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Algorithms for Exercises

The document outlines a series of exercises aimed at teaching various data processing and machine learning techniques using Python. Each exercise includes specific aims and step-by-step algorithms for tasks such as database interaction, classification, clustering, regression, and model evaluation. The exercises cover a range of methods including k-Nearest Neighbors, Naïve Bayes, and decision trees, providing practical applications for data analysis and machine learning.

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1 views5 pages

Algorithms for Exercises

The document outlines a series of exercises aimed at teaching various data processing and machine learning techniques using Python. Each exercise includes specific aims and step-by-step algorithms for tasks such as database interaction, classification, clustering, regression, and model evaluation. The exercises cover a range of methods including k-Nearest Neighbors, Naïve Bayes, and decision trees, providing practical applications for data analysis and machine learning.

Uploaded by

hunter225113220
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aim and Algorithms for Exercises

Ex1: Extract Data from Database


Aim: To establish a connection to an SQLite database, insert, retrieve, and display data
efficiently using Python.
1. Establish a connection to an SQLite database using Python.

2. Check if the required table exists; if not, create it.

3. Insert sample data entries into the table.

4. Commit changes to save the inserted data permanently.

5. Retrieve all records from the table using a SELECT query.

6. Iterate over the retrieved data and display it.

7. Close the database connection properly to prevent memory leaks.

Ex2: k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Classification


Aim: To classify data points using the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm and visualize the
classification results.
1. Load the Iris dataset using the Scikit-learn library.

2. Randomly shuffle and split the dataset into training and test sets.

3. Extract key features from the dataset and label them accordingly.

4. Visualize training data using a 3D scatter plot to understand distribution.

5. Apply the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm to classify new test data.

6. Determine accuracy by comparing predicted labels with actual ones.


Ex3: k-Means Clustering
Aim: To implement k-Means clustering for grouping data into clusters based on similarities.

1. Define a dataset consisting of multiple points and their labels.

2. Apply k-means clustering with three centroids.

3. Train the model to identify optimal cluster assignments.

4. Accept new data input from the user.

5. Use the trained model to predict the cluster label of the new data point.

6. Display the assigned cluster label for the input

Ex4: Linear Regression


Aim: To implement a linear regression model for predicting continuous values from input
data.

1. Load a dataset containing numerical variables (e.g., age and income).

2. Compute the mean of the independent and dependent variables.

3. Calculate the cross-deviation and variance.

4. Derive the linear regression coefficients using the least squares method.

5. Plot the regression line over the scatter plot of data points.

6. Evaluate the regression model based on how well it fits the data

Ex5: Naïve Bayes Classifier for Text Classification


Aim: To implement a Naïve Bayes classifier for classifying text into different categories.
1. Convert text data into numerical format using Term Frequency-Inverse Document
Frequency (TF-IDF).

2. Split the dataset into training and testing subsets.

3. Train a Naïve Bayes classifier to recognize text patterns.

4. Predict sentiment classification on test data samples.

5. Calculate the accuracy and precision of the model.

6. Classify new, unseen text input based on trained probabilities.


Ex6: Genetic Algorithm
Aim: To demonstrate the significance of genetic algorithms in solving optimization
problems.

1. Generate an initial population of random chromosome sequences.

2. Evaluate the fitness of each chromosome by comparing it with the target string.

3. Select the top-performing chromosomes based on fitness scores.

4. Apply crossover and mutation operations to generate new offspring.

5. Continue evolution across multiple generations.

6. Terminate when an optimal solution or convergence is achieved.

Ex7: Backpropagation for Word Classification


Aim: To classify words based on their features using a neural network with
backpropagation.

1. Normalize word lengths and convert them into numerical representations.

2. Initialize neural network weights randomly.

3. Train the network using the backpropagation algorithm with gradient descent.

4. Adjust weights iteratively based on error correction.

5. Validate predictions by testing on sample word classifications.

6. Output classified word categories based on final predictions.

Ex8: Find-S Algorithm


Aim: To apply the Find-S algorithm for identifying the most specific hypothesis from
training data.

1. Read training data from a CSV file.

2. Initialize the most specific hypothesis with null values.

3. Iterate through training examples and update the hypothesis only for positive cases.

4. Generalize the hypothesis step by step when discrepancies arise.

5. Output the final hypothesis that best fits the training data.
Ex9: ID3 Decision Tree Algorithm
Aim: To implement the ID3 algorithm for constructing a decision tree based on entropy and
information gain.

1. Calculate entropy for the dataset to measure uncertainty.

2. Compute information gain for each attribute.

3. Select the attribute with the highest information gain as the root node.

4. Split the dataset based on the selected attribute values.

5. Recursively apply the process to generate the complete decision tree.

6. Stop when leaf nodes contain uniform class labels.

Ex10: Decision Tree for Classification


Aim: To build and use a decision tree classifier for predicting the category of new samples.

1. Load a dataset (e.g., the Iris dataset) containing labeled instances.

2. Divide the dataset into training and testing portions.

3. Train a decision tree classifier using the training data.

4. Apply the trained classifier to predict classes of test samples.

5. Evaluate performance based on accuracy and confusion matrix.

6. Classify a new, unseen data sample and output the predicted category.
Ex11: Naïve Bayes Classifier
Aim: To train and evaluate a Naïve Bayes classifier for probabilistic classification tasks.

1. Load dataset and preprocess numerical and categorical features.

2. Split data into training and test sets.

3. Train a Gaussian Naïve Bayes classifier to model probability distributions.

4. Make predictions on the test set.

5. Compare predicted values with actual labels to assess accuracy.

6. Use the model to classify new data samples.

Ex12: Compute Classifier Accuracy from CSV


Aim: To compute the accuracy of a classifier using real-world dataset stored in a CSV file.

1. Load data from a CSV file using pandas.

2. Perform data preprocessing, including encoding categorical variables.

3. Split the dataset into training and testing sets.

4. Train a decision tree classifier with labeled data.

5. Predict outputs for the test set.

6. Calculate and display the accuracy score based on correct predictions.

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