Unit – I

Data Modeling: Business Growth-Organisational Model-Case Study of

student MIS-What

is the purpose of such Models-Understanding the business-Types of

models-model

development approach-the case for structural development-advantages of

using a case tool.

System analysis and design-what is DFD-General Rules for Drawing DFD-

Difference

Between Logical data flow diagram and Physical data flow diagram-
Software verses

Information Engineering-How case tools store information.

1. Datamodeling:

 How we are modling the business

 When a new bussiness comes into gain a profit

 Management will take over the responsbility of desingning the detailes

daily

 These will be implemented qnd checked for bugs for bussiness growth

2. Bussiness growth:

2 main factors

i) manpower ii) Fund flow

 There will be responsible heads in the organization

 There will pass accurate information to senior

 The various plans of the company can be projectd

 So the fundflow will increase, the decisions are made by the

organization based on the

information based by various lvels of heads

 Fund flow increase the organization growth of business

 The raw material suppliers will increase

 Finished product also increase

Fund flow increase

Financial control increase Supplier rawmetrial Mrketting increse

Finished products increase

3. Oraganization model

Oranization model indicates how its business runs

Model Management

Develop model strategy Maintain project model Maintain corarate model

 Model can be used to improve the way of business

 Its indicate the strength and weakness

 The weakness can be evaluated and changed to strengths

 Rules: i) shape of the object ii)Relationship between objects

4. Case study: A student MIS system

o There are a lot of computer traning instutes who take in a students . and
train

them in the use of computer

o Computer training institutes will have to adverttise , when a students

reads the

advertisementand join the organization students is conversion

Eg: let’s considr the cost of letter

1. Type of envelope 2. Quality of paper + weight of paper 3. Weight of the

envelope 4. Printing cost for each letter 5. Coast of postage

Disadvantage of hard coding atomic values into program

 Hardcode it become impossible to implement changes when it takes

place

 A small changes is made at the atomic level it can’t be implemented in

the

computer system without making changes in the source file

 IT professionals we have to try and make the applications as flexible as

possible3

5. Purpose of such models:

 Once a model of a business is designed senior personal of business can
apply

their knowledge and experience to the model to improve

 1. Bottelneck 2. Manpower requirement of the system 3. Financial

requirement

of the system

Documentation:

A business is to document how the business operates ,document can be

studied and

improved if required

6. Understanding the business

 Business people and the computer professional have to work together to

create a

computerized system

 That can be improve the business better

Structured analysis

Purpose of analysis is to produce a system of specification that define the

structure of the problem.

Analysis and design- produces a best meets user needs

System specification is composed of data-flow diagrams

DFDis the central modeling tool

Improving system quality

7. System designers perspective models can improve the quality of

system analysis

and design

8. Visually reviewing the major functions of the system

9. Easily missing components and organize system structure

10. Transferring personal from one department to another

11. A diagram depicting the transfer of data between programs

Project team co-ordination

These models can depict a high level overview of how a system will
function all team

members can understand responsibility of system

12. Types of models two models i) Business model ii) information system
models

Business model- it represent the business

Information system models- treks the way , in which it will be used

documents the

business function, documents the business function which the information

is accessed.

13. Both model will be graphically represent

14. The interaction between data and process

15. These are the model developed for several layers physical, logical,
conceptual

8.model development approach

The model developer draws on knowledge of the business or system the

business may

provide assistance in answering specific question about the model.

JAD session: Join Application Development session working between

information

systems professionals and the business community model is created by

the group.4

What is CASE tool

Development of special S/W that works on micros, minis and mainframes

called

Computer Aided Software Engineering

The case for structures development

 S/W development is an art and a science

 CASE technology is the automation of step-by-step methodologies

 Development from step-one planning to ongoing maintenance

Planning: Gathering information about user problems and requirements

Analysis: Determine user needs and system constraints testing, gathering
functional

specification

Design: Diagrams and data flow

Implementation: Building, testing, installing and tuning S/W

Maintenance : Implementing plans, tuning, correcting and enhancing

system.

Advantages of using CASE tools

 This maybe a simple diagram showing the flow of data between

business

functions.

 These models help the system developer in the analysis and design
activities by

displaying system components graphically at various levels.

The methodology link

1. Before 1970’s applications grew more complex and more people got
involved

int the development and maintenance

2. CASE tools are used to support modeling activities

3. CASE tools can automate the generation of the physical database

4. CASE tool can also produce program code

5. This reduce time and optimized code

6. CASE tools provide additional information about the objects

7. CASE tools includes diagramming logic

8. CASE tool have the capability to track additional information about the
objects.

9. Logical errors in system design are trapped and corrected immediately

10. CASE tools embedded with rules.

Casing the market:

 CASE tools has one of the highest growth rate many companies buying
multiple
copies of tools

 CASE will most likely occur when developers and managers

 CASE tools are micro computer based powerful graphics to enhance the
user

interface

System analysis and design:

Introduction:5

 A computer can work on a task at very high speed and with great
accuracy when

compared to a human being

 Analysis system required we can understand how the system function

and what

are its inputs what kind of processing takes place and what kind of output
is

produced.

 Analysis of the manual system helps him design a set of instructions

that will

tell the computer what to do

 It is essentially systems analysis prior design, most computer system

will not

produce to kind of output that we require

 System analysis and design in the early days was done based on the

programmers personal skills this varied person to person

 This method was very personalized this method had several clearly

understandable rules

 Its creates the structured diagrams and charts

Structured system analysis and design

1. Structured methodologies help to standardize and systematize s/w

development

and maintenance

2. Strutting produces clear fast- to-write and easy- to- maintain programs
3. At that time data flow diagrams were drawn using plastic templates as
a

diagramming assistance

4. Biggest drawback of structured methodologies their diagramming

techniques

are manual, slow and tedious

5. CASE tool new structured methodologies by providing automated

graphics

facilities for producing charts and diagram screen and report painters,
data dictionaries

extensive reporting facilities analysis and checking tools documentation

generators

and code generators.

6. Diagrams checks the logical error and point these out to the user of the
tool

7. Rules were embedded into the tools this needed the DFD drawn to
become very

accurate and to be used guiding to actual code writing

8. Diagramming tool and the hole S/W package behaved as a tool box

9. A toolbox with a set of sophisticated tools which had a good deal of

intelligence

build

10. The entire toolbox to be called Computer Aided Systems Engineering

The people who pioneered SSAD

 Perter Yourdon, Gane sarson, Jackson martinDemarco,Mellor,Hately,Ward

2 methods used SSAD very popular

i) Peter yourdon’s methods,Chris Gane and Trish Sarson’s methods

Planning: Gathering information about user problems and requirements

setting

goals

Analysis: Determining the design for a selected solution,including

diagrams and
dataflow

Design: Detailing the design for a selected colution, including diagrams

and data

flow6

Implementation: Building testing,instaling and tunning s/w

Maintenance: Outlinig and implementing plans tuning,correcting and

enhancing

systems.

Stage

Analysis stage the data gathered is formally entered into CASE tools as
DFD

the data that has been identified for mainpulation is stored in a data
dictionary

File structure is recognized then we can design forms that will be

displayed on screen

to enable the user to key-in data this data keyed it will be then stored in
the file

Hence DFD show us how data moves in the systen CASE tool is used as
very

rigid guide to the actual writing of code.

What is Data Flow Diagram:

DFD are graphical models of entities that need to work together in

harmony for the

systems model to work correctly, these diagram help the designer

visualize the flow of

data in a manual process and how it will move in an equivalent computer

process

External entity

What data has to be stored processed and converted into information in

which

the data is to be stored processed and converted into information

Process
Data it can be transfrmed into processed into output data single process
can be

exploded into several processes data is converted into information

Datastore

Stores the data has been processed the data that comes out of processing

General rules for drawing DFD

Input7

1. Any DFD leaving a process must be based on data that are input to the
process

2. All DFD are named their name reflects the data flowing between to
perform the

process should be an input to the process

3. Only data needed to perform the process should be an input to the

process

4. Be independent of any other process in the system it should depend

upon it

own input and output

5. Process are always running they do not start or stop process is always
ready to

perform work

6. Output of the process can take any of the following forms

a) An input DFD with information added by the process

b) A response or change of data from dollarsto profit

c) Change of status

d) Change of content

e) Change of organization

Difference between logical DFD and Physical DFD

Logical Physical

Logical DFD are drawn keeping Physical DFD drawn with

in mind how the work is going to be done reference to who is goging to

do the work
Mainly focus on the process which will

Do the work Physical DFD has to replac the

process in the logical DFD by

the logical DFD

by the people who are doing

the process

The Physical DFD bring the human being in picture

designer is completely satisfied that the DFD

is correct and that code written based not the DFD wil work without logival

errors Intraction between the

human being of thes/w, data

entry screens are necessary

Software versus information engineering:

 Logical program design is separate from physical design

 s/w engineering supports data flow , tree structured and procedural logic

diagrams and screen report8

 diagram include those showing entity relationship data structures,

hierarchical tree-structured decomposition, data flow dependency,

screen and report layouts and detailed program logic

How case store information

Any application will undergo an initial stage of system analysis

and design

Application stored in case

App1 App2 APP n

For any new application that is created in a case tool a sub-directory has
to be

created for it this subdirectory will contain all the information that is
related to

that application directory will act like a dictionary for application designer .
With in the CASE tool there is a centralized storage location this is termed
as a

data dictionary

Data dictionary also track the various components of the model

It capable of displaying the graphic files as well as the textual files

Data object of the model can be classified in ten categories

1. Screens 2. Fields 3. Records 4.Diagram 5. Processes 6. Repositories’ 7.

Connectors 8.Symbols 9.Plain objects 10. Reserved object

The data dictionary also stores information of the data objects related to

their attributes data structures data elements

Data dictionary split into two parts

Definition Diagrams

Data dictionary9

One part of the data dictionary that will store information related to the
case tools it will be

stored in the system directory

The second part contains data that is stored for a project data dictionary
also contain linkages

between these data objects.