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Physics Project

Physics Practice Project

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12 views18 pages

Physics Project

Physics Practice Project

Uploaded by

vrishtichoksi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gyan ganga international

Academy, bhopal

2015-2016

To find refractive
indices of water and
turpentine oil

Submitted by : submitted to:


Ashwin Singh

Mr.Nagendra prasad
Class: XII ‘D’
Roll no.

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the project


report entitled “to find refractive
indices of water and turpentine
oil” submitted by Ashwin Singh
during the academic year 2015 –
2016 is a bonafied piece of work
conducted under my supervision
and guidance. The data sources
have been fully acknowledged. I
wish his success in all his future
endeavours.

MR.faizal shareef Mr. d.ashok


(pgt physics) (PRINCIPAL)
Acknowledgement

I thank my physics laboratory


teacher guiding me in doing this
project. His constant support and
encouragement helped me a lot in
completing this project.
I also thank my chemistry teacher
Mr. Faizal Shareef for helping me with
this project. I also thank the lab
assistant and all other non-teaching
staff members for arranging the
apparatus as and when required.
I also thank my school for
providing such wonderful laboratory
facilities.
Index
SR. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 OBJECTIVE 1

2 APPARATUS 2

3 THEORY 2

4 PROCEDURE 3

5 OBSERVATION 6

6 CALCULATION 7

7 RESULT 8

8 PRECAUTION 8

9 SOURCES OF ERROR 9

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10

Objective
TOFINDREFRACTIVEINDICE
SOFWATERAND
TURPENTINEOILUSINGAPALN
EMIRROR,AN
EQUICONVEXLENS(MADEOFG
LASSOF
KNOWNREFRACTIVEINDEX)A
NDAN
ADJUSTABLEOBJECTNEEDLE
Apparatus:
A convex lens, an optical needle, a plane mirror, a
clamp stand, a spherometer, a plumb line, metre scale,
water and turpentine oil.

Theory:
Let’s add small amount of water on a flat, plane surface
and place a convex lens over it. This forms a plano-
concave lens of water between the lower surface of
convex lens and plane mirror.
Let f1 and f2 are the focal lengths of water lens and convex
lens respectively, then focal length of the combination is:
1 1 1
F =f 1 +f 2

1
The focal length of the plano-concave lens is,
1 1
f1 F f2 …(i)
= −

( )
1 1 1
From Lens Maker’s f=( μ−1 ) R1 −R2
1

1
μ−1 ¿
=( R

∴ R1 = R and R2 = ∞ for water lens.


∴
The refractive index of μ=1
R
water is , + f1 …(ii)

(where ‘R’ is the radius of curvature of the concave


surfaces of the plano-concave lens).

The Radius of curvature of the lens, is2


6l 2 …(iii)
R= +
h

Procedure:

I. For finding the focal length of convex lens:

(i) Measure the rough focal length of the convex lens.

(ii) Place the plane mirror with the convex lens


placed on it above the horizontal base of a
clamp stand horizontally as its tip lies
vertically above the optical centre of the lens.
Adjust the needle at a height a little more than
the rough focal length of the convex lens.

(iii) Try to remove the parallax between the tip


of the object needle and its image tip.

(iv) Note the distance of the tip of the needle


from the centre of the upper surface of the
lens. Let it be x1. (Use plumb line).

(v) Remove the convex lens and measure the


distance of the tip of the needle from the
plane mirror. Let it be x2. (Use plumb line).
(vi) Repeat and record all the observations.

II. For finding the focal length of the


plano- concave lens:

Pour few drops of water over the plane mirror and


place the
convex lens over it. Repeat steps (ii) to (iv) as
done above.
Repeat the procedure with turpentine oil also.

III. For finding ‘l’:

Determine the pitch and least count of scale of


the spherometer. Place the spherometer on the
dried surface of the convex lens. Turn the screw
downwards very gently till the tip of the screw
just touches the lens. Read and record the
reading.

Keep the spherometer’s legs on the base of a


paper and adjusting the central screw, find the
pricks A, B and C of the three legs of the
spherometer. Join the centres of the three pricks
and measure the lengths with the half-metre
scale. Note the values of AB, BC and AC.
Fig: (a) to find focal length of convex lens

(b) for the length of legs AB, BC, CA of the


spheromete
r
Fig: to find focal length of the plano concave lens

Observations

Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm


Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
(1) AB = 3 cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
(3) CA = 3 cm

Table for calculation of ‘h’

S.N Initial No. of Final Addition h=n Mean


o reading complet reading al C.S x “h”
of the e of the div. pitch
C.S.
on the rotation c.s on moved + m
convex s the x
lens glass L.C
(a) (n) slab
1 62 0 6. 55. 0.5 0.57
5 5 5 7
5 5
2 64 0 4 60 0.6

To measure focal length f‘ of convex


lens

Distance of needle tip


from
Area S.N Tip of the Upper Mean Foca
between o upper surface surface x= l
lens and of the convex of the x1 + leng
x2
plane lens plane th
2
mirror X1 mirror
X2
Without 1 30.5 31 30.75 f 1=
liquid 2 36.7 37.2 36.95 33.
8
5
1 31.4 31.8 31.6
With 2 37.5 38.1 37.8 f2=3
water 4.7
With oil 1 9.4 9.6 9.5 f3=1
2 10.4 10,6 10.5 0
CALCULATIONS
Mean distance between two legs
AB + BC
l=
+CA
3 =3 cm

Mean h = 0.7557 cm
To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:

l
2
h
R= + =2.27366 cm
6 2
h

Measurement of refractive indices of water and


turpentine oil
1)With water between the convex lens and the
plane mirror:

R 2.27366
μ =1+ =1+ =1.06552
1
f2 34.7

2) With turpentine oil between the convex lens and


the plane
mirror

R 2.27366
μ =1+ =1+ =1.22736
2
f3 10
Result
The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.06552
The refractive index of turpentine oil is µ2 = 1.22736

Precautions

(i) The screw of the spherometer should be


moved in one direction only to avoid
backlash error.

(ii) The screw should be moved just to


touch the surface of the convex lens or
the glass slab.

(iii) The parallax should be removed properly.

(iv) The lens and the plane mirror should be


properly cleaned.

(v) The convex lens of large focal length


should be used.

(vi) The spherometer reading should be taken


first on the surface of the convex lens and
then on the glass slab.

Sources of error:
(i) The distances x1 and x2 may not be
measured correctly.

(ii) The value of h and l may not be correct.

(iii) Parallax may not be removed properly.

(iv) Backlash error may be acting on the spherometer.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WEBSITES :

 www.wikipedia.org
 www.google.com
 www.yahoo.com

2. BOOKS :
Comprehensive Practical Manual for class XII

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