Water pollution

Introduction
Over two thirds of Earth's surface is covered by water; less than a third is taken up
by land. As Earth's population continues to grow, people are putting ever-increasing
pressure on the planet's water resources. In
a sense, our oceans, rivers, and other inland
waters are being "squeezed" by human
activities—not so they take up less room, but
so their quality is reduced. Poorer water
quality means water pollution.

We

know that pollution is a human

problem because it is a relatively recent
development in the planet's history:
before the 19th century Industrial
Revolution, people lived more in
harmony with their immediate

environment. As industrialization has spread Canals, rivers and lakes in India often
serve as dumping grounds for sewage,
around the globe, so the problem of pollution solid and liquid wastes. These are
has spread with it. When Earth's population sources of water pollution, as illustrated
in Tamil Nadu (above) and West Bengal
was much smaller, no one believed pollution (below).
would ever present a serious problem. It was once popularly believed that the
oceans were far too big to pollute. Today, with around 7 billion people on the planet,
it has become apparent that there are limits. Pollution is one of the signs that
humans have exceeded those limits. How serious is the problem? According to the
environmental campaign organization WWF: "Pollution from toxic chemicals
threatens life on this planet. Every ocean and every continent, from the tropics to the
once-pristine polar regions, is contaminated."

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Definition
Water pollution can be defined in
many ways. Usually, it means one
or more substances have built up
in water to such an extent that
they cause problems for animals
or people. Oceans, lakes, rivers,
and other inland waters can
naturally clean up a certain
amount of pollution by dispersing
it harmlessly. If you poured a cup
of black ink into a river, the ink The Oshiwara River in Mumbai - severely polluted with
solid and liquid wastes generated by Mumbai.
would quickly disappear into the river's much
larger volume of clean water. The ink would still be there in the river, but in such a
low concentration that you would not be able to see it. At such low levels, the
chemicals in the ink probably would not present any real problem. However, if you
poured gallons of ink into a river every few seconds through a pipe, the river would
quickly turn black. The chemicals in the ink could very quickly have an effect on the
quality of the water. This, in turn, could affect the health of all the plants, animals,
and humans whose lives depend on the river.

Thus, water pollution is all about quantities: how much of a polluting substance is
released and how big a volume of water it is released into. A small quantity of a toxic
chemical may have little impact if it is spilled into the ocean from a ship. But the
same amount of the same chemical can have a much bigger impact pumped into a
lake or river, where there is less clean water to disperse it.

Water pollution almost always means that some damage has been done to an
ocean, river, lake, or other water source. A 1969 United Nations report defined ocean
pollution as:

"The introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the

marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as
harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities,

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including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of
amenities."

Types of water pollution

When we think of Earth's water resources, we think of huge oceans, lakes, and
rivers. Water resources like these are called surface waters. The most obvious type
of water pollution affects surface waters. For example, a spill from an oil tanker
creates an oil slick that can affect a vast area of the ocean.

Not all of Earth's water sits on its surface, however. A great deal of water is held in
underground rock structures known as aquifers, which we cannot see and seldom
think about. Water stored underground in aquifers is known as groundwater. Aquifers
feed our rivers and supply much of our drinking water. They too can become
polluted, for example, when weed killers used in people's gardens drain into the
ground. Groundwater pollution is much less obvious than surface-water pollution, but
is no less of a problem. In 1996, a study in Iowa in the United States found that over
half the state's groundwater wells were contaminated with weed killers.

Surface waters and groundwater are the two types of water resources that pollution
affects. There are also two different ways in which pollution can occur.

 Point-source pollution

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 If pollution comes from a single location,
such as a discharge pipe attached to a
factory, it is known as point-source
pollution. Other examples of point source
pollution include an oil spill from a tanker,
a discharge from a smoke stack (factory
chimney), or someone pouring oil from
their car down a drain.

 Nonpoint-source pollution.

A great deal of water pollution happens

not from one single source but from
Photo: Above: Point-source pollution
many different scattered sources. This is comes from a single, well-defined place
called nonpoint-source pollution. such as this pipe. Below: Nonpoint-
source pollution comes from many
sources. All the industrial plants
alongside a river and the ships that
service them may be polluting the river.

When point-source pollution enters the environment, the place most affected is
usually the area immediately around the source. For example, when a tanker
accident occurs, the oil slick is concentrated around the tanker itself and, in the right
ocean conditions, the pollution disperses the further away from the tanker you go.
This is less likely to happen with nonpoint source pollution which, by definition,
enters the environment from many different places at once.

Sometimes pollution that enters the environment in one place has an effect
hundreds or even thousands of miles away. This is known as transboundary
pollution. One example is the way radioactive waste travels through the oceans from
nuclear reprocessing plants in England and France to nearby countries such as
Ireland and Norway.

Causes of water pollution

Most water pollution doesn't begin in the water itself. Take the oceans: around 80
percent of ocean pollution enters our seas from the land. Virtually any human activity
can have an effect on the quality of our water environment. When farmers fertilize
the fields, the chemicals they use are gradually washed by rain into the groundwater
or surface waters nearby. Sometimes the causes of water pollution are quite

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surprising. Chemicals released by smokestacks (chimneys) can enter the
atmosphere and then fall back to earth as rain, entering seas, rivers, and lakes and
causing water pollution. That's called atmospheric deposition. Water pollution has
many different causes and this is one of the reasons why it is such a difficult problem
to solve.

 Sewage

With billions of people on the planet, disposing of

sewage waste is a major problem. According to 2013
figures from the World Health Organization, some
780 million people (11 percent of the world's
population) don't have access to safe drinking
water, while 2.5 billion (40 percent of the
world's population) don't have proper
sanitation (hygienic toilet facilities); although
there have been great improvements in
Figure : Sewage
securing access to clean water, relatively little
progress has been made on improving global sanitation in the last decade.
Sewage disposal affects people's immediate environments and leads to water-
related illnesses such as diarrhea that kills 760,000 children under five each
year. (Back in 2002, the World Health Organization estimated that water-related
diseases could kill as many as 135 million people by 2020.) In developed
countries, most people have flush toilets that take sewage waste quickly and
hygienically away from their homes.

Yet the problem of sewage disposal does not end there. When you flush the
toilet, the waste has to go somewhere and, even after it leaves the sewage
treatment works, there is still waste to dispose of. Sometimes sewage waste is
pumped untreated into the sea. Until the early 1990s, around 5 million tons of
sewage was dumped by barge from New York City each year. According to 2002
figures from the UK government's Department for the Environment, Food, and
Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the sewers of Britain collect around 11 billion liters of
waste water every day, some of it still pumped untreated into the sea through
long pipes. The New River that crosses the border from Mexico into California
once carried with it 20–25 million gallons (76–95 million liters) of raw sewage
each day; a new waste water plant on the US-Mexico border, completed in 2007,
substantially solved that problem. Unfortunately, even in some of the richest
nations, the practice of dumping sewage into the sea continues. In early 2012, it

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was reported that the tiny island of Guernsey (between Britain and France) has
decided to continue dumping 16,000 tons of raw sewage into the sea each day.

In theory, sewage is a completely natural substance that should be broken down

harmlessly in the environment: 90 percent of sewage is water. In practice,
sewage contains all kinds of other chemicals, from the pharmaceutical drugs
people take to the paper, plastic, and other wastes they flush down their toilets.
When people are sick with viruses, the sewage they produce carries those
viruses into the environment. It is possible to catch illnesses such as hepatitis,
typhoid, and cholera from river and sea water.

 Nutrients

Suitably treated and used in moderate

quantities, sewage can be a fertilizer: it
returns important nutrients to the
environment, such as nitrogen and
phosphorus, which plants and animals
need for growth. The trouble is, sewage is
often released in much greater quantities
than the natural environment can cope Photo: During crop-spraying, some
with. Chemical fertilizers used by farmers chemicals will drain into the soil.
Eventually, they seep into rivers and
also add nutrients to the soil, which drain other watercourses
into rivers and seas and add to the fertilizing effect of the sewage. Together,
sewage and fertilizers can cause a massive increase in the growth of algae or
plankton that overwhelms huge areas of oceans, lakes, or rivers. This is known
as a harmful algal bloom (also known as an HAB or red tide, because it can turn
the water red). It is harmful because it removes oxygen from the water that kills
other forms of life, leading to what is known as a dead zone. The Gulf of Mexico
has one of the world's most spectacular dead zones. Each summer, according to
studies by the NOAA, it grows to an area of around 5500 square miles (14,000
square kilometers), which is about the same size as the state of Connecticut.

 Waste water

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A few statistics illustrate the scale of the problem
that waste water (chemicals washed down
drains and discharged from factories) can
cause. Around half of all ocean pollution is
caused by sewage and waste water. Each year,
the world generates perhaps 5–10 billion tons of
industrial waste, much of which is pumped
untreated into rivers, oceans, and other
waterways. In the United States alone, around
400,000 factories take clean water from rivers,
and many pump polluted waters back in their
place. However, there have been major
improvements in waste water treatment recently.
Since 1970, in the United States,
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has invested about $70 billion in
improving water treatment plants that, as of 2015, serve around 88 percent of the
US population (compared to just 69 percent in 1972).

Factories are point sources of water pollution, but quite a lot of water is polluted
by ordinary people from nonpoint sources; this is how ordinary water becomes
waste water in the first place. Virtually everyone pours chemicals of one sort or
another down their drains or toilets. Even detergents used in washing
machines and dishwasherseventually end up in our rivers and oceans. So do the
pesticides we use on our gardens. A lot of toxic pollution also enters waste water
from highway runoff. Highways are typically covered with a cocktail of toxic
chemicals—everything from spilled fuel and brake fluids to bits of worn tires
(themselves made from chemical additives) and exhaust emissions. When it
rains, these chemicals wash into drains and rivers. It is not unusual for heavy
summer rainstorms to wash toxic chemicals into rivers in such concentrations
that they kill large numbers of fish overnight. It has been estimated that, in one
year, the highway runoff from a single large city leaks as much oil into our water
environment as a typical tanker spill. Some highway runoff runs away into drains;
others can pollute groundwater or accumulate in the land next to a road, making
it increasingly toxic as the years go by.

 Chemical waste

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 Detergents are relatively mild
substances. At the opposite end of the
spectrum are highly toxic chemicals
such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). They were once widely used
to manufacture electronic circuit
boards, but their harmful effects have
now been recognized and their use is
Chemical Waste
highly restricted in many countries.
Nevertheless, an estimated half million tons of PCBs were discharged into the
environment during the 20th century. In a classic example of transboundary
pollution, traces of PCBs have even been found in birds and fish in the Arctic.
They were carried there through the oceans, thousands of miles from where
they originally entered the environment. Although PCBs are widely banned,
their effects will be felt for many decades because they last a long time in the
environment without breaking down.

Another kind of toxic pollution comes from heavy metals, such as lead,
cadmium, and mercury. Lead was once commonly used in gasoline (petrol),
though its use is now restricted in some countries. Mercury and cadmium are
still used in batteries (though some brands now use other metals instead).
Until recently, a highly toxic chemical called tributyltin (TBT) was used in
paints to protect boats from the ravaging effects of the oceans. Ironically,
however, TBT was gradually recognized as a pollutant: boats painted with it
were doing as much damage to the oceans as the oceans were doing to the
boats.

The best known example of heavy metal pollution in the oceans took place in
1938 when a Japanese factory discharged a significant amount of mercury
metal into Minamata Bay, contaminating the fish stocks there. It took a decade
for the problem to come to light. By that time, many local people had eaten
the fish and around 2000 were poisoned. Hundreds of people were left dead
or disabled.

 Radioactive waste

People view radioactive waste with great alarm—and for good reason. At high
enough concentrations it can kill; in lower concentrations it can cause cancers
and other illnesses. The biggest sources of radioactive pollution in Europe are
two factories that reprocess waste fuel from nuclear power plants: Sellafield

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 on the north-west coast of Britain and
Cap La Hague on the north coast of
France. Both discharge radioactive
waste water into the sea, which ocean
currents then carry around the world.
Countries such as Norway, which lie
downstream from Britain, receive
significant doses of radioactive pollution
from Sellafield. The Norwegian
government has repeatedly complained that Sellafield has increased radiation
levels along its coast by 6–10 times. Both the Irish and Norwegian
governments continue to press for the plant's closure.

 Oil pollution

When we think of ocean pollution, huge

black oil slicks often spring to mind, yet these
spectacular accidents represent only a tiny
fraction of all the pollution entering our
oceans. Even considering oil by
itself, tanker spills are not as
significant as they might seem: only 12
percent of the oil that enters the oceans comes
from tanker accidents; over 70 Oil polluted Water

percent of oil pollution at sea comes from routine shipping and from the oil
people pour down drains on land. However, what makes tanker spills so
destructive is the sheer quantity of oil they release at once — in other words,
the concentration of oil they produce in one very localized part of the marine
environment. The biggest oil spill in recent years (and the biggest ever spill in
US waters) occurred when the tankerExxon Valdez broke up in Prince William
Sound in Alaska in 1989. Around 12 million gallons (44 million liters) of oil
were released into the pristine wilderness—enough to fill your living room 800
times over! Estimates of the marine animals killed in the spill vary from
approximately 1000 sea otters and 34,000 birds to as many as 2800 sea
otters and 250,000 sea birds. Several billion salmon and herring eggs are
also believed to have been destroyed.

 Plastics

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 If you've ever taken part in a
community beach clean, you'll know
that plastic is far and away the most
common substance that washes up
with the waves. There are three
reasons for this: plastic is one of the
most common materials, used for
making virtually every kind of
manufactured object from clothing to
automobile parts; plastic is light and
floats easily so it can travel enormous distances across the oceans; most
plastics are not biodegradable (they plastic in water

do not break down naturally in the environment), which means that things like
plastic bottle tops can survive in the marine environment for a long time. (A
plastic bottle can survive an estimated 450 years in the ocean and plastic
fishing line can last up to 600 years.)

While plastics are not toxic in quite the same way as poisonous chemicals,
they nevertheless present a major hazard to seabirds, fish, and other marine
creatures. For example, plastic fishing lines and other debris can strangle or
choke fish. (This is sometimes called ghost fishing.) About half of all the
world's seabird species are known to have eaten plastic residues. In one
study of 450 shearwaters in the North Pacific, over 80 percent of the birds
were found to contain plastic residues in their stomachs. In the early 1990s,
marine scientist Tim Benton collected debris from a 2km (1.5 mile) length of
beach in the remote Pitcairn islands in the South Pacific. His study recorded
approximately a thousand pieces of garbage including 268 pieces of plastic,
71 plastic bottles, and two dolls heads.

 Alien species

Most people's idea of water pollution involves things like sewage, toxic metals,
or oil slicks, but pollution can be biological as well as chemical. In some parts
of the world, alien species are a major problem. Alien species (sometimes
known as invasive species) are animals or plants from one region that have
been introduced into a different ecosystem where they do not belong. Outside
their normal environment, they have no natural predators, so they rapidly run
wild, crowding out the usual animals or plants that thrive there. Common
examples of alien species include zebra mussels in the Great Lakes of the
USA, which were carried there from Europe by ballast water (waste water

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 flushed from ships). The Mediterranean Sea has been invaded by a kind of
alien algae called Caulerpa taxifolia. In the Black Sea, an alien jellyfish
calledMnemiopsis leidyi reduced fish stocks by 90 percent after arriving in
ballast water. In San Francisco Bay, Asian clams called Potamocorbula
amurensis, also introduced by ballast water, have dramatically altered the
ecosystem. In 1999, Cornell University's David Pimentel estimated that alien
invaders like this cost the US economy $123 billion a year.

Photo: Invasive species: Above: Water hyacinth crowding out a waterway around an old fence post.
Photo by Steve Hillebrand. Below: Non-native zebra musselsclumped on a native mussel. Both photos
courtesy of US Fish & Wildlife Service Photo Library.

Other forms of pollution

These are the most common forms of

pollution—but by no means the only ones.
Heat or thermal pollution from factories and
power plants also causes problems in
rivers. By raising the temperature, it
reduces the amount of oxygen dissolved in
the water, thus also reducing the level of
aquatic life that the river can support.

Another type of pollution involves the

disruption of sediments (fine-grained
powders) that flow from rivers into the sea.
Dams built for hydroelectric power or water
reservoirs can reduce the sediment flow. This reduces the formation of
beaches, increases coastal erosion (the natural destruction of cliffs by the
sea), and reduces the flow of nutrients from rivers into seas (potentially
reducing coastal fish stocks). Increased sediments can also present a
problem. During construction work, soil, rock, and other fine powders
sometimes enters nearby rivers in large quantities, causing it to become
turbid (muddy or silted). The extra sediment can block the gills of fish,
effectively suffocating them.

Effects of water pollution

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Some people believe pollution is an inescapable result of human activity: they argue
that if we want to have factories, cities, ships, cars, oil, and coastal resorts, some
degree of pollution is almost certain to result. In other words, pollution is a necessary
evil that people must put up with if they want to make progress. Fortunately, not
everyone agrees with this view. One reason people have woken up to the problem of
pollution is that it brings costs of its own that undermine any economic benefits that
come about by polluting.

Take oil spills, for example. They can happen if tankers are too poorly built to survive
accidents at sea. But the economic benefit of compromising on tanker quality brings
an economic cost when an oil spill occurs. The oil can wash up on nearby beaches,
devastate the ecosystem, and severely affect tourism. The main problem is that the
people who bear the cost of the spill (typically a small coastal community) are not the
people who caused the problem in the first place (the people who operate the
tanker). Yet, arguably, everyone who puts gasoline (petrol) into their car—or uses
almost any kind of petroleum-fueled transport—contributes to the problem in some
way. So oil spills are a problem for everyone, not just people who live by the coast
and tanker operates.

Sewage is another good example of how pollution can affect us all. Sewage
discharged into coastal waters can wash up on beaches and cause a health hazard.
People who bathe or surf in the water can fall ill if they swallow polluted water—yet
sewage can have other harmful effects too: it can poison shellfish (such as cockles
and mussels) that grow near the shore. People who eat poisoned shellfish risk
suffering from an acute—and sometimes fatal—illness called paralytic shellfish
poisoning. Shellfish is no longer caught along many shores because it is simply too
polluted with sewage or toxic chemical wastes that have discharged from the land
nearby.

Pollution matters because it harms the environment on which people depend. The
environment is not something distant and separate from our lives. It's not a pretty
shoreline hundreds of miles from our homes or a wilderness landscape that we see
only on TV. The environment is everything that surrounds us that gives us life and
health. Destroying the environment ultimately reduces the quality of our own lives—
and that, most selfishly, is why pollution should matter to all of us.

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Measurement

Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods:

physical, chemical and biological. Most involve collection of samples, followed by
specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without
sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations
have published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the
comparability of results from disparate testing events.

 Sampling

Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several

methods, depending on the accuracy needed
and the characteristics of the contaminant.
Many contamination events are sharply
restricted in time, most commonly in
association with rain events. For this reason
"grab" samples are often inadequate for fully
quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists
gathering this type of data often employ
auto-sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time
or discharge intervals.

Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants Environmental scientists preparing
water autosamplers.
and/or animals from the surface water body. Depending on
the type of assessment, the organisms may be identified
for biosurveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they may
be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity.

 Physical testing

Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentrations

(e.g., total suspended solids (TSS)) and turbidity.

 Chemical testing

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 Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry.
Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic
compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD),[24]:102 chemical oxygen demand(COD), nutrients
(nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals (including
copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides.

 Biological testing

Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial indicators
to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem. They are any biological
species or group of species whose function, population, or status can reveal
what degree of ecosystem or environmental integrity is present. [25] One
example of a group of bio-indicators are the copepods and other small
water crustaceans that are present in many water bodies. Such organisms
can be monitored for changes (biochemical, physiological, or behavioral) that
may indicate a problem within their ecosystem.

Control of pollution
Decisions on the type and degree of treatment and control of wastes, and the
disposal and use of adequately treated waste water, must be based on a
consideration all the technical factors of each drainage basin, in order to prevent any
further contamination or harm to the environment. [26]

 Domestic sewage

Domestic sewage is typically 99.9 percent

water with 0.1 percent pollutants. Although
found in low concentrations, these pollutants
pose risk on a large scale. In urban areas in
developed countries, domestic sewage is
typically treated by centralized sewage Deer Island Waste Water Treatment
Plant serving Boston,
treatment plants. Well-designed and Massachusetts and vicinity.

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 operated systems (i.e., secondary treatment or better) can remove 90 percent
or more of these pollutants. Some plants have additional systems to remove
nutrients and pathogens. Most municipal plants are not specifically designed
to treat toxic pollutants found in industrial waste water.
Cities with sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employ one
or moreengineering approaches to reduce discharges of untreated sewage,
including:

 utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve storm water

management capacity throughout the system, and reduce
the hydraulic overloading of the treatment plant.

 repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment

 increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection

system (often a very expensive option).
A household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant may have an
individual septic tank, which treats the waste water on site and discharges into the
soil. Alternatively, domestic waste water may be sent to a nearby privately owned
treatment system (e.g. in a rural community).

 Industrial waste water

Some industrial facilities generate ordinary

domestic sewage that can be treated by
municipal facilities. Industries that generate
waste water with high concentrations of
conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease),
toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other non-
conventional pollutants such as ammonia, need specialized treatment
systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment system to remove
the toxic components, and then send the partially treated waste water to the
municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of waste water
typically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems. Some
industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes

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 to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution
prevention.
Heated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be
controlled with:

 cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed Dissolved air flotation system for
treating industrial wastewater
for cooling by evaporation, convection, and radiation

 cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to

the atmosphere through evaporation and/or heat transfer

 cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic

and/or industrial heating purposes.

Agricultural waste water

Non point source controls

Sediment (loose soil) washed off fields is the
largest source of agricultural pollution in the United
States.[11] Farmers may utilize erosion controls to
reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields.
Common techniques include contour plowing,
crop mulching, crop rotation,
planting perennial crops and installing riparian
buffers.
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are typically
Riparian buffer lining a
applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer, creek in Iowa
animalmanure, or spraying of municipal or industrial waste water (effluent) or
sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop
residues, irrigation water, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can
develop and implement nutrient management plans to reduce excess
application of nutrients and reduce the potential for nutrient pollution.

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 To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) techniques (which can include biological pest control) to
maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and
protect water quality.[34]

Point source waste water treatment

Farms with large livestock and poultry
operations, such as factory farms, are
called concentrated animal feeding
operations or feedlots in the US and are
being subject to increasing government
regulation. Animal slurries are usually Feedlot in the United States
treated by containment in anaerobic
lagoons before disposal by spray or trickle application to
grassland. Constructed wetlands are sometimes used to facilitate treatment of
animal wastes. Some animal slurries are treated by mixing with straw and
composted at high temperature to produce a bacteriologically sterile and
friable manure for soil improvement.

Construction site storm water

Sediment from construction sites is managed by

installation of:

 erosion controls, such

as mulching and hydroseeding, and
Silt fence installed on a
 sediment controls, such construction site

as sediment basins and silt fences.

Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout is
prevented by use of:

 spill prevention and control plans, and

 specially designed containers (e.g. for concrete washout) and structures such
as overflow controls and diversion berms.

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Urban runoff (storm water)

Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing

the velocity and flow of storm water, as well as
reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments
use a variety of storm water management
techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff.
These techniques, called best management
practices (BMPs) in the U.S., may focus on water Retention basin for controlling
quantity control, while others focus on improving urban runoff

water quality, and some perform both functions.

Pollution prevention practices include low-impact development techniques,
installation of green roofs and improved chemical handling (e.g. management of
motor fuels & oil, fertilizers and pesticides). Runoff mitigation systems
include infiltration basins, bioretention systems, constructed wetlands, retention
basins and similar devices.
Thermal pollution from runoff can be controlled by storm water management facilities
that absorb the runoff or direct it into groundwater, such as bioretention systems and
infiltration basins. Retention basins tend to be less effective at reducing temperature,
as the water may be heated by the sun before being discharged to a receiving
stream.

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