances.

Serial interface and ports

The serial port is also called COM1 or COM2 and sometimes COM3 and COM4. Can also be
referred as RS-232 port. There are two types of serial ports i.e. 25-pin and 9-pin. Serial cables
transmit data 1-bit at a time. Are generally slower than parallel cables. Allow for two way
communication ( i.e. communication to and from the computer and the device connected to it),
whereas parallel cables offer one-way communication. Serial interface is widely used for many
interconnections like connecting of computers to external modems and some mice. Serial ports
are more reliable than parallel ports for long distances.

56
Comparison between parallel and serial cables and ports
Serial cable and port Parallel cable and port
- Transmits 1-bit at a time - Transmits 8-bits at a time
- Slow - Fast
- Connect modems, a mice & keyboards - Connect printers, scanners, network adapters
- Ports consist of 25-pin and 9-pin - Ports consist of 25-pin D-shaped holes
- More reliable for long distance - More reliable for short distances
- Allow two way communication - Only one way communication

Video port
This is where monitor is connected to LCD projectors. It is shaped like a letter D with 15 holes
and colour coded in blue.

Universal serial bus (USB) cables and ports

They transmit only 1-bit of information at a time at a very high speed than parallel cables.
Provides quality data transmission over long distance. It has become the standard connectivity for
most of the peripheral devices from printers to mobile phones. It can be used to connect as many
as 127 peripheral devices to a computer. To use USB port, the devices should be specifically
made to work with the USB. There are two types of USBs namely low speed USB 1.1 and a
relatively faster high speed USB 2.0

Advantage of USB cable & ports

- The USB port allows connection of many different types of devices such as printer, modem,
mouse, keyboard, digital cameras etc.
- USB allow devices to be daisy chained on it i.e. plug a modem into the port, and then plug a
keyboard into the modem, then plug a printer into the keyboard to use .
Firewire ports
Firewire or IEEE 1394 has the same features as the USB but transmits data faster than USB. It is
mostly used for streaming video from a digital video camera.

57
 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
- They transmit data in parallel but are faster than parallel cables. Its ports allows connection
upto 7 peripheral devices.
Other Ports and Connections
i). Infra-red and bluetooth

Infrared is a wireless interface that uses infrared to connect to infrared-enabled devices. Used for
wireless communication between the CPU and a device which is infrared – capable e.g. cordless
mouse as shown in the diagram below. Infrared, also to as infrared data association (IrDA), uses
the infrared waves to transmit data. Infrared-enabled devices must be at a line of sight of infrared
rays in order to transmit data.

Bluetooth is a wireless interface that uses short range radio broadcast to connect any Bluetooth-
enabled device. It just broadcasts a radio signal within the surrounding. Any Bluetooth device
when turned on will be detected.

ii). Personal System 2 (PS/2 Port)

Also known as mini-DIN connectors. Is used to connect the mouse and keyboard

iii). D-type ports (Video graphics array (VGA)

The two most common connectors used for monitors or video are the 9-pin D and the 15-pin Hi-D
connector. The 25-pin port can be used for both serial and parallel devices. When used to connect
serial its labeled COM1 or COM2 and only 10 of its pins are used. For parallel its labeled LPT1
or LPT2.

58
iv). Centronic ports
This is a parallel port that uses metal clips mounted into cells in place of pins.
v). Audio ports (connectors)
Are jack plugs used to connect speakers, microphone and other portable audio equipment.
vi). Modem port
Used for plugging an external modem into the computer.
Table below shows labels and symbols used to represent common devices

59
 Review questions
1. Define the following terms:
A). Port: Special socket for connecting peripheral devices on the system unit.
B). Interface cable: Cable for data transmission.
C). Power cable: Cable for power supply to devices.
2. What is the function of the power supply unit found in the system unit?
To supply stable power to system unit internal devices and the mother board.
3. Differentiate between parallel and serial interface cables.
Parallel cables transmits several bits simultaneously while serial transmits one bit at a
time.
4. Give two advantages of a USB interface cable.
➢ Offers fast transmission,
➢ Its serial nature enable it to connect devices a longer distance away,
➢ The USB port can be used to connect different peripheral devices due to its common
universal interface.
➢ Offer quality data transmission
➢ It is light
5. Draw an illustration of:

60
 A). Parallel cable B). USB port

6. What would happen if you bend the pins of a monitor port as you try to connect the
monitor interface cable to the system unit?
No display or some colours will fail to display.

BASIC COMPUTER SETUP AND CABLING

Before assembling physical parts of a computer, you need to observe the following safety
precautions:
➢ Disconnect all devices from power source before attempting to work on them.
➢ Do not work on any peripheral device without the guidance of the teacher.
➢ Never work alone because you may need help in case of an emergency.
➢ Discharge any static electricity that might have built up on your hands by touching an earthed
metallic object or by wearing an antistatic wrist member. This is because your body can hold
as much as 200 volts of static charge that can damage silicon chips mounted on the
motherboard.

Antistatic wrist member

COMPUTER REPAIR TOOLKIT

Tools you require to set up a computer include screwdrivers, antistatic wrist member, pliers,
tweezers, crimpers etc

Tweezers

Tweezers are helpful when working in tight spots or for retrieving that lost screw inside of a
computer case. Another area where they're handy is for removing jumpers from motherboards and
drives.

Screwdrivers

Premium quality, non-magnetic screwdrivers of assorted sizes are needed because they are an
indispensable tool to open the hardware components of a PC.

• Flat-head screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen slotted screws.

• Phillips-head screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen cross-headed screws.
• Torx screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen screws that have a star-like depression on the
top, a feature that is mainly found on laptops.
61
 • Hex driver: Used to tighten or loosen nuts in the same way that a screwdriver tightens or
loosens screws (sometimes called a nut driver).

Power supply tester

Power supply tester is needed to supply power. Apart from this, it is also needed for the functional
terminals that use a voltmeter for testing the voltage.

Needle-nose pliers: Used to hold small parts.

Wire cutters: Used to strip and cut wires.

Part retriever: Used to retrieve parts from locations that are too small for your hand to fit.

Flashlight: Used to light up areas that you cannot see well.

Wire stripper: A wire stripper is used to remove the insulation from wire so that it can be twisted
to other wires or crimped to connectors to make a cable.

Crimper: Used to attach connectors to wires.

Punch-down tool: Used to terminate wire into termination blocks. Some cable connectors must
be connected to cables using a punch down tool.

Power Tester

Pliers

Crimpers

Tweezers

Screwdriver

62
Mounting internal devices
While external devices are connected to the motherboard through ports, internal devices are
connected through slots and sockets.

Mounting hard drives and optical drives

Internal devices are connected to the motherboard using special ribbon cables. Hard disks and
optical drives are connected to the motherboard through controllers. Controllers are special
ribbon cables which are used to connect hard disks and optical drives to the motherboard.
Three types of controllers are ;
- Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)
- Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
- Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
SATA and EIDE are more efficient and supports hot – swapping. Hot-swapping means that a
drive can be removed or inserted while the computer is still on. EIDE controller supports up to
two drives on a single ribbon cable attaining a master/slave configuration because the controller
directs activities of both drives.

IDE drive connectors

SATA drive connectors

63
SATA (right) and IDE (left) hard drives. The SATA hard drive has the data cable on the right and
power cable on the left. The IDE data cable is ribbon-like (on the left)

Review questions 2.6

1. What are the safety precautions to be observed before one starts installing devices in
the system unit.?
➢ Disconnect all devices from power source before attempting to work on them.
➢ Do not work on any peripheral device without the guidance of the teacher.
➢ Never work alone because you may need help in case of an emergency.
➢ Discharge any static electricity that might have built up on your hands by touching an earthed
metallic object and then wearing an antistatic wrist member.
2. In relation to cabling, give two reasons why a printer may not print work sent from
the computer as expected?
A). Loose printer interface cable.
B). Printer still off.
C). Printer not installed.
3. Naliaka connected new multimedia speakers to her computer and tried to play her
favourite music CD but no sound came out. What might have been the problem?
A). Volume control too low.
B). Loose or improper connection to the sound card.
C). Speakers not powered.
D). Multimedia not supported.
E) Absence of analog cable connecting the optical drive to the motherboard or sound card.

64
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software refers to a set of instructions that direct a computer on how to perform various
functions.
The computer software can be classified into three ways according to:
➢ Purpose
➢ Acquisition
➢ End– user – License (EUL).
Classification according to purpose
They are designed to manage the hardware resources or to help the user accomplish specific tasks.
It has two main categories:
➢ System software
➢ Application software
System software
It performs a variety of fundamental operations that avails the computer resources to the user.
Manages the operation of the computer itself, and makes sure that the computer works efficiently.
It enables the user to communicate with the computer and its hardware e.g. mouse.
Its functions include:
➢ Booting the computer and making sure that all hardware elements are working properly.
➢ Performing operations such as retrieving, loading, executing and storing application
programs.
➢ Storing and retrieving files.
➢ Performing a variety of system utility functions.

Example of system software:

i). Operating system: It’s a set of programs that control and supervise the hardware resources of a
computer during processing. Examples are: Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000/XP/Vista/NT,
Macintosh OS, LINUX, UNIX, MS-DOS

ii). Firmware: also referred to as a silicon chip that contains programmed instructions known as
stored logic that cannot be modified. They are mounted to electronic devices such as a microwave
and digital cameras.

iii). Utility software: also called service programs, is software that provides support to the
application software. It performs commonly used services that make certain aspects of computing
to go on more smoothly. Can also be defined as special programs used to enhance performance of
the system.
Functions of the utility software
- Formatting disks
- Repairing diskettes
- Renaming files
- Sorting files
- Copying and deleting files
- Repairing damaged files, etc.

The two basic types of utility software are:

➢ System level : they help the user to work with the operating system and its functions. Eg. it
may alert the user when he/she enters an invalid command and give suggestions on how
the error can be resolved.
➢ Application utility : they make the application programs run smoothly and efficiently.
They are commonly purchased separately or may be part of the operating system. 65
 Other examples of utility software:
Program translator, settings editor, test editor, sort editor, graphics editor, file manager,
calculator, time, backup utility, recovery utility, compress/decompress utility, defragment
utility, antivirus utility, diagnostic utility, sound player utility, internet browsing utility,
calendar utility.

iv). Networking software: It’s used to establish communication between two or more computers by
linking them using a communication channel e.g cables to create network. Also it enables
computers and other peripheral devices connected on a network to communicate and share
resources. Examples: Novel Netware and Linux

Application Software
They are also known as application packages and are designed to help the user to accomplish
specific tasks.

Examples of application software are:

1. Word processor – for typing documents like letters e.g. Ms Word, Lotus, Word Pro,
WordStar
2. Database – for keeping records e.g. Ms Access, Dbase, FoxPro, Paradox
3. Spreadsheets –for calculations e.g. Ms Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro.
4. Desktop Publishing (DTP) – designing publication like cards, pamphlets, magazines e.g.
Adobe PageMaker, Ms Publisher
5. Computer Aided Design – for technical drawing e.g. AutoCAD
6. Graphics software – for designing and manipulating graphics e.g. Corel Draw, Adobe
Photoshop.

Summary of computer software

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Application Software
System Software

- Word processor
- Operating system - Spreadsheets
- Firmware - Database
- Utility software - Desktop Publishing
- Networking software Computer aided design
- Graphics software

Classification according to Acquisition

An application software can be either in-house developed or an off-shelf software.
a). In-house developed (Custom program/ bespoke/ tailor – made)
These programs are designed/tailored to meet specific needs within the organization. e.g in banks
for managing their operations, airlines for booking, school for grading and test analysis etc. They
are made by programmers.

66
 Advantages
• The company has full ownership of the final product as well as its source code and the
knowledge gained while developing it.
• Fits exactly to the business requirements of the company.
• There is a relationship between the development team and the user base which helps in
communication and expectation delivery.
• It gives you full control over the system and its functionality.
• Allows you to differentiate from your competitors (as the system is developed for your specific
needs.

Disadvantage
• It can be costly to maintain and improve the system to continuously meet business needs.
• It requires more IT personnel which in turn lead to high overhead cost.
• High switching costs: it is more expensive to change to newer technology.
• It is more time consuming to develop an in-house IT system as opposed to buying it.
• High development and maintenance costs.
• If the company decides to sell the system, it may suffer from a lack of portability, as the system
may be too tightly built into the identity of the company

b). Standard software (vendor-off-the-shelf)

These programs are developed by software engineers, packaged and made available for purchase
through a vendor or directly from developer. These software are bundled together to form a suite
or integrated software. A suite is more than one closely related application software packaged or
bundled together. e.g Microsoft office suite, Lotus Suite and Corel WordPerfect suite.

Advantages
Vendor-off-the –shelf software are widely used because;
It takes less time to assess company’s needs, buy and install them.
They are less expensive to acquire and maintain.
They are readily available for almost any task.
They are thoroughly tested before being released hence less chances of errors.
Easily modified to meet specific user needs.

Disadvantages
May not meet special needs of the user.
They are not as efficient as user made programs.
When changes occur extra costs is usually needed from user.
Not all packages are compatible with all computer system.
They may have some features not needed by user which may take extra storage. 67
 Classification according to End – User Licence Agreement(EULA)
Software may be classified as open source(non-proprietary), proprietary or freeware.
Open source software – is a software whose source code (programmed set of instruction) is freely
made available to users. Users are encouraged to modify and distribute the modified product.
Examples are Linux OS, Mozilla FireFox Browser, etc
Proprietary software – are software whose source code is hidden from users. Modifications can
only be made by the software manufacturer. They are licensed to users at a fee or applied freely.
Examples are; Microsoft Operating Systems, Microsoft Office, Adobe PageMaker and CorelDraw
suit.
Freeware are software products that are freely made available to the user. Some may be malicious
software. Examples are Adobe Reader and Google Talk.
Shareware these are licensed software that allow users to freely make and distribute copies of the
software with a condition that after testing the software you pay to continue using it. Examples are
Winzip, Internet Download Manager (IDM).

Review questions 2.7

1. Differentiate between system software and application software.
System software performs fundamental operations like initializing hardware during boot up
while application software meets user specific needs.
2. What is the importance of an operating system?
Supervises all the hardware and software operations of the computer system.
3. Give five examples of standard software and their respective uses?
4. What are the advantages of standard software over the in-house developed software?

5. What is the difference between single-purpose programs and integrated software?

Single-purpose software is developed for only one purpose while integrated software is a
combination of closely related programs bundled together and can be used to carry out a variety
of tasks.
6. Why do computers need network software?
To enable communication between computers over a channel/media.
7. Give three examples of operating systems?
UNIX, LINUX, Windows, MS DOS, Macintosh.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Hardware considerations
i). Processor type and speed
The processing of a computer is dictated by the type of microprocessor installed and its clock
speed. Computer running in a multicore processors such as Intel Core i7 are more expensive than
those with single-core processors. Consider balancing the cost and specifications that will meet
demand of your tasks.

ii). Main Memory capacity

Should have a sufficient memory to handle the heavy applications that require a lot of memory
space in order to run. Memory capacity dictates the operating system and the application that can
run efficiently on the computer. For example computers that handle multimedia presentations
such as videos require sufficient memory space to process graphics.

iii). Warranty
Warranty is an agreement between the buyer and the seller that spells out terms and conditions of,
after selling a product in case of failure or malfunction. The hardware bought must have a
warranty cover and must be guaranteed for a specific period of time.
A good warranty should cover the following:
o Scope of cover that is duration e.g. six months, one year, etc. the least warrant period should
be at least 1 year. In most cases, the longer the warranty the better the hardware.
68
 o Call-out response and liability agreement e.g. how long should the supplier take to repair a
fault or replace the product and if he/she delays who bears the cost.
o Preventive maintenance for example regularity of service at intervals etc.

iv). Cost
The cost of computers is related to the size and additional components that may come with the
computer. The cost depends on:
- Processor : Processor type, speed and manufacturer.
- Storage : capacity of RAM and hard disk
- Whether it is branded or a clone: Branded computers are more expensive than their equivalent
clones because of the reliability and good after sale services
- Portability: portable computers are more expensive than desktops because of the superior
technology involved to manufacture smaller computer components without losing performance
abilities.
- Display : Size of the monitor, resolution and the technology used.
Do market survey from magazines, newspapers and electronic media or visit a number of vendors
to compare prices to enable you purchase genuine components at a reasonable cost.

v). Upgradability and compatibility

Buy a computer than can easily be upgraded to accommodate emergent technologies. NB: You
upgrade an existing computer when you either add to it a new device or memory or when you
replace one or more of the computers processor or peripheral device with its faster equivalent.
E.g.
- Replacing a 1GHz processor with a 2.4 GHz processor, a 10PPM laser printer with a
16PPM laser printer
- Increasing RAM from 64MB to 128MB, 10GB hard disk drive with 20GB.
Some older computers cannot support large had disks or USB devices in the market today, hence
difficulty in upgrading them because smaller hard disks are no longer in circulation.

vi). Portability
Look for a computer that you carry with you in case you wish to access your computer and files
wherever you are. Smaller devices enhance portability.

vii). User needs

Focus around the main reasons for buying the computer system e.g. a point of sale (POS) terminal
is most suitable for record transactions in the supermarket.

viii) Special needs

consider the users with special needs due to physical or mental disability. For example if the user is
visually disabled consider buying voice input devices.

ix) Multimedia capability

It is the combination of video, audio, text and images to provide interactive, creative and effective
way of producing and communicating information. Multimedia system should have speakers,
CD/DVD drive, sounds card and SVGA monitor. Also a software that supports multimedia
capability.

Other considerations include available ports, wireless connectivity, and the system unit form
factor (whether tower type or desktop).

Software Considerations
Authenticity
This is genuineness, validity or legitimacy of an item. Software is an intangible product, and its
quite easy to pirate software (make illegal copies of software). When purchasing software, get the
original software that will be supported by the developer’s license and certificate of
authenticity. This is because some people illegally produce pirated copies which are an offense. 69
Documentation
It refers to the user manuals, trouble shooting and installation guides as well as on-line help. A
good software product must be accompanied with this documentation.
User needs
It must meet users need e.g. if the user needs to type documents most often would go for a word
processor. Users with special needs may require software that recognizes forms of input like
speech recognition. For example a software used in mobile phones to store voice and allow the
user to make a call by just calling a name instead of keying in the number.
User friendliness
This is how easy the users can be able to operate the computer. The ease of use of a program will
(most likely) influence whether the user will prefer it or not.

Data security
A good software especially the operating system should have security mechanisms that protect
data and information from illegal access.
Cost
Software tends to be more expensive than the hardware. The cost of acquiring software product
must be carefully considered before acquiring it against the benefits that it is likely to bring. The
cost of software is a major contributing factor in deciding whether to purchase it or not. It is
usually cheaper to purchase general purpose software if it can meet the users need.

Compatibility and system configuration

Software compatibility refers to the ability of a computer to run the software depending on the
system setup (configuration). The new package should read and process files created by the
existing package. When upgrading software the upgrades are backwards compatible e.g. Ms
Access 2000 can convert MS Access 97 files to Access 200 format and use them. It often does not
work the other way round e.g. Ms Access 2000 file cannot be opened in Access 97.
Therefore, a software product must be compatible with the existing hardware, operating system or
application programs and should be readily upgradable.

Portability
Software portability refers to ability of a program to be copied or installed in more than one
computer. Data is said to be portable if it can be transferred from one application to another in
electronic form. Most software’s in the market are portable.

Review questions 2.8

1. What factors would you consider before purchasing a new computer in reference to:
a) Hardware

b) Software

2. Why is it important to carefully study a warranty before committing yourself by signing it?
In order to negotiate on sensitive items like duration of warranty after sales service, etc

3. Do you need to do window-shopping before you actually buy your computer or any computer
accessory? If yes, explain why.
Yes, in order to compare quality, computer hardware and software specification and
prices.

70
4. Using newspaper cuttings such one shown below prepare a requisition form for ten up to date
multimedia computers to be used in the computer room.

FULL MULTIMEDIA, PENTIUM 4,

128 KB Cache, 2.8 GHZ, 256 MB
RAM, 40 GB HDD, 14’SVGA

Review Questions
1. Write the following abbreviations in full:
a) CPU
b) ALU
c) CU
d) ROM
e) RAM

2. Give examples of special purpose memories found in the CPU.

3. What do the following abbreviations in relation to storage capacity stand for:

a) KB
b) MB
c) GB

4. Describe the various video cards used in computers.

VGA, SVGA, XGA, SXGA, UXGA
5. Differentiate between MICR and OCR scanners.

6. What is the market name given the most recent types of processors?
Pentium processors
7. Explain the internal mechanism of the hard disk in reference to disk platters and the
read/writer
head.
The drive is made up of several disk platters that are mounted on a common axis with
read/write heads on both sides of the platters. The head moves in and out as they read
and write data. The out case is hard and metallic.
8. Describe the structure of a hard disk in reference to cylinders, tracks and sectors.
The hard disk is divided into concentric circles called tracks. Parallel tracks on several
platters are called cylinders. The tracks are further subdivided into sectors. Several
sectors can be grouped to form clusters.
9. What are pixels? What role do they play in screen display?
These are picture elements or dots on the screen that form characters and images. They
determine the clarity of the image.
10. Explain the steps you would follow to set up a new computer.

71
 3.0 OPERATING SYSTEM
3.1 Definition:
Main program that controls the execution of user applications and enables the user to access
the hardware and software resources of a computer.
A program that controls the execution of an application programs and acts as an interface
between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.

User application programs do not directly communicate with hardware devices instead they send
messages via the operating system which has the capability to give instructions to the hardware to
perform a particular task.
Graphical view of the interaction with the operating system as the intermediary (role of operating
system)
User
(runs application programs)

Application software
(send users requests to OS)

Operating system
(receives executes requests)

Hardware
(Receives and does OS commands)

The operating system provides a software platform on top of which other programs (application
programs), can run.
Examples of Operating Systems: Windows, Macintosh OS, LINUX, UNIX, MS-DOS

Operating system consists of two main parts namely:

Shell: it is the outer part of the OS used to provide the interaction between the application
software and the user.

Kernel: the core of OS regarded as the operation system. It’s responsible for providing interaction
between the application software and hardware resources such as processor, main memory,
storage devices, input devices, output devices and communication devices

3.2 DEVICES UNDER THE CONTROL OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM

i). The processor
The CPU can only execute one program at any one time and several tasks may require processing
hence creating competition. The OS decide which program will be performed and for how long. It
has also the ability to stop a particular task to allow the processor to service another one.

ii). Main memory

The OS must keep track of what parts of memory are in use and by who and what parts are free.
The OS determines which task will remain in memory awaiting for execution and which one will
be sent back to secondary storage to wait.
72
iii). Secondary storage devices
The OS keeps track of the information on the storage devices and controls how the information is
written to and read from the storage device. It also utilizes the free space on hard disk by
temporarily holding tasks on it that were in RAM ready for processing but have to wait for some
time.

iv). Input / output devices

Since the input/output devices are slower than the processor, the OS will control allocation of I/O
devices and attempt to resolve any conflicts which arise. It will too monitor the state of each I/O
device and signal any faults detected.

v). Communication devices and ports

The OS controls the overall communication process between various tasks and computers. These
devices include modems, network interface cards, etc, which connect via ports.

3.3 FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

(i) Job scheduling (CPU)
It refers to allocating each job waiting for execution processor time at each given interval. If the
computer have concurrent (several) processes ready for execution the operating system
determines which task will be processed first. OS uses technique such as First-in-first-out(FIFO)
or Last-in-first-out (LIFO). The OS schedules jobs according to priorities. The higher the priority,
the higher the likelihood of being allocated CPU time.

(ii) Resource allocation

Includes controlling the use of computer resources by other system software and application
programs being executed. The resources include I/O devices, CPU and processing time. The OS
strives to avoid deadlocks by allocating resources wisely to tasks or programs that are competing
for them. Each available resource in a computer system is given a unique identification number
called an interrupt request (IRQ). The operating system uses the IRQ number to identify the
resource being requested. Poor resource allocation would result to an undesirable condition
referred to as deadlock. Deadlock is a situation where a particular job holds a requested resource
fails to release it, yet it is requesting for resource held by the other job.

Analogy: John has a pen but needs a book to write on while Mary has a book but needs a pen to
write with. Neither of the two wants to release whatever they have for the other to use first. Hence
a deadlock occurs because neither is able to write.

(iii)Memory management
Data and instructions entered into the computer are temporarily held in the main memory before
and after processing. Since RAM is a scarce resource, the operating system determines which task
remains in the memory awaiting for execution and which one will be taken back to secondary
storage.

Operating system organizes the main memory into blocks of sizes called page frame. Processes
are divided into equal pieces called pages which can fit into the frames. To manage the memory
the operating systems swaps (switches) pages between the main memory and the secondary
storage. The hard disk where pages are held is referred to as virtual memory.

(iv) Input/output management

Operating system coordinates between various I/O and other peripheral devices such as auxiliary
storage (secondary storage). For example, when printing the CPU directs its attention to the
printing function. The operating system searches and chooses the right printer and then the CPU
73
 sends the document to the printer. This makes the CPU to be available for other activities.

(v) Communication control and management/network management

The operating system manages various communication devices and provides an environment
within which communication protocols operates. Protocol refers to the rules that govern (manage)
communication between devices on a network.

(vi) Error handling

Operating system alerts the user of errors that may arise out of illegal operations, hardware or
software failure. It expresses what the error is and where possible suggests on how to correct the
error.

(vii) Interrupt handling

An interrupt is a break from the normal sequential processing of instructions in a program. It
causes the processor to stop executing the current process and attend to another process before
returning the control back to the process that was initially interrupted. Each hardware device
communicates to the processor using Interrupt Request Number (IRQ number) which is a special
number.

3.4 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Can be classified according to:

➢ Number of tasks
➢ Number of users
➢ User interface
Classification according to number of tasks

(i). Single program/task operating system

It allows processing of one application program in the main memory at a time. The user can only
run one interactive program at a time.eg MS DOS

(ii). Multitasking operating system

It allows a single CPU to execute what appear to be more than one application programs
apparently at the same time. The CPU switches its attention between the programs as
directed by the operating system.
Classification according to number of users

(i). Single-user operating system

It is designed for use by only one person and runs only one user application program at a
time.
(ii). Multi-user/multi-access operating system
It allows more than one user to interactively use a computer.

Classification according to interface

i). Command line
User interacts with a computer by typing a command at the dot prompt found on a command line.
The computer reads the typed command at the command line and executes it. Examples of
command line OS are Ms-Dos, UNIX and OS/2. To apply: Click Start menu>All
Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt.
For example you can copy a file called Fruits.Dat from a hard disk C to floppy disk A type the
following at the command prompt:
COPY C:\ FRUITS.DatA:\
74
 Advantages of command line interface.
➢ Commands are executed very fast that is this type of interface does not use as much CPU
processing time as others
➢ This type of interface needs much less memory (Random Access Memory) in order to use
compared to other types of user interfaces.
➢ If the user knows the correct commands then this type of interface can be much faster than
any other type of interface.
➢ A low resolution, cheaper monitor can be used with this type of interface.
➢ A CLI does not require Windows to run.
Disadvatages of CLI

➢ This interface is hard to learn or remember the commands

➢ they cannot process complex graphics
➢ they hardly make use of emerging hardware and software technologies.
➢ For someone who has never used a CLI, it can be very confusing.
➢ Commands have to be typed precisely. If there is a spelling mistake then the command
will not respond or fail.
➢ If user can mis-type an instruction, it is often necessary to start from scratch again.
➢ There are a large number of commands which need to be learned-in the case of Unix it can
be more than hundred.

ii). Menu driven

Allows the user to select commands / options from a list or menu using keyboard or pointing
device e.g. mouse. The use needs not to remember commands since is represented with choices.

iii). Graphical user interface

Enables the user to choose commands, start programs and see lists of files and other options by
pointing and clicking at objects icons or pictures that appear on the screen. Besides menus, GUI
make use of rectangular frames called windows, graphical objects called icons, most commands
are executed using a pointing device. These features are given an acronym WIMP which stands
for windows, icons, menus and pointer. Examples GUI operating systems include Microsoft
Windows 95/98/2000/XP/Vista, MacOS and Linux.

Advantages of GUI Interface:

➨It requires just a click on the simple picture or image in order to use its functionalities.
➨It is very easy to use by novice (beginner/learner) as it is user friendly.
➨Simple icon in GUI interface uses multiple instructions in the back end. Hence it is easy for the
programmer to code in GUI languages (such as VC++, VB, C#, .Net, Labview etc.) compare to
other non GUI based programming languages.
➨Easily make use of emerging hardware and software technologies.
➨It looks very attractive and multi-coloured.
➨User can switch quickly between tasks on the GUI interface.
➨Full screen interaction is also possible with quick and wholesome access to anywhere on the
screen.
75
Disadvantages of GUI Interface:
➨It uses more computer memory as the aim is to make it for user friendly and not resource
optimized. As a result it can be slow on older machines.
➨GUI becomes more complex if user needs to communicate with the computer directly.
➨Certain tasks may take long due to many menus to select the desired choice.
➨Hidden commands need to be searched using Help file.
➨GUI based applications require more RAM in order to run.
➨It uses more processing power compare to other interface types.

3.5 Factors to consider when choosing an operating system

Hardware configuration of the computer such as the memory capacity, processor speed and
hard disk capacity
Processor type and memory capacity of a computer. This is because some computers or
processors do not support all operating system.
Application software intended for use on the computer
User friendliness of the operating system, GUI will be preferred.
Cost of the operating system. Some operating system require the user to pay license fee
while others like LINUX are relatively free.
The documentation available
Availability in the market e.g. Microsoft Windows based OSs are very common.
Reliability and security provided by the OS– can it run without crashing or hanging.
Hanging is to stop responding to commands.
The number of users it can support

Review Questions 3.1

1. Give examples of two multi-user operating systems.
2. Describe four functions of operating system.
3. What is an interrupt?
4. Name and explain four types of human computer interfaces.
5. What are the advantages of GUI based operating system over the command-line?
6. Differentiate between Multitasking and Multi-user operating system.
7. Outline the factors you would consider if you were to buy an operating system.
8. What is deadlock in reference to the operating system?
A situation in an OS when a particular task hold a needed resource and refuses to
release it for use by other tasks.
9. Outline the factors you would consider if you were to buy an operating system.

3.6 How an Operating System Organises Information

Introduction:
Some of the OSs from Microsoft Corporation which is a software company are: Windows
95/98/2000/NT/Me/XP/FD/VISTA. Others which are not from Ms Corporation are Linux, UNIX,
Mac OS and OS/2.

The following factors dictate how an Operating system organizes information:

Rapid acces - the organization should allow quick access of stored data.
Ease of update - the method should allow ease of update and the operating system should be able
to keep a record of the date of modification.
Economy of storage – the method should use the least storage possible because memory is a
scarce resource.
Simplicity of maintenance – the method should enable quick navigation through the file system
and make it easy for it to be maintained.
Reliability - the file organization method should be reliable.

76
 Organization of information

Most operating systems organize information in a three-tier hierarchy:

➢ Drives
➢ Folders and subfolders
➢ Files
Information organization tree

Drive C:\>

Folder 1 Folder 2 Folder 3

Subfolder 1 Subfolder 2 Subfolder 3 Subfolder 4

File 1 File 2 File 3

1. File
It’s a collection of related data or information given a unique name for ease of access,
manipulation and storage on a backing storage and stored in one location a. A file has details that
indicate:
- A unique name and an optional extension
- Its size, date and time the file was created or modified.

Types of files
There are there are types namely; system, application and data files.
▪ System files : contain information that is critical for the operation of the computer.
▪ Application files: these files hold programs or application files that are executable.
▪ Data files contain user specific data.
The are some file extension;
Extension File type Description
.doc Data A Microsoft Word document file
.txt Data A plain text file created using note pad or DOS editor.
.exe Application file The file that launches a particular application e.g. PM
7.0 .exe, Winword.exe, etc
.bat System files File containing a series of commands loaded during
boot up.
.sys System files System files that perform fundamental operation in a
computer.
Function of file
77
- Storage of data
- Organization of information

2. Folder / Directory
It’s a named storage area where the user can store related files for easy access.
Sub-folder is a folder or directory within another folder/directory. In Windows folders and sub-
folders icon appear in yellow colour while file icons are mostly white with a fold at the top right
hand corner.

File icon

Folder icon

All folders or directories originate from a special directory called the root directory or folder. The
root directory is represented by a back slash ( \ ).

3. Drives
The Operating System views storage media or devices as drives. When creating folder or saving a
file identify a storage location which is more reliable e.g Floppy disk, Compact Disk, Hard disk,
Flash disk etc. Drives may be given labels such as letters A-Z to identify them.
Storage location Drive Remarks
Floppy drive A and B If a computer has two drives, one will be assigned letter
A the other B.
Hard disk C, D, E, F If a computer has 4 hard drives, they may be assigned
letters C – F.
Optical drives D, E, F, G If a computer has one hard disk and three or more
CD/DVD drives, may take any number between D and Z
Other D, E, …Z If a computer does not have an optional drive, any
Removables removable drive attached to the computer can take any
letter between D and Z.
Network drive Logical Network drives takes D – Z depending on the number of
physical drives installed or attached.
3.7 Getting started with Microsoft Windows

Windows Desktop
Desktop is mostly an empty screen that appears when windows starts, and has some standard
icons that show that the computer is ready for use.

Desktop features
Icons – are small images representing objects such as files, application programs, peripheral
devices, operator tools in programs, etc. Are manipulated using pointing devices. Examples icons
on the desktop are My Computer, Recycle bin, Internet Explorer, My Documents, Antivirus, etc.

The task bar

A long bar that runs across the desktop. Enables the user to switch between programs and
documents (tasks) that are currently running.
It has three main parts:
Start button: Left most button on the taskbar that the user clicks to display the start menu.

Task manager: Plain stripe that displays buttons of all currently running tasks.

System tray: Right most part of the taskbar. It has icons of the tasks running in the background
but are not displayed on the screen e.g. Time and Calendar etc. To display the task simply double
click its icon. 78
 Start Menu Task Manager System Tray

The Start Menu

When you click the Start button, a Start Menu appears which a list of choices is. When you click
any choice in the Start Menu, the list of choices displayed is called Sidekick Menu.

Sidekick
menu

Start Menu

Common Start Menu Items:

All Programs – which displays a list of all programs installed in the computer.
My Recent Documents – which lists the last 15 recently accessed files.
Control Panel – provides tools which user can use to maintain and make changes to the computer
setup.
Control panel – provides options for you to customize the appearance and functionality of your
computer, add or remove programs, and setup network connections and user accounts.
My computer – give access to, and information about, the disk drives, cameras, scanners and
other hardware connected to your computer.
Search –opens a window where you can pick search options and work with search results incase
the user forgets file or folder name or its location.
Help and support – opens a central location for help topics, tutorials, troubleshooting and other
support services..
Run – enables the user to: Install programs on the hard disk, open files and folders from a storage
location, and Run programs from removable media. It also opens a program, folder document or a
web site.
Log on / log off: Log on is a security measure that restricts unauthorized users from accessing
computer resources. It prompts the user for a User name and Password in order to gain access.
After using the computer Log off the computer before leaving.

79
Review Questions 3.2
1. Explain the following mouse concepts:
a) Click
b) Double click
c) Drag and drop

2. Define the following terms:

a) Desktop
b) Icon
c) Sidekick menu
d) Taskbar
3. List and explain the three parts of a taskbar
4.Why is it important to first shut down the computer before you turn it off?
5.Explain how you would move the taskbar to the top of the desktop.
6.With the help of the teacher and a computer running Windows, customize the taskbar
such that:
a) The start menu is displayed in small icons.
b) The clock is not displayed.
c) The taskbar is hidden.
d) A program is added on or removed from the start menu

3.8 Managing Files and Folders

Windows Explorer
Lets the user display the drives and folders in a hierarchy or trees structure. The explorer divides
the window into two panes.
The left pane displays a tree of drives and folders while the right pane displays a list of files and
subfolders contained in a particular open drive or folder.

Fig. above shows the Windows Explorer window

To display Windows Explorer, Right click Start button then click Explore from short cut menu or
Right click My Computer icon then select Explore.

Creating a folder
1. Display the Explorer window
2. From the folder tree on the left pane, select the location in which you want to create a new
folder e.g Local C
3. From File menu, click New then select Folder. A new folder with a temporary name
Newfolder appears on the right pane.
4. Type a new name for the folder to replace the temporary name then press enter key. 80
Note: To create a subfolder, follow the steps above but select a folder as the location.

The application window

Title bar

Menu bar

Toolbar

Work area

Parts of an application window

Title bar – displays the name of the current application program or task.
Menu bar – provides a drop down list of commands that can used to manipulate tasks.
Toolbars – are buttons of commands arranged in a row that are shortcuts to menu commands.
Work area – is the working area where you can create your documents.

▪ Renaming Files and folders

Renaming is changing the original name to a new name.
To rename right click the file or folder icon then select rename. Type a new name to replace the
existing.
Status bar
▪ Sorting files and folders
Refers to organizing files and folders in a particular way. To sort select the location, or folder then
in the View menu select Arrange Icon by option to choose either by name, size, type or date
modified.

▪ Deleting files and folders

When you delete an item from the hard disk, it is temporary held in the recycle bin. Recycle bin is
a special folder which temporarily holds items deleted from the hard disk.
NB: Items deleted from removable storage devices are not held in the recycle bin and are
completely lost. Don’t attempt to delete system and application files from the hard disk.

To delete file or folder

In the folder tree, right click the file or folder and then select delete from the shortcut menu.
NB: Holding down Shift key as you command delete, the deleted file or folder is completely
discarded bypassing the Recyclebin folder.

Restoring deleted files and folders

✓ double click the Recycle bin icon
✓ select the deleted items to be restored
✓ Click File then Restore or right click each item individually then select restore in the shortcut
menu.
✓ The restored items are automatically restored in their location and application programs.
81
 Emptying the recycle bin
This is completely discarding files and folders deleted to free up disk space occupied. To empty
right click the recycle bin and select empty option.
To empty the recycle bin
- In the folder tree or on the desktop select the Recycle Bin icon
- Right click then select empty option from the shortcut menu
- click Yes if prompted to confirm deletion of the files

Copying and moving files and folders

Copy or cut commands are used to create a duplicate of an item or move it respectively. Copying
is duplication of files and folders tom another location. Cut or Copied items are temporarily held
in temporary storage called Clipboard.

To copy/ move a file or folder

✓ Display the Explorer Window
✓ From the From the folder tree right click the file or folder and select copy / cut then on the left
pane right click the location in which you want to copy or move the file / folder.
✓ Right click the location then select paste

Manipulating files and folders by Drag and Drop

✓ To copy file/folder – Hold down Ctrl key while you drag the icon to the new location.
✓ To move file/folder from one location to another just press down the mouse button and drag
✓ To delete any file or folder drag it into the Recycle Bin.

Searching for specific files and folders

Incase you are not sure where you stored or the name you gave a file or folder, use the search
menu.
(i). Right click Start, point to Search then click For Files or Folders.
(ii). In the Search dialog box, specify the search criteria
(iii). Click the Search button.

Review Questions 3.3

1 Define the following terms:
a) Click
b) Double click
c) Drag and drop
2 Distinguish between system files and application files
3 Describe the two functions of a file
4 In reference to Windows operating system, what does the term application window mean?
5 Explain each of the following commands used to manage files and folders
a) Rename
b) Sort files
c) Copy
d) Move
e) Delete
6 Of the five commands in Question5, which two must be used with a lot of caution when
manipulating files?
7 Briefly explain the importance of each part of a window
8 Why is it important to give descriptive names to file or a folder
9 Draw a directory tree showing how files and folders are organized by an operating
system.
10 Explain how you would:
a. Minimize
b. Close and exit an application window.
c. Move a window from one location to another .
d. Access the folder/the directory tree. 82
 3.9 Disk Management
➢ Formatting a disk
➢ Partitioning
➢ Disk Defragmentation
➢ Compressing files, folders or a drive
➢ Scanning for viruses (malware)
➢ Backing up data
➢ Scanning storage media
➢ Disk clean up

▪ Formatting a disk
It is the creation of tracks and sectors in a new disk in preparation for use. It can also be referred
to as writing tracks and sectors on a disk to make it ready for data storage. Other devices which
are not disks can also be formatted to create a file system. Formatting a new disk enables the OS
to recognize it for reading and writing data.
Formatting process of 3 ½ floppy
- Insert the unformatted disk into floppy drive
- Double click my computer icon
- Right click the icon 3 ½ floppy
- Select the capacity 1.44MB
- Give label and click start to begin formatting
- Click close once the process is over

▪ Partitioning
Process of dividing the physical disk into two or more logical drives. Each partition is treated as a
separate drive installed on its own partition.
Reasons: to install more than one Operating System and for the purpose of backup. Windows
2000/XP allow up to 4 partitions on a single physical drive while Ms Windows 98/Me Operating
System allows a maximum of one primary and one extended partition .

Choosing a file system

Before partitioning a disk, you need to decide how files are stored on each partition. The
following file systems are used on Windows operating systems:
✓ File Allocation Table (FAT) is primarily used in MS DOS and Windows 95.
✓ File Allocation Table 32 bit (FAT32) is primarily used in Windows 98 and Me.
✓ New Technology File System (NTFS) is primarily used in Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2003
and Vista.

Partitioning a disk using NTFS

Ms Windows 98/Me startup disk has an FDISK utility that lets the user partition and format a disk
using FAT or FAT32 file systems.

To partition a disk:
(i). Reboot the computer using a start up disk
(ii). Type FDISK at the command prompt. Select yes to partition the drive using the FAT32. the
FDISK screen is displayed.
(iii). Choose ‘create a DOS Partition or logical DOS Drive.”
(iv). Restart the computer once more using the startup disk
(v). Format each partition by typing Format <drive letter>
Note: partitioning a disk in Windows 2000, XP, 2003 and Vista is done during installation
process.

▪ Compressing files, folders or a drive

Compressing files or folders reduces the amount of space they occupy on a drive; compressing a
drive decreases the amount of space used by all of the files and folders stored on that drive (i.e83
creates more space on a disk by squeezing files into a smaller storage location on the disk). This
results to reduced performance and therefore it is not recommended unless your computer cannot
accommodate a large capacity disk.
▪ Disk Defragmentation
Arranging of scattered folders and files on a storage media for easy access. Disk Defragmentation
consolidates file fragments so that each file occupies a single, contiguous space on the drive.

Fragmentation is the condition of a disk in which the files and folders are scattered.

▪ Disk clean up
Is the process of detecting and removing files on the hard disk drive that may no longer be
needed. Disk cleanup frees and improve the system performance.

▪ Backing up data
Creating copies of data and programs on separate storage areas to avoid losing of data and
programs incase the storage device fails, gets lost or crashes (permanent destroyed).

▪ Scanning storage media/scandisk/disk diagnostics

This tool helps the user to check up and repair minor storage problems like damaged storage and
files.
▪ Scanning for viruses (malware)
Malware are harmful programs deliberately intended to make a computer fail or malfunction.
Three common types of malicious programs are Viruses, Trojan horses and Worms. Scanning is
checking your system for viruses and removing them. A computer must be installed with the latest
antivirus program such as Norton, McAfee, Kaspersky and AVG.
To scan for viruses right click the storage media then select Scan for Viruses option if an antivirus
software is installed.

Review questions 3.4

1. Define the following terms as used in disk management
a) Formatting b) Partitioning c) Compressing
d). Defragmenting
2. Explain how you would format a used disk in Windows.
3. You have realized that your floppy disk is limited in storage space and you would wish to
create more space.
a) Which tool in Windows would you use.
b) Write down the procedure of doing (a) above.
4. Explain how you would create backup using Windows back-up using utility.
5. When you switch on your computer, and realize that it is not loading the Operating System.
This means that you have to boot up your computer using a startup disk.
a). What is a startup disk
b). using a new diskette, create a Windows Startup disk and label it Windows –System Disk. (the
dashes represent the version of Windows you are using).
6. Why is hard disk partitioned?
7. Explain how you can partition a 30GB hard disk into 2GB partitions.
Trouble Shooting Windows Related Problems
Troubleshooting is the process of diagnosing and trying to fix (resolve) hardware or software
related problems.

Some problems may crop up after installing Windows Operating system like failure to boot or
function properly due to hardware, malware, improper installation or missing system files,
computer hangs now and then, abnormal restarting, etc.

The problem may be due to one of the following:

1. Invalid system disk: this error may occur if the drive configured as the active partition no
longer contains essential systems files required to load the operating system. 84
 2. Missing operating system files such as CONFIG.SYS, HIMEM.SYS AND Autoexec.bat
may result in boot failure. If the files have been deleted reinstall the OS or start up a
computer using startup disk.
3. Corrupted system registry – registry is the Windows database that keeps details about all
system and application programs installed in the computer. If the registry is corrupted, the
computer may fail to boot. Repair the registry using emergency repair disk or restore the
registry backup if you created one or reinstall the OS.
4. Failure to load the GUI desktop – may be due to infection by malware, missing or corrupted
display drivers. If the system can start in Safe Mode, scan for viruses or locate the
malfunctioning device in the Device Manager and disable it.
5. Windows protection error – is displayed during startup before GUI is loaded. It occurs when
the 32-bit virtual driver fails to load. Restart the computer in safe mode. If the OS loads
properly, use the Device Manager to reinstall corrupted or missing drivers.
6. Runtime problems/hanging – may be characterized by the system’s failure to respond to
command, behaviour commonly referred to as hanging. Use the restart keys Ctrl + Alt + Del
to display the Task Manager and try to close the non-responding applications. If this fails,
shutdown the computer and turn it on again.
7. Insufficient system memory
8. Problem with hard disk boot sector, may be due to virus attack/infection. Scan with the
latest antivirus software

NB:- You can read more information on troubleshooting and fixing an operating system related
problems by reading the online help and support utility.

85
 REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Give the correct name for the following descriptions (3mks)

i. A device that process user input to give out an output that is meaningful to the user -Computer
ii. Raw facts that do not have much meaning to the user -Data
iii. The result obtained after processing -Information

2. Write the following acronyms in full (2mks)

i. ICT – Information and Communication Technology
ii. CPU – Central Processing Unit
iii. VLSI – Very Large Scale Integrated
iv. UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply
3. List three major classification of computers (3mks)
✓ Physical power and size
✓ Purpose
✓ Functionality

4. Name three non electronic tools that were used before the invention of electronic computers (3mks)
✓ Abacus
✓ Napier bones
✓ Analytical engine

5. What was the major improvement in the fourth generation computers (2mks)
✓ It employs the integration of Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integrated
(VLSI) circuits.
6. a A computer had the following characteristics
✓ Artificial intelligence
✓ Connectivity to the internet
✓ Superior hardware and software (i.e. high processing speed and storage capacity)
✓ Low emission of heat
✓ Smaller in size
State the generation described above (1mk)

✓ Fifth generation computers

b) Give the name of a computer which is small in size, portable and convenient for mobile users(2mks)

✓ laptop computers
7. State two components housed in the system unit (1mk)
✓ CPU
✓ Drives

8. State four areas where computers are used today (4mks)

i. Education
ii. Library
iii. Supermarkets
iv. Hospitals

9. a) What is the name given to the item that is usually placed on the computer screen (CRT) to avoid
eye strain caused by over bright light from the screen?
(1mk)

b). State four factors that one has to consider before setting up a computer laboratory(4mks)

✓ Reliability of the source of power

✓ Security of the hardware and software
✓ Maximum number of users
✓ Number of computers to set up
86
10. a a). BELOW are functions of uninterruptible power supply Unit except one. Which one (1mk)
[A] Regulates power from unstable power source (i.e. mains) to a clean voltage
[B] Temporarily provides power to the computer incase of sudden power failure.
[C] It can be used as the main power source
[D] Alerts the user when power goes off unexpectedly

b) List three safety precautions in the computer laboratory that are meant to protect the user. (3mks)
of the room
i) Antiglare screen protect the user from eye strain
ii) The cables should be well laid to protect the user from tripping on them.
iii) Use of standard furniture that prevent the user from back ache
iv) Insulating the cables to protect the user from short circuit

11. Giving TWO examples in each case outline five major categories of a standard computer
keyboard keys
(5mks)
✓ Function key i.e. F1- F12
✓ Special Purpose keys i.e. SHIFT, ALT, CTRL keys
✓ Alphanumeric keys such as letters A-Z, 1,2,…0, Space bar, enter key etc.
✓ Numeric keypad keys i.e. number 0-9, *, +,
✓ Cursor movement and editing keys i.e. page up, page down, home, end arrow keys and insert and
delete keys respectively.
ii. Give one example of artificial intelligence and where it used
✓ Robots used in industries

12. What substance or material normally cause clogging on the keyboard and therefore should not
be carried to the lab
(1mk)
✓ Food substances
13. Identify two types of booting (1mk)
Warm booting
Cold booting

14. (a) (VCDs and a DVDs are examples of optical storage media. (3mks)
Write in full the meaning of:
VCD- Video compact disk
DVD – digital video disk

(b) Joan wanted to transfer some data from a friend’s computer to VCD. How many VCD’s will
she require to transfer 4,294,967,296 bytes if a singleVCD can hold up to 700MB of data?
If 1mb = 1,048,576 bytes
700mb = ?
=7000mb 1,048,576 bytes =734,003,200 bytes
1mb
If 734,003,200 bytes = 700mb

4,294,967,296 bytes =?
=4,294,967,296 bytes  700mb
734,003,200 bytes

5.8514285714285714
Approximately 6 VCD’s

Or
If 1mb = 1,000,000 bytes
700mb = ?
700mb  1,000,000 bytes
1mb
= 700,000,000 bytes
If 700,000,000 = 700mb 87
 4,294,967,296 bytes =?
4,294,967,296 bytes  700mb
700,000,000bytes

15. (a) Name the keyboard keys represented by the symbols below (3mks)

A B C

A- Shift key
B- Enter key
C- Tab key

(b) State their functions (3mks)

A. SHIFT KEY – Used in combination with other keys to execute command

B. ENTER KEY- When typing, it takes the cursor to the beginning of the next line when pressed
- Used to execute commands in various program.
C. TAB STOP KEY- Used to create space of certain intervals i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5

16. Identify the following types of RAM (2mks)

✓ It is a fast type of memory

✓ Holds its contents as long as there is SRAM
power
✓ Does not require refreshing
✓ It is a slow type of memory
✓ It frequently requires refreshing to maintain DRAM
its data usage

17. Fill in the blank spaces from the table below (5mks)

Device Function
i. Scanner Captures data directly into the computer
ii. Speaker
iii. LED they give their output in form light
iv. Touch screen
v. Plotters Used for printing geographical maps, advert
posters

18. (a) What is the name given to the device used to capture data directly from the source document
such as a printout (1mk)
Document reader/scanner

(b) The diagram below shows coded data that could be input into a computer.

(i) Name the device that can be used to input the above data (1mk)
- Optical Barcode Recognition /Optical Barcode reader

88
 (ii) Where would the above method of input be applied? (1mk)
- Retail systems e.g. electronic point of sale system in supermarket or Libraries for
reading barcodes on books

(iii) For the application you have given above (b)(ii), state TWO kinds of information
that this type of input may contain. (2mks)
- Name of the item
- Cost of item
- Quantity in stock
- Manufacturer

19. ) Identify the printers that have been described below (3mks)
i) Faster because of few movable parts Laser printer
ii) Produce noise because of striking activity Dot-matrix printer
iii) Printed copy must be left for some time to dry up or the information could be partly erased or
distorted with smudges Ink jet printer
20. Identify the devices labeled A and B (2mks)

A B
A- RAM B- ROM
21. Of the devices on qsn (20) above, which one stores instructions permanently or semi-permanently
(1mk)
B
22. State two technologies used to design the flat screen monitors (2mks)
active
Passive
23. Study the images below and use them to answer the question that follows

A B
i. Identify the types of system units displayed above respectively (2mks)
A ___tower type

B___ desktop type

89
 ii. List four mouse terminologies (2mks)
✓ Clicking
✓ Right clicking
✓ Double clicking
✓ Drag and drop

24. The picture below shows an external part of a magnetic storage device

i. What is the name of the device? (1mk)

Floppy disk

ii. Identify the parts labeled A, B and C respectively (3mks)

A__ metal shutter
B__ label
C__ write protection notch

iii. Other than this (24) (i), name other four magnetic storage media that you know (4mks)

✓ Magnetic disk
✓ Zip disks
✓ Jaz disks
✓ Magnetic tape

25. The hierarchical system represented below shows how a school organizes its files. Study it
and answer the questions below.

C
UNIVERSITY
CATERING HOSTELS

ACADEMIC

Y1 Y2 Y3

a) The directory Y3 has the following files: Department.doc, campus.xls and Logo.pub
Write down the path of accessing the Logo.pub file. (2mks)

C:\UNIVERSITY\ACADEMIC\Y3\Logo.pub
90
 b) The directory hostel has the following files: Student.mdb
Write down the path of accessing the Student.mdb file. (2mks)

C:\UNIVERSITY\HOTELS\Student.mdb

c) Draw a tree representation of the above diagram including the files mentioned in part (a)
and (b).
(5mks)
C:\

UNIVERSIT
Y

CATERI HOSTELS ACADEM

NG IC

Student.mdb
Y1 Y2 Y3

Department.doc
Campus.xls
Logo.pub

26. The computer specification has the following details:

➢ Intel core i7-6500u (2.5Ghz)
➢ 8GB RAM, 1TB Sata Drive (HDD)
➢ 15.6” anti-glare display
➢ Windows 10
➢ Full multimedia
➢ 1 year warranty
(a) Explain the meaning of the above terms (6mks)
i. Intel core i7-6500u (2.5Ghz):
The processor type is intel and speed is 2.5Ghz
ii. 8GB RAM, :
Memory capacity of the working memory
iii. 1TB Sata Drive (HDD):
Memory capacity of the hard disk
iv. 15.6” anti-glare display:
The size of the screen measured diagonally
v. Windows 10:
The operating system
vi. 1 year warranty:
The agreement between the buyer and seller that spells out terms and conditions of
the computer system which is 1 year.
(b) List four multimedia components that the above computer may have. (4mks)
➢ Speakers
➢ Sound card
➢ Screen
➢ DVD/CD drive
91
 (c) Apart from windows list two other operating systems available in Kenyan market today.
(1mk)
i. MS DOS
ii. LINUX
iii. UNIX
iv. MacOS
Answers to Review Questions

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Review questions 1.1
1) A computer is an electronic device that accepts user input, also referred to as data, and
transforms it under the influence of sets of special instructions called programs to produce the
desired output referred to as information.
2) Monitor, system unit, mouse, keyboard, etc.
3) a) A supercomputer is large and has more processing power and memory than a mainframe.
b) A minicomputer is large in physical size and more powerful than a PC .PC was designed to be
used by one person only.
4) A digital computer processes discrete data while an analog computer processes continuous
data.
5) a) The technology of producing smaller devices is expensive.
b) Convenience because of their portability.
6) Special purpose (dedicated) general purpose.
7) B 8).C 9).A
10).C 11).B 12).D
13).D 14).C 15).A
16).D 17).A, C and D 18).C

Review Questions 1.2

1) First-vacuum tubes
Second - Transistors
Third-integrated circuits
Fourth-very large integrated circuits
2) Supermarket, airport, hospital, offices, banks, industries etc.
3) a)large in physical size
b) used vacuum tubes
c) Produced a lot of heat
d) Consumed a lot of power.
4) Charles Babbage
5) Programs that make computers to mimic human intelligence.
6) ENIAC-Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator.
VLSI-Very Large Scale Integrated.
IC- Integrated Circuit.
8).Supermarket-Stock control
Hospital-Life support machines
Bank-Processing cheques
Hotel-Booking rooms
Home-Entertainment
School-Analyzing academic data
Industry-Manufacturing process control
Police station-Matching fingerprints

Review Questions 1.3

1. C 2. B 3.C 4.B 5. C
6. A 7.D 8.A and B 9. D 10. A
92
Review exercises
1. Dust and smoke settles on storage devices scratching them during read/write operation.
2. PCs are becoming small and portable e.g. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).
3. Free from dust, water, magnets, well ventilated rooms, medium humidity, etc.
4. This is the casing that houses the CPU and storage devices. Components in the system unit
includes CPU, Motherboard and storage devices.
5. Starting up a computer. Internally it first checks whether all the components are in good
working condition then loads the operating system.
6. To avoid damage and loss of data.
7. Mobile phones, calculators, robots etc.
8. Water causes rusting of metallic parts and short circuits if used.
9. Clicking-pressing and releasing the left mouse button once.
Double clicking-pressing the left mouse button twice in a quick succession. Double clicking
usually opens a file or starts a program.
Right clicking-pressing the right mouse button once displays a list of commands from which
the user can make a selection. This list of commands is called a shortcut menu or context
sensitive menu. It is called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to the
right-clicked item.
10. (a) Install humidifiers in the room,
(b)Improve furniture to avoid bending when using the computer.

2.0 COMPUTER SYSTEM

Review questions 2.1
1. A computer system refers to a collection of entities that work together to process and
manage information.
2. A computer is made up of both hardware and software while a computer system
integrates hardware ,software and user
3. Barcode reader
4. Data capture
5. Optical mark reader (OMR)
6. a). The users need
b). Type of data to be input
c). Volume of data entry
d). Cost, availability, e.t.c.
7. (a) Optical- OMR ,OBR and OCR.
(b) Magnetic-MICR and Magnetic strip.
8. Special magnetic characters are written on cheques that can only be detected by
MICR reader.
9. (a) For people with special needs (disabilities)
(b) In language translator programs
(c)Voice tags for call dialing
10. Supermarkets and superstores. To capture prices of goods from bar codes.

Review questions 2.2

1. Central processing unit.
2. (a) Processing data
(b)System control
(c)Provide temporary storage (RAM) and permanent storage (ROM)
3. It is a tiny processor, mainly a combination of the ALU and control unit on a single silicon
chip.
4. a) (i) Interpreting instruction,
(ii) Issuing control instructions to the O/S
b). (i) Performing arithmetic calculations,
( ii)Performing logical operations.
c). i) holding data just before and after processing,
(ii) holding instructions just before execution. 93
5. volatile memory is temporary while non-volatile is permanent
6. RAM – temporary and rewriteable memory
ROM – permanent and read only memory
7. 4KB – Approximately 4000 characters
640KB –approximately 640,000 characters
16MB –approximately 16 million characters
20GB –approximately 20 billion characters
8. Cache memory – speeds up processing (fetch cycle)
Buffer – acts as interface between very fast and processor and slow I/O devices.
Register – temporarily holds data / instructions just before and after processing.
9. Comparison include: =,<, >, and < >
10. The CPU of a microcomputer is smaller and less powerful than that of a mainframe
11. Determines the processing speed of the CPU
12. Basic Input Output System – holds hardware setup and configuration information.
13. Data bus, address bus and control bus.

Review questions 2.3

1. Hardcopy – printed copy, e.g. printout on paper like letters, while softcopy is intangible
information, e.g. screen display or music.
2. CRT monitor uses a cathode ray tube while a flat panel does not. CRT has protruding back
while flat panel does not.
3. a). Liquid crystal display (LCD)
b). Thin Film Transistor (TFT)
c). Gas Plasma
d). Electroluminescent (EL)
4. Cost, print quality, availability, speed, purpose and print technology.
5. Impact printer – print by striking mechanism and are noisy e.g. dot matrix and daisy wheel
Non-impact printer – print by either laser, ink or thermal transfer mechanism e.g. laserjet, inkjet
and thermal printers.
6. advantage of:
Laser printers – cheap running cost, good print quality.
Inkjet printers – cheap to purchase, cheaper multiple colours printing, high quality print.
Disadvantage of :
Laser printers – expensive to purchase, expensive multi-colour printing
Inkjet printers – expensive to buy cartridges (run), water based print easily fades.
7. a).Enable reception of output even when a few meters away from computer
b). Makes computing interesting and entertaining.
c). Suitable for the blind and people with poor sight
8. A plotter – it draws lines and big charts.

Review questions 2.4

1. Primary is accessed directly by CPU while secondary is not.
2. Removable are portable while fixed are mounted inside the system unit
3. Floppy – physically small in size and capacity.,
4. It is a hard magnetic platter used to store data and encased in a metallic housing (casing). It
differs from a floppy because it is metallic, shiny and non flexible.
5. a). It is large in storage capacity
b). more reliable
c). Faster access to data and information
6. CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RD, LS-120, Superdisk, DVD, Optical card, optical tape.
7. a). DVD has a larger storage capacity than CD
b). Offers better data storage quality
8. multimedia is an integration of sound, video and text processing and output.
Components – optical drive, speakers, sound adapter, VGA monitor.
9. Write Once Read Many (WORM) – recorded once but can be accessed many times without
changing content. 94
10. Magnetic – data recorded using magnetism.
Optical – data recorded using a beam of light (laser)
11. Jaz, Zip, Flash disk, CD-R, CD-RW.
12. a). Do not drop the disk drive
b). Do not expose it to strong heat
c). do not expose it to dust/smoke particles
d). Do not unprocedurally switch off the computer.

Review questions 2.5

1. a). special socket for connecting peripheral devices
b). Cable for data transmission
c). Cable for power supply to devices
2. To supply stable power to system unit internal devices and the motherboard.
3. Parallel cables transmit several bits simultaneously while serial transmits one bit at a time.
4. a). It is light
b). it offers fast transmission
c). Its serial nature enable it to connect devices a longer distance away
d). The USB port can be used to connect different peripheral devices due to its common universal
interface.

2.6 Review questions

1. a). Disconnect all devices from power source before attempting to work on them.
b). Do not work on any peripheral device without the guidance of the teacher
c). Never work alone because you may need help incase of any emergency
d). Discharge any static electricity that might have built up on your hands touching an earthed
metallic object and then wearing an antistatic wrist member.
2. a). loose printer interface cable
b). Printer still off
c). Printer not installed
3. a). Volume control too low
b). Loose or improper connection to the sound card
c). Speakers not powered
d). Multimedia not supported
e) Absence of analog cable connecting the optical drive to the motherboard or sound card.

Review questions 2.7

1. System software performs fundamental operations like initializing hardware during boot up
while application software meets user specific needs.
System software – operating system, firmware, utilities.
Application software – word processor, spreadsheets etc.
2. Supervises all the hardware and software operations of the computer system.
3. a). Word processor – typing documents
b). Spreadsheets – calculations
c). Database management systems – record management.
d). Desktop publishing – creating and manipulating images.
e). Graphics software – creating and manipulating images.
4. a). Standard software is thoroughly tested hence few errors
b). Readily available
c). Easily portable
5. Single purpose software is developed for only one purpose while integrated software is a suit
of more than one programs and can be used to carry out a variety of tasks.
6. To enable communication between computers over a channel (media)
7. UNIX, Windows, DOS, LINUX, Mac operating system

Review questions 2.8

95
1. a). Cost, compatibility, upgradability, warranty, memory capacity, portability, user needs,
processor type and speed.
b). Authenticity, documentation, user friendliness, cost, compatibility, portability.
2. In order to negotiate on sensitive items like duration, after sales service etc.
3. Yes, in order to compare quality and prices.

Revision questions
1. a). Central Processing Unit
b). Arithmetic logic unit
c). Control unit
d). Read only memory
e) Random access memory
2. Cache, registers
3. a). Kilobyte b). Megabyte c). Gigabyte
4. MDA, HGA, EGA, VGA and SVGA
5. MICR uses magnetic technology to read magnetic characters while OCR uses laser technology
to read characters.
6. Pentium processor
7. The drive is made up of several disks platters that are mounted on a common axis with
read/write heads on both sides of the platters. The heads move in and out as they write/read data.
The outer case is hard and metallic.
8. The hard disk is divided into concentric circles called tracks. Parallel tracks on several platters
are called cylinders. The tracks are further subdivided into sectors. Several sectors can be grouped
to form clusters.
9. Pixels (picture elements) are dots on the screen that form characters and images. They
determine the clarity of image.
10. a). Gently and carefully connect the interface cable of each device to the correct port and
to the device,
b). connect the computer to the power source and switch it on,
c). Observe boot up information to see whether Power On-Self Test (POST) displays any error
massage. A successful boot means that the computer was properly setup.

3.0 OPERATING SYSTEM

Review questions 3.1
1. Multi user O/S-UNIX, Windows NT/2000, Novell, Linux
Single user- MS-Dos, PC-DOS.
2. (a) Resource control and allocation.
(b) Job scheduling
(c) Input/output handling
(d) Memory management.
(e) Interrupt handling.
(f) Error handling
(g) Job scheduling
3. It is a break from the normal sequential flow of instructions processing in a program.
4. (a) Command line-user types commands.
(b) Menu driven-user selects an option
(c) Graphical user interface-user selects commands in form of icons with a pointing device.
5. (a) User friendliness.
(b) Easy to learn.
6. Multitasking - can run more than one Program simultaneously while multi- User O/S allows
more than one user to make use of the CPU concurrently.
7. It a situation in an O/S when a particular task holds a needed resource and refuses to release it
for use by other tasks.
8. (a) User friendliness 96
 (b) Cost.
(c) Availability
(d) Portability.
(e) Hardware configuration/compatibility
(f) User need.

Review questions 3.2

2. (a) Is a mostly an empty screen that appears when Windows start and had some standard icons
that show that the computer is ready for use.
(b) Is a graphical representation of a command, file ,folder or storage location.
(c) A submenu that appears either on the or left of a main menu.
(d) A long strip/icon that runs across the desktop and displays active tasks.
3. (a) Start button-provides access to start menu.
(b) Task manager-displays buttons of currently running systems.
(c) System tray-displays icons of applications that automatically start and run in the
background.
4. (a) To avoid damaging storage devices that may still be in use.
(b) To avoid damaging system and application files.
(c) To avoid loss of data and Information.
5. Right click task bar then select properties. In the taskbar properties dialog, check the
appropriate options then click Apply button then OK.

Review questions 3.3

1. a). A label that represents a logical or physical storage location.
b). the rectangular area on the screen covered by a running program.
c) Interactive strip at the bottom of an application window that acts as a communication link
between the user and the application program.
d). Is a row of buttons / icons that represent shortcut commands
e). is the hierarchical arrangement of folders and storage locations from the root downwards.
2. System files hold critical system information while application files hold programs data.
3. Storing related data / information records. It is a rectangular area that i8s opened in the
application program when one wants to enter data in the new file.
4. a). Change name of file / folder.
b). Arranges files / folders in a particular order.
c). Makes a duplicate of existing file / folder.
d). Removes file / folder from storage
5. Rename – renaming an application or system file may make the computer or program fail.
6. title bar – displays title
toolbars – display shortcut commands
work area – allow user to enter data.
Menu bar – provides a list of commands
Status bar – provides a communication interface between user and the application.
7. For easy location or identification.
8. a). Minimize – click minimize button maximize – click maximize
b). click the close button or Exit from file menu.
c). Point to Title bar and grad
d). right click My computer icon or Start button then select Explore command.

Review questions 3.4

1) a). It is creation of tracks and sectors on a disk
b). creating volumes by subdividing a large physical disk.
c). creating more space on a disk by squeezing files into a smaller storage location on a disk.
d). Consolidating files into one area on the disk. 97
2) Right click its icon on the screen then select format command.
3) A). Compression agent or Drive space.
b). The teacher to give appropriate answer depending on the version of Windows.
4) Right click My Computer icon then properties. Click tools tab than click Backup now button.
5) a). A special disk that has boot up files.
b). teacher to help pupil to create startup disk.
6) a). To install more than one operating system
b). For backup purposes
7) boot in MS – DOS mode using a startup disk then at the prompt type FDISK and follow the
on-screen instructions.

Revision questions
1) It stores related data and information records into files and related files into folders and
subfolders
2) Because it does the basic functions of enabling other programs access the hardware resources.
3) Compressing – squeezing files to create more space while defragmenting consolidates files and
folders in a contiguous space or location on the disk. .
4) When one partition fails, the other can still be used.
5) To create tracks and sectors that can be recognized by a particular operating system
6) a). Processor
b). Memory
c). I/O devices and ports.
d). Communication devise and ports secondary storage devices
7) Read the manufacturers manual or Readme.text file form Windows folder.
8) Scheduling determines which task will be processed first , while sequencing arranges the task
and keeps a list of currently running tasks.

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