CHAPTER-III

ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

1.0 General: Drawings for a structure is a medium to convert ideas and concepts on
paper which can be understood by all concerned namely the Engineer, the contractor, the
supervisor, the artisans and the user of the building alike. The details given on the drawing
must be adequate not to leave any detail to be assumed or imagined by any of the parties
mentioned above. This is commonly achieved by making a set of drawings for one structure
and the overall purpose being to,

· Assist in planning and estimating the cost and time for the project
· Provide all parties involved (owners, contractors, inspectors, plan reviewers,
artisans etc.) with clear Instructions regarding layout, materials, and the expected
finished product
The drawing for a work or structure can be just one sheet or a set of sheets depending
upon the size and intricacy of the structure. The drawings should be drafted on ‘From the
Whole to the Parts’ concept i.e. one should visualize the overall structure in reference to
the site and draw various elements that are likely to affect the construction of the structure,
besides locate the work in an unambiguous manner. The level of various drawings can be
divided as under,
Further, one should be able to visualize the agencies and the sequence in which the work

is to be executed. The work to be done in the casting yard or a centralized depot should
be shown on separate drawing; similarly the work of plumbing or electric installations will
be done by different agencies and should be drawn on separate sheets. If the drawings are
being prepared in AUTOCAD there is a facility to prepare the drawings in layers and also

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merge them to view an integrated drawing. The different drawings differ in detail and have
to be considered as specific but there are a few common things such as site plan or
location plan which are required for all works and are discussed below,

2.0 Site/Location plan (LEVEL-1)

The site plan is a ‘birds- eye’ view of the entire work. Site/Location Plan should clearly
bring out the works required to start the work proper such as demolition of some structure,
providing access road or leveling of earth work required (Cutting/Filling), shifting of services
like pipeline, cable, drain etc. Normally for such works or if it contains more than one
variety of structures, it is required to prepare that number of General Arrangement drawings
(A1, A2 etc). It should have following details.
i) The magnetic north point and true north with magnetic variation, if known and where
buildings are designed to suit a particular orientation is to be shown on the drawing.
ii) The names of the nearest junctions or terminals stations, that on the left hand being
the one from which the kilometrage starts.
iii) The kilometrage from headquarters of the railway to the centre of the station, the
kilometrage of all junction points, the zero of all branch lines, the centre of a station,
junction point and zero of any line, when once adopted for any ‘yard’ or portion of the
line, shall be a permanent origin for all future references and shall not vary with additions,
alterations, or remodeling of yards.
iv) The original centre line of the railway route together with its chainages
v) The boundaries of land according to the land plans. Where it does not unduly interfere
with important details of the plan, side widths from the centre line and boundary posts
(and desirably their numbers) should be shown.
vi) Any known bench mark with the datum from which its value has been reckoned.
vii) All borrow pits, rivers and pipelines, streams, sullage, and sewer drains together with
their direction of flow. For rivers their names and the highest known flood levels must
be given.
viii) Temples, mosques and graves, roads and footpaths with the names of towns or villages
they lead to.
ix) The position and block numbers of buildings. Where a building consists of two or more
storey, the number of floors shall be mentioned and structure(s) to be dismantled.
x) Road crossings with their class and location; road over bridges and under bridges.
xi) Nearest part of the work closest to center line of track and Infringements to standard
dimensions, if any.
xii) Dimensions between structures
xiii) Location of all utilities (gas, water, sewer/septic, electric) and respective meters or
panels.

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2.1 Many times the site/location plan is drawn as a part of the general arrangement
drawing and not as a separate drawing especially when the work is not being planned in a
much built up area and only single structure is to be constructed. The site plan must be
drawn after collecting all site details and should be in adequate detail, but should not be
cluttered up with minor details, not relevant to the work. It should not contain specifications
and lot of writing should be avoided. The details to be put in the General Arrangement
drawing should not be repeated in the site plan.

3.0 General arrangement drawing [LEVEL-2):

The General arrangement drawing (GAD) shows the overall shape and size of the structure
with detailing the specific dimensions and specifications of materials and work. This will
normally include the following,
i) Key plan of the work site in a box.
ii) Chainages of the center line of structure and its elements and elevations as R.L.s.
iii) Overall dimensions of structure, distances of structure from outer reference points or
outer boundaries. The Plan and elevation along with sections at specific locations
should be drawn wherever required to leave no ambiguity in the arrangement of the
structure.
iv) Ground level, HFL, bed level in case of bridges, formation level of the plinth or
embankment with reference to bench mark
v) Plinth area of building, total height of building, type of structure.
vi) Scale to which drawing is drawn.
vii) Presence of all required signatures of officers of all departments, alteration box, for
future amendments to be issued.
viii) Authority of approval/sanction of work.
ix) The codes and specifications on which the work has to be executed.
x) Soil bore log details and the Bearing capacity of soil at founding levels.
xi) FLOOR PLAN: In case of a building a floor plan of the building with the roof removed
at various floors.
xii) If there are more than 1 distinct structures in the work separate sets of GAD’s and
detail drawings should be prepared for each. e.g. there might be a residential complex,
a power substation and a gymnasium constituting the work. Then 3 sets of GADs and
corresponding detail drawings should be made.

4.0 Detail Drawings (LEVEL-3):

The detail drawings can not be generalized and are discussed under specific requirements
of each type of work.

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5.0 Project Drawings:

Drawings for New Line, Doubling and Gauge Conversion Projects: Following drawings are
required to be prepared for all New lines, Doublings and GC projects as per Para 443 of
Engineering Code,
a) Detailed Plan and Sections
b) Index Plan and Index Section
c) Plans and cross sections of rivers
d) Plans of station yards and Junction arrangements
e) Detailed drawings of structures.

6.0 Detailed Plan and cross-section:

These are drawn on A0 sheet and 5Km of line is shown on each sheet. The scale to be
adopted is 1cm=50m for horizontal distances and 1cm=5m for vertical distances. The
scale can however be changed to 1cm=25m or even 1cm=10m for hilly areas for better
representation of topography.

6.1 Plan: The following features within 300m on either side of the railway alignment
should be shown on the plan,
 Boundary of states, towns, cities and village lands and in case of important
town/cities names of important streets,
 Rivers requiring bridging length of 12m or more
 Canals and other Railway affecting works
 Important road and bridges, culverts, and fractional KM posts of road.
 Hill peaks and other features of country
 Survey of India stations
 Temples, Mosques, graveyards etc
 Reserved forests
 Industrial units existing and under construction
 Contours as far as possible to define the nature of topography.

This is best drawn by enlarging the Topographic sheets using the graph paper method.
The grid is drawn to the required scale of 1cm=50m (i.e.1:5000). Topographic sheets may
be available to a scale 1:50000 i.e. 1/10th of the required size. The contours and important
features of the country are available from the topo-sheets and the railway alignment is
marked on this sheet. However, with the advent of software like MX-Rail and AUTOCAD,
the plan can also be prepared from the survey data without the topo-sheets.

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The start and end of the curves should be marked by a circle. The alignment should be
marked in red colour (0.8mm thick). The position of all center line pillars, the apex points
of curves, position of bench marks should be shown prominently. A typical detailed plan is
given as annexure at end of Engineering code, may be referred for guidance.

6.2 Sections: The following details should be shown on the section,

 Ground level at the central line of alignment, above Mean Sea Level, at every
20m.
 Height of cutting or embankment and R.L. of formation at every 20 m.
 Bed level and HFL of all rivers
 Position and location of all bench marks and masonry pillars.
 Gradient posts i.e. chainage of change of gradient
 TPs (Tangent points) of all curves and their chainages.
 Center line chainages of all stations, bridges, level crossings, starting and
ending chainages of all diversion of roads or water ways.

The convention for the colour scheme is

Ground levels and line- ---------------------------------------------------- In Black
Formation level- ------------------------------------------------------------- In Red
Vertical ordinates showing the height of formation ----------------- In blue
Vertical ordinates at change of gradients ----------------------------- In red
Station by a vertical line -------------------------------------------------- In Red

A typical detail section is enclosed as annexure to the Engineering Code, which

may be followed for guidance.
7.0 Index Plan and Index section:
Index Plan and section is a summary form of Detailed Plan and Detailed Section, described
above. Index plan and section is prepared on A4 size sheets and kept in a book form. The
Index Plan and index section should be drawn to the scale of 1cm=500m horizontal distance
and 1cm=10m for vertical distance. Preferably both plan and section should be shown on
the same sheet but many times it is not feasible and in that case the plan should be on
left side and section on right side of the book. Normally one A4 sheet will contain plan and
section of about 12-13 Km Railway line. For double line section separate sheets are
drawn for UP and DN lines.

Further, the following should be ensured,

a) Each sheet should have reference number, name of railway, Division and scale.
b) The first and last sheet should be signed with date by the Engineer-in-charge of
the survey, and all the sheets must be signed by the officer preparing the plans.

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7.1 Index Plan: The index plan should be traced from the topo-sheets of the Survey
of India map published to a scale of 1:50000. The width covered in the Index plan is 10
Km on each side of the rail track. Each sheet should be plotted in the direction of the
through kilometerage so the kilometrage has to be read from left to right. Following should
be included in the Index Plan,
a) The magnetic north should be indicated on each plan.
b) All towns, roads, canals, rivers, hills, boundaries of states and districts within a
distance of 10 Kilometers on each side of the railway.
c) The centre line of proposed railway should be indicated by a full red line of 0.8mm
in thickness.
d) The degree and radius of all curves should be marked.
e) The height of bank/cutting above ground level should be marked at all change of
gradients
f) The position of each station should be shown by a red block and the name of
station should be mentioned.
g) The datum used for all plans and sections should be Mean Sea Level, and all
heights should be referred to this datum in meters and decimals.

7.2 Index Section:

a) Index section should show the formation level in Red line.
b) The gradient should be figured.
c) The height of formation above Mean sea Level entered at each change of gradient.
d) The position of each important bridge should be indicated with the name of river
and number and size of bridge span.
e) The position of each ROB, RUB, and level crossing with their classification should
be indicated.
f) Position of each station with its name distance from fixed end should be mentioned.
g) The kilometrage from the fixed point should be marked and figured at every kilometer.

8.0 Plans and Cross - Section of Rivers:

The rivers of major bridge locations (cross-section exceeding 110 sqm under high flood)
are required to be surveyed for at least 2Km upstream and 1Km down stream. The
requirement of plan and section of river is given in Para 467 of Engineering Code. The item
concerns more of field survey than the work for drawing office and as such is not dealt
here.

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CHAPTER-IV

DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

1.0 Buildings: For All Building structures besides Site location plan and General
Arrangement drawing as dealt in Chapter III, following drawings are to be prepared.
i. Foundation Drawings
ii. Floor Plans
iii. Elevation and Sections
iv. Roof Plan and Section
v. Plumbing Plan
vi. Electrical Plan

1.1 Foundation Drawings

a) Location Plan
 Footing Plan showing center line of all footings and size and depth of all footings
with reference to a reference line and datum.
 Soil bearing capacity values.
 Excavation lines and shoring, if required then the details of the same.
 All the footings should be given a distinct number even if the design is identical.

B.F. - Bottom level of foundation

F11, F12….F36- Foundation Nos.
Location w.r.t. known land mark

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b) Concrete Dimensions: The concrete dimensions of the footing are shown through a
cross-section at center line both in front elevation and side elevation and plan. A leveling
course of lean concrete 1:3:6 or even 1:4: 8, 75-100 mm thick is placed below the footing.
The bottom level of footing is to be ensured at the top of the leveling course. The width of
the leveling course is normally 75 mm beyond the edge of the footing.

c) Reinforcement Drawing: In case of RCC footing the reinforcement details can be

drawn along with the concrete dimensions, if the details are simple or can be drawn
separately. It is preferable to have a separate drawing for reinforcements. Here also the
reinforcement should be shown in all three planes namely, plan, front elevation and side
elevation. The guidelines for reinforcement detailing are given in chapter VI.

1.2 Floor Plans: A floor plan is a top view or drawing of the interior of a building. This
is essential to work out the plinth area and the carpet area of the building. This plan is
primarily meant for the non-engineers and should be understood by the user and if required
by the municipal authorities for any clearances etc.The internal dimensions of the rooms
should be shown and not center lines dimensions. A typical floor plan would show:
 Interior and exterior walls, columns with thickness and specifications of material
used e.g. grade of concrete, A or B class bricks or modular blocks etc.

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 Detailed layout of Kitchen, toilets and WCs including location of wash basin,
shower, cooking platform, appliances such as gas choolahs, refrigerators, water
heater etc.
 Location and size of Windows and doors
 The use of all rooms should be indicated, preferably the proposed layout of furniture
also be shown.
A Typical floor plan is at Annexure-A.

1.3 Elevations and sections: The exterior elevations both from front view as well as
side view should be shown clearly bringing out the architectural features, windows, doors,
openings, louvers etc. The total height, width and length of the building duly marked the
R.L.s of each plinth level, G.L. and R.L. of the overhead water tank if any. Sections
should be drawn at each column row showing the dimensions of the columns, beams and
roof, their interspacing and clear head room above the bottom of beams. Normally the
head room is specified above the finished plinth level then the height above the slab to
the beam should be obtained by adding the thickness of flooring surface. All columns and
beams should be identified by a number similar to the footings like C11, C12….. etc and
B11, B12… etc.

The concrete dimensions of all beams, columns, roof slabs should be indicated, as also
the grade of concrete and the finish quality. The reinforcement details can be shown on
the cross-sections itself, subject to big enough scale being adopted for drawing. If the
dimensions and reinforcement details in more than one beam or column are identical, the
details need not be repeated, but it should be clearly indicated, that beam-x is identical to
beam-y and similarly for columns. The slab reinforcement is tied along with that of beam
as such the details of slab reinforcement in cross-section also be shown in the cross
section. The cranking or curtailing of reinforcement bars should be shown with reference
to a fixed datum apart from in the bar bending schedule. Cross-sections of beams and
columns should be shown with details of reinforcement at center line, and near the support
or at other sections where the bars are added or curtailed along the length. Further the
reinforcement details at junction of beam and column has to be shown separately for
clarity.

A Typical Elevation and section is shown at Annexure B.

1.4 Roof Plan and section:

i) Beam plan showing location of all the beams supported on columns duly numbered
as mentioned under ‘Foundations’. This should be in a separate drawing and without
cluttering the arrangement of walls and columns.

ii) Roofs can be spanning in one direction or in two directions. Further they can be
restrained at the edges or free. The draftsman should ascertain the nature of fixity -

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whether one way or two way from the designer. The detailing of reinforcement will be
somewhat different in the different cases as given in chapter VI. The top view and
bottom view of the slab has to be shown to clearly indicate the reinforcement details
of a slab in top and bottom layer. The total thickness of slab along with the clear
cover to reinforcement should be clearly shown. A typical beam plan and roof plan is
shown at Annexure C.

1.5 Plumbing Plan: Since the agency for carrying out plumbing and water supply work
is normally different from the civil contractor, even though department has awarded a
composite tender, it is essential that plumbing plan is drawn separately. When drawings
are prepared on AUTOCAD where there is a facility for making drawings in layers and
also merge them for total view, plumbing plan is made in a different layer (and in different
colour) from other civil works. In case of concealed plumbing, the location and specification
for interning the duct or pipe is drawn on the floor plan and the height of the pipe from floor
level is given in the notes .
Following items must be incorporated in the Plumbing plan,
 Service riser diagram
 Location of all new and existing fixtures
 Size and type of materials
 Size and location of all drains, vents, and clean-outs
 Location of pressure relief line
 Location and size of water meters
 Location of shut-off valves
 Resident water pressure
 Total developed length of water lines

1.6 Electrical Plan: Similar to the plumbing plan the electrical plan has to be drawn
separately. This is to be drawn by draftsman adept in electrical works and as such not
discussed at length. Normally, these days concealed wiring is being adopted in buildings
and therefore the civil Drawing supervisor must understand some minimum requirements
for providing ducts, openings and niches for accommodating electrical fixtures. To this
extent, following item should be covered in the electrical plan,
 Location of panels and cut outs
 Location of all receptacles, lights, switches, and smoke detectors with appropriate
circuit numbers
 Electrical panel schedule

2.0 Bridges:
2.1 Site Plan: The selection of site of a bridge is very important on which the length of
waterway, the hydraulic characteristics, the protection work, river training works depend.
This exercise is carried out by Survey team and the plan is drawn in the drawing office.
Primarily there are two types of bridge crossings namely, i) Skew crossing ii) Skew

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lignment square crossing. The square crossing is always preferred in Railways but is
accompanied with two numbers of reverse curves in the approaches, which can have
speed constraints if not designed properly.
The direction of flow of the stream should be shown and the nearby village names on up
stream and down stream indicated.
Information about any dams, weirs or any flood affecting structures upstream should be
shown, with necessary details like maximum discharge etc. Any other opening in the
river/stream banks like inlet or outlet, presence of navigation requirement should be marked.

2.2 GAD of Bridges: In addition to the general requirements as given in the Para 2.1
above, the Bridge GAD should necessarily contain L-section showing pier and abutment
location, various levels, dimensions of pier/abutment, plan and a typical cross section.
The details of foundations such as dimensions and type, the founding levels (BFL), the
bed levels in general and at each foundation location in particular, the lowest water level
(LWL), the ground levels in approach of a bridge at least for 50m on either approach and
proposed rail level on the bridge.

Similarly the cross-section and elevation of superstructure giving all salient dimensions
like height above bearings, deck width, width of footpath if to be provided, any service
ducts under the footpath, kerbs, railing, trolley refuge, expansion joint, wearing course,
type of bearings should be indicated. The gradient in formation at the approaches, location
of any signals or OHE masts on or near the bridge should also be shown. Further the
notes about various assumptions of design should be written on the drawing, which include
maximum discharge, afflux, source of HFL and LWL, the soil parameters along the depth
of foundation at all foundation locations if available. The G.A.D. so prepared should show
sufficient details to enable preparation of detailed estimate. All dimensions and provisions
should be clearly shown on the drawing. The following items should always be incorporated
in a Bridge GAD.
i) Highest flood level (HFL) of last 100years or as available
ii) Afflux under maximum discharge
iii) Vertical clearance and Free board available.
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iv) Flow direction

v) Velocity of stream under maximum discharge
vi) Name of river/Stream
vii) Sanction no and competent authority.

A typical GAD is shown at Annexure- D.

2.3 It is a good practice to provide a table of grade of concrete used and approximate
reinforcement steel provided in each element of the bridge. This helps the estimator to
calculate the quantities and prepare tender schedule. The table as under should be
incorporated in the GAD.

Sr. Bridge Element Grade of Appx. Steel qty

No. concrete(*)
1 Well Foundations:
Cutting edge Structural steel 70Kg/RM
Curb M30 80Kg/Cum
Steining M20 15Kg/Cum
Bottom plug M15 -
Bop plug M15 -
Well cap M30 150Kg/Cum
2 Pile Foundation:
Pile M30 120Kg/CUM
Liner - Variable 4-6 mm MS plate
Pile cap M30 130Kg/Cum
3 Open Foundation
Leveling course(PCC) -
PCC in footing M20 5Kg/Sqm (surface Reinf)
RCC in footing M30 100Kg/Cum

5 Substructure:
Pier-PCC M20 5Kg/Sqm (Surface reinf)
Pier-RCC M30 100Kg/Cum
Hollow pier-RCC M30 120Kg/Cum
Pier cap cantilever-RCC M30 230Kg/Cum
Pier cap fully supported M30 80Kg/Cum
Bed Block/Pedestal M40 80Kg/Cum

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6 Superstructure:
Slab-RCC M25 100Kg/Cum
Slab-PSC M30 40Kg/Cum50Kg/Cum(HTS strands)
I-Girder RCC with slab M30 Girder-400Kg/CumSlab- 150Kg/Cum
I-Girder PSC with slab M40 Girder Girder- 170Kg/Cum 50Kg/Cum (HTS
M30 Slab strand)Slab-150Kg/Cum
Box Girder(PSC) M40 200Kg/Cum50Kg/Cum (HTS strand)

7 Return/Wing walls:
PCC M20 5Kg/sqm
RCC M30 60Kg/Cum
Counter fort RCC M30 120Kg/Cum
8 Miscellaneous items:
Parapet M25 10Kg/Sqm
Railing M40 10Kg/sqM
Kerb M25 5Kg/Sqm
Expansion joint Type to be mentioned
Bearings Load coming on the bearings be mentioned

(*) The grade of concrete should be used minimum as per Indian Railway Concrete bridge
code depending on the extent of corrosive environment at the bridge site.

2.4 The standard notes for bridges drawings are listed under,
i) All dimensions are in millimeters except otherwise mentioned.
ii) Dimensions should not be scaled from the Drawing. Figured dimensions should
be taken instead of scaled dimensions.
iii) The bridge is designed for Single track of MBG/ 25t axle load/DFC loading as
per Bridge Rules.
iv) Before starting execution, a working cross-section at the site shall be taken by
precision survey and the location of abutment and pier positions shown on
G.A. drawing shall be verified on site. In case of any discrepancy or doubt,
clarification shall be obtained from the concerned competent authority,
beforehand.
v) The temporary Bench Mark is located at ............ and its values are.............
vi) Angle of skew is......... However, the piers & abutments should be oriented
parallel to flow direction at site and discrepancy, if any, reported to HQ
beforehand.

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vii) Rubble pitching should be done up to 0.60 m. above affluxed H.F.L. on both
sides of approaches, for 30m.
viii) Filling behind abutments and returns shall be as per Railways standard drg no.
ix) Adequate weep holes shall be provided in abutments, RCC returns, solid returns
and outer walls of box returns at not more than 2000mm centre to centre
horizontally and 1000mm centre to centre vertically, regularly staggered. The
weep holes shall be provided up to the bed level.
x) Foundation levels shown on the drawing are tentative. Open foundation for
abutments and piers shall be keyed into soft rock or exposed rock by a minimum
of 1500mm or into hard rock by a minimum 500mm whichever gives a higher
foundation level. Foundations for returns wings shall be keyed by a minimum
of 500 mm into exposed rock.
xi) The specification of anti-corrosive treatment to the reinforcement or finished
concrete surface, if required should be furnished.
xii) Arrangement for inspection of bearings shall be provided by means of a suitable
ladder from girder to bed block.
xiii) Adequate arrangement for drainage of deck by means of properly designed
water spouts shall be made. Suitable arrangement shall be provided in the
bridge deck for inspection of the underside of girder/slab.

2.5 Detail Drawings of Foundations/ substructure: The following detailed drawings

need to be prepared for execution of bridge works,

a) Foundation: The concrete dimensions and reinforcement details, the bottom of

foundation and top of foundation levels to be clearly indicated. Embedment in rock
as per ‘I.R. Foundation and Substructure code’ should be invariably shown in the
drawing. In case of well foundations separate drawing to be prepared for cutting
edge, well curb and separate for well steining.If the wells are to be launched by
floating or any other method like Caissons, complete structural drawings for fabrication
of steel caissons and launching scheme should be designed and drawn.
In case pile foundations are adopted, the method of construction like cast in situ, or
pre-cast and driven etc should be indicated. Apart from the concrete dimensions and
reinforcement details, steel liner if required its thickness and the depth up to which it
is to be provided should be clearly indicated. Bottom plug and top plug, in case of
well foundations be shown along with the cross section

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In Seismic zones III and IV, the sand filling in the well is to be done only up to
scoured bed level and correspondingly, the top plug is also at that level only. This is
to keep the center of gravity as low as possible to minimize the earthquake forces.

b) Piers and Well/pile cap: The concrete dimension and reinforcement details for
pile/well cap should be shown in elevation plan and cross-section. The location of the
pier with reference to center lines of the well/pile cap must be shown. It is to be noted
that any tilt and shift in constructing the piles/wells has be taken care of at pile/well
cap level. The designer normally stipulates a range of eccentricity in which the design
will hold good. This aspect should be clearly brought out in the drawing as well as
mentioned in the notes of the drawing.
If the piles or well has been constructed using earthen island, the island is leveled at
the top level of the foundation and leveling course of lean concrete is laid about
75mm thick. If the well or piles have been cast using floating equipment i.e. without
earthen island, suitably designed formwork is to be tied over the piles or well for
casting the cap and in that case there would not be any leveling course. The
reinforcement extending from piles/ well steining is to be suitably anchored in the
cap concrete.

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c) Piers could be solid mass concrete/ solid RCC or hollow RCC. In case of mass
concrete piers, surface reinforcement has to be provided @ 10mm f at 200 mm c/c
and for RCC piers suitably designed reinforcement is provided. These bars or any
other bars to be continued into the pier have to be anchored in the cap and these
must also be shown in the reinforcement detail of the cap. List of standard drawings
for piers and abutments issued by RDSO is at Appendix-IX. A typical section of
hollow RCC pier is shown below,

d) Pier Cap and Pedestal: These are generally heavily reinforced elements and detailing
has to be done very carefully. If the pier cap is fully supported on the pier the details
are comparatively simpler than if it is over hanging beyond the pier. The center line of
bridge axis and the pier should be drawn indicating the true chainage of the location.
No deviation can be allowed in this location and it must be true, without which the
girders will not seat centrally on the bearings. Normally the details of pier cap and
pedestal are shown in single drawing only. The area in front of the pedestal or on the
sides, depending on the arrangement of the jacking of girder needs to be strengthened
by providing a reinforcement mesh of 8mm @ 50mm c/c to accommodate the jack,
over all the reinforcement for pier cap. This is generally a matter of detailing and
many times designer may not indicate in the design.
It should be kept in view that, in Seismic zones III and IV it is mandatory to provide
girder movement arresters on both the sides of girder or between the two pedestals
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as shown in the sketch above, on the pier cap. These are also made in RCC and the
reinforcement has to be anchored in the pier cap.

e) Abutments and ballast wall: Abutments are drawn separately in the same style as
piers. The abutments could be solid with provision of return walls or wing walls to
keep the water way clear of any earth flowing from the embankment or could be spill
through type or buried type where the earth embankment continues in the bridge
opening and has a slope of 1.5H: 1V. The pier cap for abutments known as abutment
cap is cast integral with ballast wall in addition to pedestal and movement arrestors.
Thus the details of all these are to be drawn on a single sheet duly showing the
anchor reinforcements of each element. List of standard drawings for abutments
issued by RDSO is at Appendix-IX. A Typical section and plan of Solid Abutment
and Spill Through Abutments is given below,

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

f) Return Wall and Wing Wall: The return walls are structure not joined or cast along
with the abutment and ballast wall and are designed as retaining wall extending up to
the top of formation. The return walls can constructed in PCC or in RCC. These walls
can also be splayed in plan and are known as wing walls. Typical plan of Solid
Return, splayed Return or Wing wall and a box return wall is given below,

The dimensions are only for

guidance, the size and
dimensions are to be supplied
by Design Engineer.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

2.6 Detailed drawings of superstructure: The superstructure can be in Steel, RCC or

composite or PSC. RDSO has issued standard drawings for Steel spans and list of such
drawings is at Appendix - X. Most of the times the standard drawings are only used for
steel superstructure. Similarly, RDSO has issued standard drawings for RCC slabs and
PSC slabs. The list of drawings for slabs is at Appendix - XI. List of PSC girders for BG
Loading is at Appendix - XII. In spite of the standard drawings being available, number
of times RCC and PSC superstructure has to be designed and drawings prepared for
specific site requirements.
Following detailed drawings are normally required for simply supported PSC girders,
• Concrete dimensions of girder in plan, elevation and cross section at all locations
of change of cross section along with at center and at support.
• Reinforcement detail along the length of the girder and on different cross-sections.
• End diaphragms and intermediate diaphragms, if any.

• HTS cable profile both in elevation and in plan.

Z
The (x, y, z) coordinates should be given in a
table at about every 2m interval. The location
of grout escape vents should be shown, which
is normally to be kept at lowest points in the
profile of cable or a sudden change of
curvature. The supporting system for the
sheathing in the reinforcement cage should be C/L Y
indicated. Table for 12.1 m (Clear span) having End Block Mid-Section

overall length of girder being 14100 mm, is

given below,

Cable Cut At CHAINAGE From end block

No. Cable X=0, C/L. of X=2350 X=4700 X=7050 End of
Length girder girder
Elev., Z Plan, Y Z Y Z Y Z Y
1
2
3
4

Note: X, is the distance from center line of the girder in length. Y, is the
distance from the center line of the girder in the width direction and Z, is the
elevation of the point from bottom of the girder. (+) sign of coordinate means
right or left from center.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

• End Anchor blocks details showing all the reinforcement and the anchorage
assembly. The detail of reinforcement along with the anchor tube is provided by
the manufacturer of the system. This has to be replicated along with other
requirements of reinforcement as given by the designer. The end diaphragm
reinforcement also is to be tied along with the anchor block and the detailing has
to cater to both the requirements. The anchorage system of commonly used
‘Freyssinet System’ is shown below.

• Cable stressing schedule both in terms of elongations and force at the stressing
jack. The losses of elongation due to slippage of cables in the jack and at the
wedges have to be separately shown as given by the designer.

• Many times the cables are terminated short of the end anchor block and they are
to be anchored in blister blocks. The details of the blister block reinforcement are
similar to the end block, but as there is continuity of concrete behind the blister,
additional longitudinal steel reinforcement with closed stirrups are to be provided
behind the blister block. Normally, this is a matter of detailing in the drawing as
no specific calculation is done for this.

• The reinforcement detailing of any element have be calculated by the design

engineer and the detailing in drawing follows common principles described in
Chapter VI.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

2.7 Miscellaneous details: There are several items required for the bridge superstructure
where detail drawings are required to be prepared,

i. Bearings: The bearings are normally manufactured by the company’s on their

own design. The designers are required to give the various loads coming on the
bearings and the expected movements. In case of Elastomeric bearings however
the design and drawing is furnished by the owner department i.e. Railways, since
the Code adopted for Railway loading is as per UIC and many manufacturers
may not be well conversant with it. A typical drawing for Elastomeric/Neoprene
bearing is given below,

ii. Expansion joint: Due to

temperature variation the bridge
deck expands and contracts. An
expansion joint to cater to this
movement is to be provided at
the end of two girders/ decks.
This expansion joint while
providing for the relative
movement also provides
continuity on the deck surface
so that no ballast drops in to the
gap between two girders. There are several patented designs available but
Expansion joint using a MS cover plate, as shown here is most common. The
MS angles and the cover plate are normally galvanized to avoid corrosion.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

iii. WATER SPOUT (Cast Iron or HDPE)

Water Drainage Spouts: A cross slope or
camber of 1:40 should be provided on the deck/
wearing coat towards one of the kerbs in case
of double line bridge or towards both the kerbs
in case of single line bridge. This is required for
easy drainage of the deck. One water spout of
150mm φ is considered adequate per 20 Sqm of
deck area. If the camber is on both sides of
deck, the spouts should be distributed evenly
on both sides and in case of camber only on
one side all the spouts be provided on the same
side only. The Spout Should be of Cast Iron but
HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene) is also used
these days. The seating of the spout has to be proper and no leakage should
take place from the seat.

iv. Wearing Coat/Course: Normally RCC of high grade(M30 and above, with low
W/C ratio< 0.35) 75mm thick with a 6mm steel reinforcement bars at 200 mm c/
c in both directions is used as wearing course. The reinforcement is kept at the
deck slab with a clear cover of 20mm.

v. Railing: The railing should be detachable from the bridge deck for the convenience
of replacing it, during service life of bridge. Therefore, the railing should be made
with MS angle/channel posts and Heavy duty GI pipes as runners. The posts
should be fixed on the bridge deck by means of holding down bolts through a
base plate.

3.0 RCC Box Culverts: RCC box is a very popular form of bridge for small discharge and
for flood balancing requirements. Normally for span less than 2m, Hume Pipe culverts are
preferred and above 2m box culverts are adopted. RDSO has also issued standard plans
for RCC box culverts. Drawing No. M-00004 is a general drawing for spans 2m to 4.5m
with varying surcharge and height of culvert. There are 3 drawings for Box culvert to be
used for limited height sub ways. The list is given in Appendix-XIII. A type drawing of
RCC box culvert is shown in Fig at pg. 65.
However, due to increase in axle loads over Indian Railways and different site conditions,
box culverts have to be designed and drawn very frequently. The dimensions and
reinforcement are to be worked out by design engineer and the drawing should be made
on the principles given in the typical drawing given here under. The base for a box culvert
is made by a boulder soling 300-450mm thick depending on span and lean concrete(1:3:6),
150 thick below the box. The wing walls or return walls are made as explained earlier in
Para-2.5(f) above.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

The drawing for Box Culvert should have following Notes in the GAD.
Notes:
1. All dimensions are in millimeter and levels in meters unless otherwise specified.
2. Suitability of foundation pressure should be checked as per site conditions.
3. Reinforcement details and thickness details are given in separate drawing.
4. Loading: Suitable for MBG and HM loadings.
5. HYSD deformed bars of Fe-415 shall be used for reinforcement.
6. Design Criteria: i) IRS Bridge rules incorporating A.C. slip No.37. ii) IRS Concrete
Bridge Code, A&C Slip No.7. iii) IRS Bridge substructure and Foundation Code
incorporating A&C Slip No. 22.
7. Lapping of bars should be minimized and staggered. Laps have to be decided at
site, length and location to be as per IRS code.
8. Back fill material shall be as per Clause 7.5 of IRS Bridge Substructure and Foundation
Code.
9. All RCC surfaces coming in contact with soil must be painted with bitumen or coaltar
of approved quality @ 1.454 kg/sq m.
10. Clear cover for reinforcing bars should be 50mm.
11. Depth and size of foundation, length of return wall and levels of U/S and D/S shall be
decided based on the soil type and site conditions.
12. All levels and dimensions should be reconciled before starting work.
13. Barrel length of Box culvert shall be decided based on site conditions and surcharge
height of earth.
14. Gap if any between existing bridge and extended length should be connected suitably.
15. Tolerances shall be as per Concrete Bridge Code.
16. M35 grade of concrete shall be used for the span or height of box > 4 m. or for
severe conditions at bridge site. M30 should be used for lesser dimensions. For
very severe conditions M40 grade concrete should be used irrespective of height
and span.
17. Bed slope should be kept minimum 1in 100 and may be suitably adjusted at site.
18. Weep holes of 75/100 mm dia. PVC/AC pipes staggered at 1000mm C/C above
LWL in both return wall and earth retainer of box should be provided.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

4.0 Foot-Over Bridges: On the Indian Railways FOBs are to be constructed in large nos.
in a routine manner. Since the FOB is required to span over running tracks, it has been
found very expedient to use Steel structures. These are light in weight and easy to launch
in short duration traffic block. In new line projects however RCC/PSC is also being used.

4.1 General Arrangement Drawing: The GAD of FOBs has to be carefully drawn, in as
much as, not only the permanent structure should not infringe the Schedule of Dimensions
but during the construction phase also no infringement should be there to the moving
dimensions. FOBs are an amenity to the passengers their location, location of landings,
vertical and horizontal clearances etc have to be carefully planned. SOD gives minimum
distances but one should try and provide maximum possible clearances so that it does
not cause obstruction to the passenger’s movements. The location and clearances (S.O.D.)
are dealt in Appendix-II.

The span arrangement has to be worked out taking

the actual center to center distance of tracks in the
yard and with consideration to other structures and
facilities obtainable at platforms. If any column is
to be constructed in between tracks or close to
tracks, the plan dimension of footing, the excavation
required for open foundations or the dimension of
equipment required to make piles or shallow well
should be kept in view and shown on the drawing.
In open cut a self retaining side slope of 1H: 1V is
preferable which can be reduced to 1/2H: 1 V by
use of proper shoring and strutting. It should be
ensured that any part of sleeper is not unsupported.
As far as possible the FOB should be square to the track alignment. The landings on the
platform should be minimum 5330 mm from center of nearest track. Similarly vertical
clearance as per SOD should be kept. A typical elevation is shown below,

ELEVATION

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

The various clear spans normally required are,

Crossing 2-lines- 5.330+ 4.265+ 5.330= 14.925m (for existing lines)
- 5.330+ 5.300+ 5.330= 15.960m (for new lines)
Crossing 3-lines – 5.330+4.265+4.265+5.330= 19.190m (for existing lines)
- 5.330+5.300+5.300+ 5.330= 21.2660m (for new lines)

4.2 Detail drawing: The FOB is constructed mostly with Steel Truss elements. The
Truss structure is comparatively lighter and hence economical, besides requires lesser
height of approach stairs and hence preferred by passengers using it. These days the
fabrication is done mostly by welding though riveted fabrication is also done. The normal
Member size to be specified

TYPICAL DETAILS
OF A ROB TRUSS
Member size to be specified
ELEVATION Joints A.B.C.D.E and F
as seen in Elevation
Member size to be specified and Joints K.L.M.N.o
and P as seen in plan
are typical joints
required in fabrication of
Truss FOB. These are
to be detailed in the
FOB drawing

TOP PLAN

spans used in Railways are 16m -24m. A typical plan and elevation of a FOB truss is
shown here.

The junctions where different members are to be joined have to be carefully drawn giving
the various dimensions of not only members but of Gusset plates and the location of
holes in case of riveted girder and weld lines in case of welded girders. Typical details of
the joints have been shown in the sketch below. The principle of riveting is equally applicable
for welded truss also. After drawing the each joint, with members at different angles, the
size and shape of the gusset plate has to be scaled off from the drawing. The detail of

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

dimensions and the convention for showing the same is described in Para 7 & 8 below. It
should not be considered that the joint details are the job of the fabricator and need not be
shown in the drawings. The fabricator has to make templates and full scale drawings
before starting fabrication based on the drawings supplied by the department.
Dimensions like size of members, pitch and size of rivets, line of rivets, edge distance,
size of Gusset plate etc. should be shown.

Detail - ‘B Detail - ‘D’ Detail - ‘F’

Detail - ‘A’ Detail - ‘C’ Detail - ‘E’

Detail - ‘L’ Detail - ‘N’ Detail - ‘P’

Detail - ‘K’ Detail - ‘M’ Detail - ‘O’

Note - 1) All diemensions shown by arrows should be specified Dimensions like size of members, pitch and
2) Member sizes should be specified as marked by arrows size of rivets, line of rivets, edge distance,
3) Rivet sizes should be specified size of Gusset plate etc. should be shown.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

5.0 Road Over Bridge: Like FOB, ROBs are also to be constructed over the railway
tracks and site plan and GAD has to be prepared with the same care and with same
principles as for FOBs and signed by the road authorities and the Railway authorities.
The typical notes to be written in the GAD are given below.
1. All dimensions are in mm and levels are in meters unless specified otherwise.
2. Dimensions are not to be scaled. Only written dimensions are to be followed
3. Existing railway tracks and existing railway land boundary are shown in green
and proposed ROB and future tracks are shown in red.
4. Clear span, clearance above and horizontal clearances from center line of the
track, road surface width including footpaths & crash barrier are fixed. Other
dimensions shown are tentative and shall depend upon final design.
5. Drainage spout, expansion joint & wearing coat should be as per 'MOST' standard
specification. RCC crash barrier shall be provided as per figure 4(a) of clause
115.4.5-IRC: 5-1998.
6. Minimum Grades of concrete for various components of bridge shall be as
below.
PCC : M-15
RCC M-30 for wearing coat & footpath slab. Rest all RCC work in
M-35
PSC : M-40/45 as per detailed design.
7. Pre-stress steel shall be HTS standard of class - 2 conforming to IS-6006/
14628. As per detailed design. Reinforcing steel shall be of HYSD bars
conforming to IS-1786 of Fe-500..
8. Strip seal expansion joint of approved quality as per most specification to be
provided in deck over each pier. Elastomeric bearing/POT PTFE bearing shall
be provided conforming to IRC-83-part-II.
9. Temporary engineering indicators shall be provided as per G.R. 15.09(i) (d).
Temporary signaling arrangement will be done as per G.R. 15.09(i) (d) and G.R.
15.09(2) b.
10. The Railway Engineer should ensure that the necessary permission has been
obtained from road authority for diverting the traffic temporarily prior to
commencing the work.
11. Underground cable etc. if any, shall be removed & re-aligned before the
execution of work starts. S&T cables (OFC, RE-cables, signaling cable) may
be passing along the track; they shall be protected at site by executing agency
by manual digging up to 1.5m. All precautionary steps must be taken according
to JPO/1/signal 2004 (W. Railway).
12. Necessary suitable shoring & strutting shall be provided for casting of structural
members and other place where ever required and shoring to be approved by
the railways.
13. Provision of clamps in the superstructure for supporting the AC traction wire if
any shall be made in consultation with the concerned authorities.
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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

14. Representative of telecom and signaling department should be made available

before commencement of prop. Work in the vicinity of signal and telecom cable.
15. During the construction of bridge the existing track shall be protected suitably
imposing necessary speed restrictions.
16. Protective screens to be provided on both side of bridge as per RDSO drawing
No. ED/C/0068 modified by engineering department.
17. Level crossing will be closed permanently for road traffic after commissioning
of proposed Road Over Bridge. The approval of collector,…………….district is
received vide letter No. …..
18. Sanction of CRS-Mumbai shall be obtained for this work.
19. For details of sub-structure and superstructure within railway refer separate
drawing duly approved by railway.
20. The approaches are in RCC/PSC T-beam deck slab type superstructure and
RCC retaining walls at ends
21. Details of bridge shall be as per latest relevant code of IRC/IRS for the works
within railway boundary.
22. Only manual digging is allowed between and close to the running tracks.
23. For launching of PSC girder over the existing railway track refer separate drawing
submitted by tenderer/party and duly approved by railway.
24. For the safety of PSC girders over the track, till the deck slab diaphragms
cast, refer drawing no. CE (W) 9318-HQ/R.
25. For the detail drawing of erection of staging for casting PSC girder over existing
running railway tracks or launching scheme of PSC girder over existing running
railway tracks and phase work drawing refer separate drawing submitted by
tenderer/party and approved by Railway.
26. For temporary diversion of existing Road/or shifting of level crossing, refer
separate drawing duly approved by concerned officers
27. Work should be carried out by the party under the supervision of railway engineer
within the railway land limit.
28. Approach gradient shown in this drawing are tentative and will be as per site
requirement
29. OHE masts coming under the ROB shall be relocated.
30. In order to set proper OHE profile under ROB, OHE mast having distance less
than 10m from the edge of ROB shall also be relocated to maintain minimum
distance of 10.0 m from the edge of ROB.
In case of ROBs, the work is carried out in cost sharing with State Government authority
and hence additional knowledge of rules for cost sharing should be known by the draftsman
to foresee any complications in future. Provision of para E1816 of Engineering code read
along with the letters and amendments issued from time to time provide us with following
cases and the details of the cost sharing as below.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

5.1 ROB on roads other than National Highway

(a) Two Lane Road: Where TVU is more than 1.0 lakh. Bridge width for cost
sharing shall be 7.5 m for carriageway and 1.5 to 1.8 m footpath on either side
in urban areas as per the requirement of road authority and the crash barriers.
The overall width is not to exceed 12 m.

(b) Four Lane road:

i. New ROB to be sanctioned as four lane: Where TVU is more than 3.0 lakh and
road traffic comprises of not less than 6,000 road vehicle units.
ii. Existing two-lane ROB to be converted to four lane: Where TVU is more than
5.0 lakh and road traffic comprises of not less than 10,000 road vehicle units
and increase of TVU since the construction of the original two lane bridge is
more than 2.0 lakh comprising not less than 4,000 road vehicle units. In addition
four-laning of existing two lane ROB can be taken up only when concerned
road authority has committed for four-laning of the approach portion
Bridge width for the cost sharing in both the above cases shall be 7.5 m for 2 lane
carriageway for each way i.e. up and down and 1.5 to 1.8 m footpath on either side in
urban areas as per the requirement of road authority.

5.2 ROB on National Highway

No LC can be provided on National Highway for new railway line construction. Entire cost
of ROB in such cases over existing National Highway shall be borne by the Railway.
In case of cost sharing works the stipulations are as below
(a) Two Lane National Highway: Road width for the purpose of cost sharing
would be equal to the roadway width in approaches subject to limit of 10 m
for hill roads and 12 m for other locations inclusive of crash barrier and/or
footpath.
i. 9.5 m wide carriageway with two raised kerbs of 0.75 m
ii. 7.8 m wide carriageway with footpath of 1.5 m on either side
Total width in no case shall not be more than 12.0 m
(b) Four Lane National Highway: Bridge width for the cost sharing shall be 9.75
m for 2 lane carriageway for each way i.e. up and down and 1.5 to 1.8 m
footpath on either side in urban areas as per the requirement of road authority.
If median is provided on the approaches same width shall be continued.
Total width shall be limited to 24 m (9.75 + 4.5 + 9.75) between the outer
faces of the railing kerbs.

6.0 Steel Structures: The steel structures are mainly platform shelters, industrial sheds,
godowns etc. The PF shelter design is normally adopted on RDSO drawings. The standard
drawings for different width of Platform shelters have been issued by RDSO, the list is at
APPENDIX- XIV. However, several steel structures sheds for godowns, workshops etc
are to be designed and drawings prepared. The design Engineer gives the size and
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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

arrangement of members. It is the job of the draftsman to provide proper joints, gusset
plates etc. for field engineer to fabricate the job properly. Primarily, the drawings for steel
Structures involve drawings of various joints and dimensioning various members.

6.1 Steel Members: It should be understood that Equal angle have same strength on
both X and Y directions, but I-Sections and Channel sections have much less strength
about Y-axis compared to X-axis. Designer always uses a member with its direction in
higher strength. It is therefore important that members' especially Unequal angles, I-
beams (Joists) and channels are used in a direction to use maximum strength.

6.2 Joints: A no of members when meet at a joint, they should be so placed that their
axis passes almost through the point of application of stress in the member i.e. should
have least eccentricity. For this purpose gusset X plates have to be used for
X joints in
preference to directly fixing the members in lap joint.

Y Y
CG
Equal Angle Channel
Ixx =Iyy Ixx>Iyy

Correct Incorrect
(Due to overlap
CG of Top angle
away from Channel)

Gusset
Plate
Correct

CG lines of 3-Angles meeting the

CG line of Channel at a point

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

6.3 The steel fabrication can be either in "Rivets" or in welding. It is important that proper
representation of the joints of either type is shown on the drawings. Certain standard
conventions have been formulated accepted all over the world to represent the details.
The design engineers normally work out the requirement of rivets and welds, however
their proper placement and drawing is to be done by the draftsman for which minimum
knowledge of various conventions and even some of the design aspects should be known
to them. Brief description is given in following paras.

7.0 Welding: The structural details of welded joints are mainly three types,
i) Type of weld (Denoted by symbols)
ii) Type of finish of weld (denoted by supplementary symbols)
iii) Dimensioning of weld
iv) Location of weld (denoted by arrows and reference line)

7.1 Symbols: Various types of welds are denoted by symbols as under,

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

7.2 Supplementary Symbols: These symbols are used with main symbols of welding.
These symbols indicate the top finishing of the welding like concave, convex, flat etc.

Sr.No. Description Symbol

1 Flat ( finished flush) __________

2 Convex

3 Concave

4 Grinding finish G (is added to the 1,2,or 3 above)

5 Machine finish M (is added to the 1,2,or 3 above)

6 Chipping finish C (is added to the 1,2,or 3 above)

7 Weld all-around

8 Field or site weld

9 Weld all-around at site

Some examples of application of supplementary symbols :

7.3 Dimensioning of welds: The important dimension of the weld are the height and
side of the weld, the angle of the groove and the length and pitch of the weld.
Some examples of dimensioning of welding in the drawing:

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

In the first case ‘z’ is the fillet’s side of triangle

and the ‘a’ is height of the triangle. In the
second case ‘l’ is the length of continuous
weld; ‘e’ is the gap between two weld and ‘n’
is the number of welds.

7.4 Location of the weld: The complete

description of the weld is given by means of
an arrow and a reference line. The horizontal
line—called the reference line—is the anchor
to which all the other welding symbols are
tied. The instructions for making the weld are attached along
the reference line. An arrow connects the reference line to
the joint that is to be welded.
Quite often, there are two sides to the joint to which the
arrow points, and therefore two potential places for a weld.
For example, when two steel plates are joined together into
a T shape, welding may be done on either side of the stem
of the T.
Arrow side is the one which is visible to the welder and non-visible side is the other side.
Arrow is basic portion of symbol and it must point towards the point which requires welding.
Following is used to represent a weld as
1. A arrow and a reference line to indicate the location of a weld in a joint
2. A basic symbol to specify the type of weld ( Table on pre-page)
3. Cross sectional dimensions and length of weld if required.
4. Supplementary symbols to indicate special instructions, such as finish, weld around,
weld on site etc.
The following figure gives the normal representation of a weld and the different details to
be drawn to represent the weld.
weld on other side of
Symbol above line

Field or site weld

Symbol
Finish Symbol
arrow

weld all around length of weld

Symbol
weld on the side of
Symbol below line

arrow

Arrow connecting reference line

to correct side of joint

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

An example of a fillet weld on both sides of the plate having a size of weld height as 6mm
and 5 Nos. of length 25mm placed at a gap of 10 mm after each weld is represented
below. The details in words as shown in the example are not to be written but only the
reference line, the arrow, the symbol, the supplementary symbol and dimension only is to
be marked.

Fillet weld,
weld on both side of
arrow
Size of weld 6mm
Finish Symbol top is concave

Welding at site 5 Nos. of welds with

25mm weld then 10mm gap

6 5 x 25 (10)

7.5 Rules / Conventions:

i) Symbols for fillet and similar welds should be shown such that vertical portions of
the symbol are indicated on the left hand side of symbol, irrespective of orientation
of the weld metal.
ii) If the welds are to be made on the arrow side of joint, the corresponding symbol
should be inverted and placed below the reference line.
iii) If the welds are to be made on the other side of a joint, the corresponding symbol
should be placed above the reference line.
iv) If welds are to be made on both sides of a joint, the corresponding symbol should
be placed on both sides of the reference line.
v) Dimension of the weld is indicated without inserting unit ‘mm’.
vi) For fillet welds of unequal legs, the sizes should be indicated on L.H.S. of the
symbol.
vii) If a weld is required to be made all all-around a joint, a circle should be placed at
the ‘elbow’ connecting the arrow leader and reference line. If the weld is to be
made at site the circle is filled with pencil/ink.

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

Following Examples illustrate the above:

Triangle shows it is fillet weld. 6 shows size of weld is

6mm. The symbol is above the reference line means
weld on other side of the arrow.

Triangle shows it is fillet weld. 6 shows size of weld is

6mm. The symbol is below the reference line means
weld on the same side of the arrow. Filled circle on the
corner shows the welding is to be done at site.

The ‘V’ shows it is single V butt weld. The horizontal

line on the symbol shows that the top surface is to be
finished flush. 8 shows size of weld is 8mm. The symbol
is above the reference line means weld on other side
of the arrow.

8.0 Rivets and Riveted joints:

Rivet is a mechanical part made of steel. It is used
for fastening two or more plates / parts permanently.
It has a head and a cylindrical shank. This head is
called factory head which is originally available. The
shank is slightly tapered at the end. The other end
made at site is called buckled head. The joint made
with the rivet is called riveted joint. This is
permanent joint and cannot be disconnected without
cutting off rivet heads from one side of joint. The
rivet supports tension loads i.e. loads parallel to
the axis of shaft however it is more capable of supporting shear loads i.e. loads perpendicular
to the axis of the shaft. Bolt and nut joint is better suitable for tension applications.

8.1 Rivet heads: Different rivet heads are used for different purpose. The snap or cup
head is commonly used. The countersunk head is used when surface of plate is required
flushed after riveting. The conical and ellipsoid heads are generally used for boilers.

RIVET HEADS
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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

8.2 Symbols:

S. No. Description Symbol

1 Shop Snap Rivet

2 Shop CSK ( near side) rivet
3 Shop CSK ( For side) rivet
4 Shop CSK ( both side ) rivet
5 Site snap headed rivet
6 Site CSK ( near side ) rivet
7 Site CSK ( for side ) rivet
8 Site CSK ( both side ) rivet
9 Open hole
(CSK – Counter Sunk Rivet)

Parameters of rivet joints: The main parameters of the rivet joints are diameter of
rivet, position of holes from the edge of plate, distance between the two rivets with
reference to the thickness of plates.
Terminology:
Gauge line – A line through the centre of a row of rivet parallel to the edge of plate
Pitch (p) - distance between the centre of adjoining rivets parallel to the line of seam.
Diagonal pitch (Pd) - It is the centre to centre distance of the rivet to the
centre of another rivet in joining row.
Overlap- The amount by which one plate covers the other plate (minimum =3 d)

8.3 Types of riveting:

(a) Zigzag Riveting: Rivets in one row are placed midway between two rivets of the other
row.
i) d=6 t diameter of the rivet should not be less than 6 times of
square root of plate thickness.
ii) p = 3 d the distance between the adjoining rivet should not be less
than three times of diameter of the rivet.
iii) m = d the distance between the edge of rivet hole and the edge
Thickness of the plate should not be less than the diameter of the rivet.

(b) Chain Riveting: In this method rivets are placed in rows directly opposite to each
other:
Back or transverse pitch (Pt)- Distance between two adjacent gauge lines in the
same plate.
d - Diameter of the rivet
t - Thickness of plate
m- Margin (distance between the nearest edge of plate and the rivet)

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8.4 Types of Joints: There are different rivet joints classified on the basis of position of the
plates put together for joint. Two different types are a) Lap joint b) Butt joint

a) Lap joint: In this joint the plates to be joined are put overlapping each other. The
surfaces of the plates are in contact with each other. The rivets are directly put
on the plate and no other joining plate is used in this type of joint. When joint is
made with only one row of rivet it is called as single rivet lap joint. The minimum
overlap of plate should be 3 times of diameter of rivet. The centre of rivet should
be at distance of minimum 1.5 times of diameter from the edge of the plate.

Double riveted Chain lap joint Double riveted Zigzag lap joint

When the joint is made with two rows of rivets the joint is called as double overlap joint.
The rivets are placed in the parallel row i.e. in chain or in the zigzag manner.
P – Distance between the rivets
Pr - distance between the rows

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In chain riveting Pr should not be less than 0.8P, where as in zigzag riveting Pr, should not
be less than 0.6P.

b) Butt joint: The plates are butting together it means they are joined at the edge on
same level and joint is covered by separate plate on one side or on both the side of joint.
Then the plates and cover plates are riveted. The covered some times called as butt-
plate or butt straps.

Thickness of the butt-plates: For one strap thickness of butt-plate should be minimum
equal to the thickness of plates to be connected i.e. t1 = t minimum
For two straps thickness of butt-plate should be 0.7 times of thickness of plates to be
connected. The width of the butt-plate should be a minimum 6 times of diameter of rivet.

Butt joint

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

ANNEXURE - A

FLOOR PLAN

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

ANNEXURE - B (Sheet 1)

Elevation

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

ANNEXURE - B -(Sheet 2)

Sectional Elevation

84
85
ANNEXURE - C
DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

BEAM PLAN AND RCC DETAILS OF FOOTING, COLUMN, BEAM & SLAB
 ANNEXURE - D (Sheet -1)

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING OF BRIDGE

 ANNEXURE - D (Sheet -2)

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING OF BRIDGE