Module - 1

6y :
VectoY 6lw poi P &&Qa is given by
RPa
Unit vector in he dirn: of PA is aPQ = Rpa
IRpal
2) Do product / Soalar product A-B=
A-B |A| BosAB
Dot product af a unit vector wiH6 dself is 1' &
wH6 otfer unid vector is (0'.
ar. Qz = 1 Qy.ay = 1, dz.z = 1
àz.Qz =0
y
3) Cro ss produc/ Vetor Prod uct ’ AXB = aN |ABsin,.
IA|B inG
Normal to 46e plane containing vetos A & B
A= ar t y ay t Az qz
B= ByQx + By ay tBzaz

AXB = Az Ay Az (AyB2- By A)az - dy

Bz By Bz (Az Bz - BzAz)+ az
(Az By Ay B)
4) Beetargulay Coordinate Syslem
em (zyz)
Sides ’ dz dydz
 6) 5)
Volume VolumeSides ’ Volume >
erical to
Differential wfere Diferemtial yhnd-rical Dferental
differental
surface
dsz’
surface Sidee P=+y²yindrical to dpdz
dso =dsp
dse Spherical along
’ ’ , ’
= (z4,z) Pddz ap dv r-dirn
dv dr
CoordinarteSyslem dv
dr surface = suface
=
Coordinte
tangula =
sineda, drded sine d
y²sine vdo, dzdy
Yecangular
coordinate
’ 9 Pd, dz
pdfd dz
dsz &= ’
coordinates ’ dz
’
=
ds, > ds
ds »
ton = ds=
OTdinte dsf System
=
PdGdz dSx
= (P
() of 9 az
ap
oneTson O) a t Z) t
oto 2T
> dsy dzdz
ton = pocConersi0n dfdzaf+
ay
dsz tdady9
 Sindical to Reetangular coordinate COnversion 2

B’ vector n ylindical coordinctes = Bpap+BÙ a

+Bzaz
Bz = B.az By - Bay , B= B.2
B= Bx x + By ay t Bz Q2
ap af az
cos -sing
ay sing
1

conversion
s) Spherica) to RecBargular coordiate IMPORTANT)
(NOT SO

B = Bar t Be Qg t B¢ a
B.Qz
Bz = B.ax By =8.Qy, Bz =
af
sinGcos
ay sine sin COSe siný cos
az' -sine

) Force

Force on

die to charge 2. |Z
f21 = Q2 N
4TTEoi2|2
Force on chorge2
due to charge
J) Electie Field Trdensity

Ep1 V/m
-

4TEo RiP|²
Elecvic feld itenstty
a poir (pp' due to charge Qi
) arge Disributions

Srfoce charge densiy (Ps) , AQ = sas ,-Rsds

ine cherge densrty (P) 9

L
Volume
cfarge densty (Po), aa= Pyav, J'Pudu
Ps c|m², Pu clm, P, > clm
’ onits ’ c/m?

) Elecic feld tensity due to infinite ine charge

chorge
Ep = PL v/m PL
2TT Eo 2TT¬0
v|m
wkere, PL ’ ne chorge densty
P ’ distn of ine charge to poirt where
decic field fos to Ge found
A NOTE : Neglec he compone o the distance vector
along 4ñe dirn of Bne charge
4bne cfarge is ag nglec Z- component
o disBance vector

Ex 1 : 1f t6e line Z= 2 & y=3. And

chorge along
is

elechic feld intensity ad P(4) 5, )

 Mork =2

bsaw a Gne Il 40 y-ais 2= 2

om
s) Mor y=3

4) Draw a oxis from y3

ine l| to x-axis
drowa
8) From fe poio of eotersecton, 46e infoHe
6econes
ine parallel o z-axis . This

whose
I| o 16ad axis
(NOTE : Draw 6e line cforgemertioned)
coordinales 6ave nol 6een
is pOrallel o
6) As line chorge { ) o 6e
distance veclor elimiocle z-cOordi
while frding
Ep =
PL we

used in 21¬% P
electric field fas to 6e
nate of poi
Cp where

coord inles af line chage

found.
(2-2)ar t (5-3)ay
P= (p?
cOoTdinates of poio

ap = Qay ay

13) Flux Densty (D)

clm2
4TT2
 &E
4) Relotion 6/w D

v/m & D = a c/m

4TT 2
4TT Eo 2

E
xIO elm
Eo = 8.8s4

ID Electric flux ( 9) enclosed wH6ro

complelely
a = ’
chorge
gaussian surfoce

Unds Coulom6 (c)

 Module- 2 4

Grauss!s daw
closed suface is
Electric flux passing 4fro! any
enclosed By HAerl surfce
qual to tolal charge
Dferentol suface
a = Q= oD. ds flux density
closed itegraton O.
4he dirn of
writen in also be
ds is aluays
ds should
then
dz divecton
ie if D is albng
module i for ds)
o
(Refer eqns (4), (s)B (6) specified in D,delemine
on the directon respectve ds.
Depending
6e co-ordinale system , hen
ds

Uods oulom6
enclosed wHhin a cubical o7 rectangudar
is solved os follows
problem
parallelpiped , Hhen codrdinate
structuYe in H6e
4he
1) Draw cOordinale s
he
& mark
ysiem or cubical
hsts

|zés A' yz5 e'y=+5

A2=+5
 2) I D= **y az + zy +zaz
{follows
ds consBant value

dydz s (a8co) |sy dydz

yes z =-S
5 5

2) y ar -dydzz 2r-5 (N 8'c' o) (-ydydz

y=-5 Z= -5

NOTE:- ve
cos fux leaving 1fe from surfoce
is

ABCD & Back surface A's'c'o awill Ge opposie to

each other
Front Suoce’ +az Bocf suface >
(eatee)Aghd surface +ay deft surfoce >-ay (Aa' DD')
=(ee ootop surface taz Bottom surface - (AA' B's)
5

el 3) z*ay dzdz ay y5 z*dzdz

4) z»ay -dzdzay y=-5 z ddz

2= -5 Z=-5

dydæz Z=5
Sf(s)drdy
5

»zaz - dydxaz Z -5
J **(-5)dzdy
=-5 y=-5

y- õ.ds +D.ds + fD-ds + fD.ds

front Gack
left
 rB.ds + $6-ds
Aop Sotlom.
lo a
Leovn he eqns or electie flux densiy due
co- axial ca6le.

a) Divergence of a veeloy o'

div D =
(Rectanguav )
(oylindvical)
div D =
(sine De)+ I_DDg
Tsine
divD
(spherical)

es
divergeeNCE of veclor A is 6e
Defn fof flux density A
diverqence of veclor
The small closed Suface
of flux from shrins -lo zero
ou4flow H6e volume
uniH volume as

(div o)x valume (av)

per
enclosed in V
4) Chorge
=
(div o)x(av)
= div D
AV

divo = P volurne cforge

chorge density
 5)
enclosed enclosed
electic Choose
) dv Divergence
divergence field ovTheTheore n Del
mentioned
Unless
iortial div D
Work
operlor
nates
itegral
feld dornc D.dsodv =
closed Gy
a
according tfis closed
in
V
toinithal moing vol vector he aDzQDy
final final conyod Surface susace
|E·dL coordinateD'svDdv
to looeqn normal
vol
field
nates
ehag
poid is z
yinhe
d 1froughatcomponer
equol

oHo
cforg volume
the
system

vecBor
 A 6

EdL

dL = dz ax t dy ay t dz az
Rectogulor
Cylindvical
dL = dP ap + Pd a¢ + dz az
-’

’Soherical
a
dL = drdy t rde ae + rsine do infinile lene
necr qn

) Wore done in maving.

a
chforge
charge linear
from P= a -to P= 6
palhfrom
a palh
i) Dn a icbax
-QPL
IW =
2TT E o

cirCulaY palh
ii) Avound a

DiJjerence & Potential

) Polential
A

VAB -EdL votls (v)

8 cntial poind
A>final poim
VAB =WAe

VAB = VA - Ve =
4T1¬o

A6solte polential a poi is given

6at 6e othey
consideving
poit is da infinty (o)
 T’ distance 4rom poinl
ciog
There are two Joys for defining aßzolute
) Polential a oo assum Bed o 6e Zero.

2) Polential is Aolen o 6e v= Va da =Y8 Þ we

find absolute potential p A os
VA =
4TTEo TA
A>
diein from cforg Q to poirt A.
We firt fove to find C conside ving poid B
Ve = +-C

We wll 6e
VB,
Grouing ) &T8 as
disto 6lw Q &

After firding Ci
gassitute in cqn for VA .& find
Va.
Gradiernd V (For proflems)

E =

ay Rectang ulay
QV ap +
ylindzical

-af > spherical

Tsino
 ()

Arem & CurTem Densiiy

I =
|T.ds Amper es (A)

J= Py V Alm2

yolume

12) orinuidy Equaton

= --
 Module -3

o determine u rom polentiol V e

v = Pu

> Glindrical
pav

aina3V
2
GSpherical

plole copacitor when

para llel
2) Copoci Hance af a V=0 a x=0
V= Vo at
only ofx
x & v=0
V is a a functon

c= lQleS
Vo d

coaxial copacrlor when V is a

a) CapacHance of a
at P=a,
V=0 at p=6 .

y= Vo
&
fonction only f P 2T1E L

Vo
3) Copociton ce of a coaxial capocrloY whe
functi on only f ý 8 v=0 at ¢ =0 y V= Vo

4) CapociHonce of a spherical capacirlor ohen V is a a

only of o ie V= V(r) & v=o da =6 &

fonction only
V=Vo aH =a

C=

5) Copacilance af a spherical copacrlor cohen V is

function only of e 1-e V =V(0) & V=0 al e=+/2
&v= Vo cH =y </2
C=

Leatn 46e derivations Per heading s.

mentioned derive 6 e
Tf he question is
copaciHor , when ids potental ts
ca pacitance of a need to
1-e
a function f
go for (5).
boundory condihons for eacf
Do Remember the Goundory
Case
 avor aw

dH = IdL X aR IdL X R Alm

4TTR3
4TR?
currend element to

R ’ distance vecor
feld
from
inlensHy fas
where magnetc
the pord P
to 6e found.
lue to infinely long
Magneic feld idersity
7)Conducoy
conductor is olong
af Am wen
H = I
Z-aiS
, H is alorg
f-directhon

elenen to poin P
distance from curret
cur
P> magneie feld along
t6ere will Ge no conducdor we
As corrying
direction of curre
wbile finding
4hat componer
nglect above we neglecd z
en
As for the
coordinate while finding
itensiy due to fnete
8) Nagnete feld
condu ctor

H = 1_(eln dz - sin oái )a$ Alm

4TT
 made
ey lower end of
ode 6y
conduc
P.

z> le made 6y top end of ondulor to

) Bot6 ends of cond utor are above pood P

& oz ’+Ve
2) Bol6 ends Gelow poit P.
& c2
3) doawey end Gelow & upper end
obove poirm P
& «2 > +Ve
) Ampere's Circuitcl Saw
States that ne ilegral of H a6out fe closed
palh is equa l to 16e dire cuen enc losed
Gy fal pal6
H. dL = I

1o) Magnehe Feld ntensiies Th Dy}erem Regions For

A Coaxial Cosle
a<p<6

H$ =

IP/2Ta2 P>c
P<a
 Umpeian pah (10)
radius o inner conductor
radios af oler conducor (inner
radius)
C’outer rod ius of ouleY condudor
NOTE :

While solving proßs, check where tfe point P

Ries, p<a 6<<C.
solve .
Then Use apprOpriaie eqn
P’ s the ue of
the value of P
Point P.
6=0 5 & c =0"6
i-e P(o,o2, ) & a=0 3)
p<a & = O-2
then oint lies in the R{o vegion

field cnlensty cuhen arface

1) Delermining magnetie
CUTTent K 6as 6een
densty given
H= 1_K X CN
2
current sheet
aN > unt vector normal to
 Vector
12)
ay az
CUrl H V XH =
Hz Hy H2

az
cUrl H= ¼xH =

Hp H2

Telne a
CUrl H = VXH =

Hr TsinG Ho

cutl H = VXH = J

Current densiHy Can Ge fourd 6y he above

when H Gas 6een
ajiven.
3) Stolels Theor em

HdL = r(7xA) ds
Surfoce

14) Magnetc Flux ((6)

=
(B. ds (w6 )
 etc Sealar & Vector Poientials

Salar mgnetc potertial Vm

H= - yVm 8 v2Vm =0 >doploce cgn
for soalor
polerrtiql.

Vector magnetic pote ntial

B= VxA

mognete flux density

&
& H=
 Vodule-4
FOrCe
on a charge
- en Electic field E F =QE 'N'
in
magnete feld sB is F = QVx B 'N'
where ) V ’ velocity veclor
Force will Ge in 6e dirn af elecric feld ohe
v& B
in a dyn din perperdicular to plone containing
2) forenrd z Force Bquation
F

com pule (vxB) 6en add d 4o E field vector

First
Force due to
electric feld
found Fe ’
you have want
due to magnete
magnethe & you
fieldd o &
fel
& Fm > Force ntude
to find 4he total force )
never add H6e
rmagn
tnstead add the vectors Fe &&Fm &
of Fe & Fm
4fen find magnitude
3) Force on a dferential cusver element

F - IO BxdL
-I

wheve) aifferential lengih along H6e direchon of

traverse tho! 6e closed plh.
As length is a scala
quontiy we donol consider -ve
 sign for any directon
BILsin
F= ILXB =

(N)
Unils of force ts Neuton
elemends
Getween differential cuTTent
4) Force
to cu7end in frst elemenl
due
Force on 8econd element
is given 6y
dL1 X aRI2
II2 2

4TT

QRI2 XdL
F2 = Wo I I2 2
4TT Ri2

due to current in Zecond

Force on 4irst element
first
elemeot is gven Ey :
FI= oI Tz aR21 XXdl2xd L
R21

Riz ’ Re-R R2 = R, - R2

aR2 Riz R21

aR2I
| Ri2| | R21
consider IdL
pro6lems you need Ho
Afile solving
&T2dL2

aRz X IËdL IzdL2

2
Ri2 41T