Lecture in Fluid

Mechanics/Hydraulics (Part 2)
Measurement of Fluid Pressure, and Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure – force exerted on a unit area,
𝑭 𝒅𝑭
𝑷= =
𝑨 𝒅𝑨
Variation of Pressure in a Fluid
𝑑𝑝
= −γ = −𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑧
𝑃 = −𝛾𝑧 + 𝐶
Atmospheric Pressure
normal pressure exerted by atmospheric air upon all
surfaces it is in contact.
It varies with altitude and can be measured by
barometer
𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101325 𝑃𝑎
 Absolute pressure
Pressure measured above absolute zero (complete vacuum)
datum.
Gage Pressure
Pressure measured either above or below atmospheric pressure as
datum.

Absolute pressure
 = atmospheric pressure + gage pressure
 = atmospheric pressure − vacuum pressure
Pressure and Pascal Law

Pabs = Pgage + Patm

Patm = 101.325 Kpa =14.7 psi = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1 atm
 MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
Manometers
Measuring devices that are based on the principle of
balancing the column liquid
Simple manometer – it measures pressure at a point in a fluid contained
in a pipe or a vessel
1. Piezometer
2. U-tube manometer
3. Single column manometer
Differential manometer – measure the difference in pressure between
any two points in a fluid contained in a vessel or pipe
piezometer manometer
Example Problems
A mercury barometer at the top of a mountain reads 700mmHg and at the same time the
barometer at its base reads 800 mmHg. Assuming that the unit weight of air is 12N/m3 and specific
gravity of mercury is 13.6, what is the appropriate height of the mountain.

Answer 1111.8m
Example Problems
May 2025 How many meter of water is equivalent to 2.75 atmosphere.

a. 28.4 m b.25.3 m c. 30.1 m d. 26.8 m

Example Problems
May 2015. If water is used to measure the atmospheric pressure, how high would it be

a. 9.81 m b.11.25 m c. 10.33 m d. 10.00 m

Example Problems
November 2015. The absolute pressure of air in a water condenser is 40Kpa. What is the gage
pressure 1.5m below the water surface
a. 54.72Kpa b. -46.61kPa c. 156.04 kPa d. -63.89 kPa
Example Problems
November 2015. What is the pressure at A in the figure shown?

a. 32.56 Kpa b. 40.89 kPa c. 38.36 kPa d. 43.25 kPa

Example Problems
May 2016. Determine the pressure in a vessel of mercury at a point 250mm below the liquid
surface, expressing the answer in kPa absolute.

a. 107 b. 33.4 c. 56.8 d. 135

Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure on vertical plane surface
𝑃 = න 𝑑𝑃 = 𝛾 න 𝑥(𝑏𝑑𝑥)

න 𝑥 𝑏𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥ҧ
𝑥ҧ =location of the centroid Engineering
of the plane figure from Mechanics
the liquid
𝑑𝑃 𝑥 = 𝛾𝑥 2 (𝑏𝑑𝑥)

𝑃ℎത = 𝛾 න 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑑𝑥
Moment of inertia 𝑑
𝑷 = 𝜸𝑨ഥ
𝒙 𝐹 = 𝛾 න ℎ 𝑦 𝑙 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Integral Calculus
𝑐
𝛾𝐼0 𝐼0
𝐼0 = න 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑑𝑥 ℎത = =
𝑃 𝐴𝑥ҧ
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure on inclined plane surface
𝑑𝑃 = 𝛾𝑥𝑑𝐴
𝑥 = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑑𝑃 = 𝛾𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑑𝐴

𝑃 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴

න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴𝑦ത
𝑃 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝐴𝑦ത

𝑥ҧ = 𝑦ത sin 𝜃

𝑃 = 𝛾𝐴𝑥ҧ
𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦ത + ℎത = 𝑥ҧ +
𝐴𝑦ത 𝐴𝑥ҧ
Pressure diagram
Example Problems
May 2015. The weight density of a mud is given by y= 10 + 0.5h, where y is in KN/m3 and h
is in meters. Determine the pressure, in kPa, at a depth of 5m.
a. 56.25 kPa b. 62.50 kPa c. 58.65 kPa d. 60.15 kPa
Example Problems
May 2015. A vertical square plate 1.20m in each side is submerged half in oil and half in
water. If the top of the plate is flushed with the oil surface, what is the ratio of the force of
water to oil. Specific gravity of oil 0.80.
a. 3.00 b. 3.75 c. 3.25 d. 3.50
Example Problems
November 2015. A vertical triangular plate has a base of 1.2 m and a depth of 2.4m. The
base is horizontal and flushed with the water surface. What is the distance of force of water
below the centroid of the plate?
a. 0.3 m b. 0.4 m c. 0.2 m d. 0.1m
Example Problems
November 2015. A rectangular gate 1.2 m by 3 m is inclined 60° with the horizontal. The top
of the gate is submerged at a depth of 2m, the longer side parallel to the water surface.
a. Find the total hydrostatic force in kN?
a. 116.51 b. 168.69 c. 116.96 d. 88.98
b. Find the location of total hydrostatic force from the bottom of gate in meters.
a. 0.641 b. 1.303 c. 0.899 d. 0.559
c. If the gate is hinged at the top, find the force (kN) at the bottom normal to the gate
required to open it.
a. 63.26 b. 47.55 c. 65.60 d. 92.84
Example Problems
November 2015. A vertical circular gate is 0.90 m in diameter is immersed in molasses (s.g. =
1.4). The top of the gate is 2.4m below the surface of molasses. Determine the following:
a. The total force acting on the gate.
a. 20.97kN b. 22.56kN c. 25.87kN d. 24.90kN
b. The location of the force from the bottom of the gate.
a. 0.429m b. 0.447m c. 0.103m d. 0.432m
c. The horizontal force at the bottom required to keep the gate closed if it is hinged
at the top
a. 9.58kN b. 10.98kN c. 12.94kN d. 11.21kN
Example Problems
November 2015. A circular gate 1.5m in diameter is inclined 45degrres with the vertical. The
center of the gate is 10m below the water surface.
a. Calculate the total force on the gate.
a. 160.36kN b. 173.36kN c. 186.36kN d. 147.35kN
b. Calculate the distance of the total force from the bottom of the gate.
a. 0.69m b. 0.74m c. 0.76m d. 0.81m
c. If the gate is hinged at its top, find the normal force applied at the bottom
required to open the gate.
a. 74.83kN b. 81.33kN c. 87.83kN d. 94.33kN
Example Problems
May 2016. A vertical rectangular gate is 1.5m wide and 3m high. The horizontal top of the
gate is 2m below the water surface.
a. Evaluate the total force acting on one side of the gate
a. 158.49kN b. 154.5kN c. 165.84kN d. 168.96kN
b. Obtain the location of the force from the center of gravity of the plate, in meters
a. 0.182m b. 0.125m c. 0.214m d. 0.256m
c. Obtain the location of the force from the water surface
a. 3.625m b. 3.756m c. 3.682m d. 3.714m
Example Problems
November 2012. A 3m square plate is immersed in water in a vertical position such that two
edges of the square are horizontal. The immersion is such that the center of pressure on the
plate is 9cm from its center of the gravity.
a. Determine the distance from the water surface to the top of the gate.
a. 6.83m b. 6.24m c. 7.12m d. 7.54m
b. Determine the distance from the water surface to the center of pressure.
a. 9.134m b. 8.712m c. 8.423m d. 7.834m
c. Determine the total hydrostatic force acting on one side of the gate.
a. 768.98kN b. 647.85kN c. 865.42kN d. 735.75kN
Hydrostatic pressure on curve surfaces

𝑃𝐻 = 𝛾 න ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑃𝑣 = 𝛾 න ℎ𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝛾(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)

Note:
𝑃𝐻 is the total hydrostatic pressure exerted by the liquid on
an imaginary vertically immersed plane surface which is the
vertical projection of the curve surface, it will act at the center
of pressure of the plane surface.
𝑃𝑉 is the weight of the liquid contained in the portion
extending vertically above the curve surface up to the free
surface of the liquid.
Example Problem 1.
The tank shown in the figure is 3m wide into the paper. Neglecting atmospheric pressure,
compute the horizontal component of the hydrostatic force, vertical component of the
hydrostatic force, resultant force acting on the curved panel BC.
Example Problem 2.
The tank shown in the figure is 3m wide into the paper. Neglecting atmospheric pressure,
compute the horizontal component of the hydrostatic force, vertical component of the
hydrostatic force, resultant force acting on the curved panel BC.

4m

5m
𝜃

Example Problem 3.
May 2015, November 2019. The sector of a gate shown
consists of a cylindrical surface of which AB is trace. The
length of the gate perpendicular to the paper is 10m,
the radius R=6m, and the angle θ= 60 degrees. Evaluate
the following:
1. total horizontal force acting on the gate in kN?
a. 1324.4 c. 1287.9
b. 1456.2 d. 1056.2
2. Total vertical force acting on the gate in kN?
a. 358.7 c. 587.9
b. 486.9 d. 444.7
3. Location of the vertical force from 0.
a. 4.87 c. 5.16
b. 4.52 d. 5.54
Buoyancy
The tendency for an immersed body to be lifted up in
a fluid.
Archimedes’ Principle
States that when a body is immersed in a fluid either
wholly or partially, it is lifted up by a force that is equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
Example Problem 1.
(Almost every year). An iceberg floats in seawater with 500 cubic meters if ice above the
water surface. If the specific gravity of seawater is 1.02 and of ice. What is the total volume
of ice.
a. 5100m3 b. 5150m3 c. 5200m3 d.5250m3
Example Problem 2.
November 2015 (every other 2 years). A stone weigh 400N in air and 240N in water.
Determine the following,
1. The volume of stone in cubic meter
a. 0.0183 b. 0.0143 c. 0.0163 d. 0.0153
2. The unit weight of stone in kN/m3.
a. 21.80 b. 24.53 c. 28.03 d. 26.16
3. The specific gravity of the stone.
a. 2.50 b. 2.22 c. 2.86 d. 2.67
Example Problem 2.
November 2015 (every other 2 years). A stone weigh 400N in air and 240N in water.
Determine the following,
1. The volume of stone in cubic meter
a. 0.0183 b. 0.0143 c. 0.0163 d. 0.0153
2. The unit weight of stone in kN/m3.
a. 21.80 b. 24.53 c. 28.03 d. 26.16
3. The specific gravity of the stone.
a. 2.50 b. 2.22 c. 2.86 d. 2.67
Example Problem 3.
May 2016. A solid object having a specific gravity of 3.5 is floating on a liquid having a
specific gravity of 13.6. The volume of the object is 0.02?
1. Determine the weight of the object in kN?
a. 0.751 b. 0.687 c. 0.824 d. 0.566
2. What percentage of the total volume of the object is exposed above the liquid
surface?
a. 74.27% b. 70.12% c.78.96% d.65.32%
3. What additional vertical force, in kN, is required to completely submerge the
object?
a. 3.22 b. 2.05 c. 1.98 d. 1.05
Example Problem 4.
May 2016. A spherical balloon 5.8 m in diameter is filled with gas weighing 5N/m3. In
standard air weighing 12N/m3, evaluate the maximum load, in N, excluding its own weight,
that the balloon can lift?.
a.1226 b. 715 c.935 d.624
Example Problem 4.
May 2016. A barge, weighing 350kN when empty, is 6m wide, 15m long , and 3m high.
Floating upright, evaluate the draft of the barge, in meters, when transporting 3000bags of
cement along a river, each bag having a mass of 40kg. Assume the specific gravity of water
in the river to be 1.03.
a. 1.68 b. 1.52 c.1.24 d. 1.95
Example Problem 5.
November 2016. A block of wood with length “h” and cross sectional area of “A” is
submerged in water with 50mm exposed above the water surface. When submerged in a
liquid with specific gravity of 1.35, it will float with 75mm exposed above the liquid surface.

1. Obtain the specific gravity of the wood

a. 0.752 b. 0.956 c. 0.524 d. 0.659
2. Obtain the length of the wood in mm
a. 163.2 b. 124.8 c. 132.1 d. 146.1
Example Problem .
(May 2015, every year). A ship having a displacement of 2400 metric tons and a draft os
10.4 m in ocean (s.g.= 1.03) enters a harbor of fresh water (s.g.= 1. If the horizontal section
of the ship at a waterline is 30000m2, what depth of fresh water is required to float the
ship?
a. 10.17m b.10.63m c. 10.95m d. 11.17m
Metacenter and metacenter height
STABILITY OF SUBMERGED AND FLOATING BODIES
1. Stable equilibrium
 if a small angular displacement of the body sets up a couple that tends to
oppose the angular displacement of the body, tending to bring it back to its
original position
2. Unstable equilibrium
 if a small angular displacement of the body sets up a couple that tends to
further increase the angular displacement of the body, not allowing the
body to restore its original position
3. Neutral equilibrium
 if a small angular displacement of the body does not set up a couple of
any kind and therefore the body adopts the new position given to it by the
angular displacement without returning to its original position
 STABLE UNSTABLE
𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊 ⋅ 𝑀𝐺 sin 𝜃 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑊 ⋅ 𝑀𝐺 sin 𝜃
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵0 − 𝐺𝐵0 𝑀𝐺 = 𝐺𝐵0 − 𝑀𝐵0

For any sections in an upright position For rectangular sections

𝑴𝑩𝟎 = 𝑽
𝑰 𝑩𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒅
𝑴𝑩𝟎 = (𝟏 + )
𝟏𝟐𝑫 𝟐
Example Problem .
(November 2015). A barge floating in a river, in the form of rectangular parallelepiped 10m
wide by 30m long by 3m high, is loaded with 4500kN of sand. Its centroid is located 4m
from the barge bottom. Specific gravity of water is 1.01. Determine the following.
1. The draft of the barge.
a. 1.51m b. 1.85m c. 1.21m d. 2.32m
2. The metacentric height for a rotation along about its longest centerline or rolling.
a. 4.58m b. 5.5m c. 2.26m d.3.65m
3. The metacentric height for rotation along about its shortest centerline or
pitching.
a. 49.5m b.52.3m c.55.4m d. 46.3m