Dr. N.G.P.

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE-New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
Recognized by UGC & Accredited to NAAC with ‘A’ & NBA( BME, CSE, ECE, EEE & MECH)
Dr.NGP Nagar, Kalapatti, Coimbatore – 641048
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
22UEE102- BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COURSE HANDING FACULTY

CLASS: I/I AI&DS
S.ARUNA AP/EEE
10/5/2023
TOTAL PERIODS:30
 PREAMBLE /OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

• To introduce the basics of electric circuits and

analysis
• To impart knowledge on electronic circuit and its
applications
• To introduce the functional elements and working
of measuring instruments
• To educate on the fundamental working of sensors
and transducers
• To introduce the basics of UPS, SMPS and drives.

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 COURSE OUTCOMES
After the successful completion of the course, the students
will be able to
C0 COURSE OUTCOMES

C0.1 Understand the basic concepts of electrical circuits.

Illustrate the structure and characteristics of various

C0.2
electronic circuits

C0.3 Describe the operating principles of measuring instruments.

Explain the structure and operation of different Sensors and

C0.4
Transducers.
Outline the Construction and working principle of UPS, SMPS,
C0.5
stepper motor and servo motor.

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Unit-1
Basics of Electrical Circuits
Review of circuit elements- Ohm’s Law -Resistors in series and parallel circuits –
Kirchoffs laws – current and voltage division rule- source transformation-Mesh and

nodal analysis.

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 Electricity – The Basics
An understanding of the basics of electricity requires
the understanding of three fundamental concepts.
•Voltage
•Current
•Resistance
A direct mathematical relationship exists between
voltage, resistance, and current in all electronic
circuits.

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 Current
Current – Current is the flow of electrical
charge through a circuit. The direction of a
current is opposite to the direction of
electron flow. Current is measured in
AMPERES (AMPS).

Andre Ampere
1775-1836
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French Physicist
 Voltage
Voltage – Voltage is the electrical force that
causes current to flow in a circuit. It is
measured in VOLTS.

Alessandro Volta
1745-1827
Italian Physicist
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 Resistance
Resistance – Resistance is a measure of
opposition to current flow. It is measured in
Ohms.

Georg Simon Ohm

1789-1854
German Physicist
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 First, An Analogy
The flow of water from one tank to another is a good analogy for
an electrical circuit and the mathematical relationship between
voltage, resistance, and current.
Force: The difference in the water levels ≡ Voltage

Flow: The flow of the water between the tanks ≡ Current

Opposition: The valve that limits the amount of water ≡ Resistance

Force
Flow

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Opposition
 Anatomy of a Flashlight

Switch Switch
Light Light
Bulb Bulb

Battery - +
Battery

Block Diagram Schematic Diagram

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 Flashlight Schematic

Current

Resistance

- + - +
Voltage

• Closed circuit (switch closed) • Open circuit (switch open)

• Current flow • No current flow
• Lamp is on • Lamp is off
• Lamp is resistance, uses energy to • Lamp is resistance, but is not using
produce light (and heat) any energy

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 Current Flow
• Conventional Current assumes that
current flows out of the positive side
of the battery, through the circuit, Conventional
and back to the negative side of the Current
battery. This was the convention
established when electricity was first
discovered, but it is incorrect!
• Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out of
the negative side of the battery,
through the circuit, and back to the
positive side of the battery.
Electron
Flow

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 Engineering vs. Science
• The direction that the current flows does not affect what the
current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which
convention is used as long as you are consistent.
• Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In general,
the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the engineering
disciplines use Conventional Current.
• Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current

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 Ohm’s Law
• Defines the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance in an electric circuit
• Ohm’s Law:
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the voltage applied
to it and is inversely proportional to the resistor’s value.
• Stated mathematically:

V
V + -
I=
R I R

Where: I is the current (amperes)

V is the potential difference (volts)
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R is the resistance (ohms)
Other Eq. derived from Ohm’s
Law

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Ohm’s Law Triangle

V
I=
V
(amperes, A )
I R R

V V
R= (ohms ,  )
I R I

V
V = I R ( volts , V )
I R

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 Example: Ohm’s Law
Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb
with a resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how
much current will be drawn from the battery?

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 Example: Ohm’s Law
Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb
with a resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how
much current will be drawn from the battery?

Solution:
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR = = = 0.04 A = 40 mA
R 150 
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 Electrical power
• The rate at which the work is being done in an
electrical circuit is called an electric power. In
other words, the electric power is defined as
the rate of the transferred of energy.

The unit of electrical power is Watt.

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 Electrical energy
• Electrical energy is the total amount of work done
and hence is the product of power and time.
W=Pt=Vit=I^2Rt=(V^2/R)t joules

• Therefore work done or electrical energy

expanded

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 Capacitor
• Capacitor is a storage element which can store
and deliver energy in an electric field.
• The unit of capacitance is Farad(F)

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 Inductor
• Inductor is an element in which energy can be
stored in the form of electromagnetic field.
• It is measured in Hentry (H)

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 Network Definitions
Network:
Any Arrangement of the various Electrical energy sources along with the
different circuit element is called an electrical network.
Network Element
Any individual circuit element with two terminals which can be connected
to other circuit element is called a network element.
Branch
A part of the network which connects the various points of the network
with one another is called a branch

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Junction Point
A point where three or more branches meet is called a junction point.
Node
A point at which two or more elements are joined together is called node.
Mesh or loop
Mesh or loop is a set of branches forming a closed path.
Types of circuit Elements
Active Element
Active element produces energy in the form of voltage or current.
Passive Element
Passive element stores energy in the form of voltage or current.

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 Classification of Electrical Network
The behaviour of the entire network depends on the behaviour and characteristics of its
elements. Based on such characteristics electrical network can be classified as
Linear Network
circuit or network whose parameters i.e. elements like
resistances, inductances and capacitances are always constant irrespective of the change in
time, voltage, temperature etc. is known as linear network. The Ohm’s law can be applied
to such network. The mathematical equations of such network can be obtained by using
the law of superposition.
Nonlinear Network
A circuit whose parameters change their values with change in time,
temperature, voltage etc. is known as non linear network . The Ohm’s law may not be
applied to such network. Such network does not follow the law of superposition.
Bilateral Network
A circuit whose characteristics, behavior is same irrespective of the direction of
current through various elements of it, is called bilateral network. Network consisting only
resistances is good example of bilateral network.
Unilateral Network
A circuit whose operation, behaviour is dependent on the direction of the current
through various elements is called unilateral network. Circuit consisting diodes, which
allows flow of current only in one direction is good example of unilateral circuit.
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Active Network
A circuit which contains a source of energy is called An energy source may be a
voltage or current source.
Passive Network
A circuit which contains no energy source is called passive. There are two forms of
circuits in which two types of voltages are used. One alternating i.e. ac. while second is direct
i.e. d.c. The alternating current (a.c.) circuits contains voltages which are periodically varying
and hence the currents also vary periodically. The direct current circuits (d.c) contains fixed
voltage sources having polarities +ve and — ve.
Lumped Network
A network in which all the network elements are physically separable is known as
lumped network. Most of the electric networks are lumped in nature.
Distributed Network
A network in which the circuit elements like resistance, inductance etc. cannot be
physically separable for analysis purposes, is called distributed network. The best example of
such a network is a transmission line where resistance, inductance and capacitance of a
transmission line are distributed all along its length and cannot be shown as a separate
elements, any where in the circuit.

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 Energy Sources
Voltage Sources
Ideal Voltage Source

Practical Voltage Source

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Current Sources
Ideal Current Source

Practical Current Source

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Dependent sources
Dependent sources are those whose value of source depends on voltage or current in the
circuit.
1) Voltage Dependent Voltage Source :
It produces a voltage as a function of voltages elsewhere in the given circuit. This is called
VDVS. It is shown in the Fig. 1.13 (a).
2) Current Dependent Current Source :
It produces a current as a function of currents elsewhere in the given circuit. This is called
CDCS. It is shown in the Fig. 1.13 (b).
3) Current Dependent Voltage Source :
It produces a voltage as a function of current elsewhere in the given circuit. This is called
CDVS. It is shown in the Fig. 1.13 (c).
4) Voltage Dependent Current Source :
It produces a current as a function of voltage elsewhere in the given circuit. This is called
VDCS. It is shown in the Fig. 1.13 (d).

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 Source Transformation
Voltage Source into Current Source
• When the voltage source is connected with the resistance in
series and it has to be converted into the current source
than the resistance is connected in parallel with the current
source as shown in the above figure.
• Where Is = Vs /R

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Current Source into Voltage Source

• In the above circuit diagram a current source which is connected in

parallel with the resistance is transformed into a voltage source by
placing the resistance in series with the voltage source.
• Where, Vs = Is / R

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