Answer to PTP_Intermediate_Syllabus 2008_Jun 2014_Set 3

Paper 9 - Operations Management & Information Systems

Time allowed-3hrs Full Marks: 100

Section I: Operation Management

Answer Question No. 1 which is compulsory and any

Two questions from the rest, under Section I.

Working Notes should form part of the answer.

1. (a) Choose the most appropriate alternative: [8]

(i) Deming Prize is one of the highest awards in the world associated with
(A) TQM
(B) TPM
(C) Quality Circle
(D) Workplace improvement.
(ii) Industrial Engineering is a
(A) Line Function
(B) Staff Function
(C) Both line and staff function
(D) Co-ordination function
(iii) PERT is:
(A) Activity oriented technique
(B) Event oriented technique
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of these
(iv) Most suitable layout for job production is:
(A) Line layout
(B) Matrix layout
(C) Process layout
(D) Product layout
(v) The card which shows the number of rejected products from total quantity
produced is:
(A) Quality Control Card
(B) Inspection Card
(C) Rejection Card
(D) Job Card
(vi) In Job production system, we need:
(A) Unskilled labours
(B) Semi-skilled labours
(C) Skilled labours
(D) Both (B) and (C)
(vii) The starting point of production cycle is:
(A) Production Planning
(B) Product design
(C) Routing
(D) Market research
(viii) ‘Z’ chart is a chart used in:
(A) Programme Control
(B) Job Control
(C) Cost Control
(D) Quality Control

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(b) Fill in the blanks given below : [6]

(i) Manpower efficiency of an unit is measured by ---------------.
(ii) In formulating the linear programming problem, the basic step is to set up some ------
-------------- model.
(iii) Zero Date of a project means the effective -------- date of the project.
(iv) Detailed project report is prepared after the ------------------.
(v) Risk prone is the opposite of -------------------.
(vi) -------------- layout is used for mass production.

Answer:

1. (a) (i) (A) TQM

(ii) (B) Staff Function
(iii) (B) Event oriented technique
(iv) (C) Process layout
(v) (B) Inspection Card
(vi) (C) Skilled labours
(vii) (D) Market research
(viii) (A) Programme Control

(b) (i) labour productivity index

(ii) Mathematical
(iii) starting
(iv) Feasibility Report
(v) risk averse
(vi) product

2. (a) The Secretary of a school is taking bids on city’s four school bus routes. Four companies
have made the bids as detailed in the following table:
Bids
Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 Route 4
Company 1 `4000 `5000
Company 2 `4000 `4000
Company 3 `3000 `2000
Company 4 `4000 `5000
Suppose each bidder can be assigned only one route. Use the assignment model to
minimize the school’s cost of running the four bus routes. [10]

(b) The data on the operating costs per year and resale prices of equipment A whose
purchase price is `10,000 are given below:
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Operating Cost (`) 1500 1900 2300 2900 3600 4500 5500
Resale Value (`) 5000 2500 1250 600 400 400 400
(i) What is the optimum period for replacement?
(ii) When equipment A is 2 years old, equipment B, which is a new model for the same
usage, is available. The optimum period for replacement is 4 years with an average
cost of `3600. Should you change equipment A with that of B? If so, when? [5+3]

Answer:

2. (a)

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Bids
Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 Route 4
Company 1 `4000 `5000 M M
Company 2 M `4000 M `4000
Company 3 `3000 M `2000 M
Company 4 M M `4000 `5000

Row reduction
Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 Route 4
Company 1 0 1000 M - 4000 M - 4000
Company 2 M - 4000 0 M - 4000 0
Company 3 1000 M - 2000 0 M - 2000
Company 4 M - 4000 M - 4000 0 1000

Column reduction is not required as there is zero in each column.

Minimum lines to cut zeros
Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 Route 4
Company 1 0 1000 M - 4000 M - 4000
Company 2 M - 4000 0 M - 4000 0
Company 3 1000 M - 2000 0 M - 2000
Company 4 M - 4000 M - 4000 0 1000

As the minimum number of lines are not equal to order of matrix, let’s take step to
increase the number of zeros.
Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 Route 4
Company 1 0 1000 M - 3000 M - 4000
Company 2 M - 4000 0 M - 3000 0
Company 3 0 M - 3000 0 M - 3000
Company 4 M - 5000 M - 5000 0 0

Minimum lines to cut zeros

Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 Route 4
Company 1 0 1000 M - 3000 M - 4000
Company 2 M - 4000 0 M - 3000 0
Company 3 0 M - 3000 0 M - 3000
Company 4 M - 5000 M - 5000 0 0

As the minimum number of lines are equal to order of matrix, optimal assignment should
be made
Optimal Assignment
Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 Route 4
Company 1 0 1000 M - 3000 M - 4000
Company 2 M - 4000 0 M - 3000 0
Company 3 0 M - 3000 0 M - 3000
Company 4 M - 5000 M - 5000 0 0

Company 1 2 3 4
Route 1 2 3 4
Cost 4000 4000 2000 5000 Total cost `15,000

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(b) (i) The determination of the optimal period of replacement of equipment A is given in
Table below:
Table: Determination of Optimal Replacement Period
Year Operating Cost Cum. Operating Purchase Price – T(n) A(n)
(A) Cost (B) Resale Value (C) (B+C)=D (D / Years)
1 1500 1500 5000 6500 6500.0
2 1900 3400 7500 10900 5450.0
3 2300 5700 8750 14450 4816.7
4 2900 8600 9400 18000 4500.0
5 3600 12200 9600 21800 4360.0*
6 4500 16700 9600 26300 4383.3
7 5500 22200 9600 31800 4542.9
Since the average cost corresponding to the 5-yearly period is the least, the optimal
period for replacement = 5 years.

(ii) As the minimum average cost for equipment B is smaller than that for equipment A, it
is prudent to change the equipment. To decide the time of change, we would
determine the cost of keeping the equipment in its 3rd, 4th and 5th year of life and
compare each of these values with `3,600 (the average cost for equipment B). The
equipment A shall be held as long as the marginal cost of holding it would be smaller
than the minimum average cost for equipment B. The calculations are given here:
Year Operating Cost Depreciation Total Cost
3 2300 1250(=2500-1250) 3550
4 2900 650 (=1250-600) 3550
5 3600 200(=600-400) 3800
Since the cost incurred in keeping the equipment A in the third and the fourth years is
less than the average cost for equipment B, the replacement should be done after 2
years.

3. (a) A shaft 2400 mm in length is being machined on a lathe. If the spindle rotates 1200 r.p.m.
and the feed is 0.50 mm per revolution, how long will it take the cutter to pass down the
entire length of the shaft? [3]

(b) DTM Bearings Ltd. is committed to supply 48,000 bearings per annum to AD Machines on
a steady daily basis. It is estimated that it costs `1.00 as inventory holding cost per
bearing per month and that the setup cost per run of bearing manufacture is `6,480.
(i) What is the optimum run size for bearing manufacture?
(ii) What should be the interval between the consecutive optimum runs?
(iii) What is the minimum inventory holding cost? [2+1+2]

(c) Write a short note on Value Engineering. [4]

(d) A new project has been set up by A Ltd. The company plans to achieve 80% capacity in
the third year of operation, when the expected sales will be 32,000 units and the selling
price `30.00 per unit. The corresponding variable costs and fixed costs are estimated at
`5,76,000 and `3,00,000 respectively.
Calculate the following from the data given:
(i) P/V Ratio
(ii) Break-Even Point in terms of % Capacity
(iii) Margin of Safety. [2+2+2]

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Answer:

3. (a) Since the feed is 0.50 mm per revolution.

The number of revolutions in passing 2400 mm = 2400/0.50 revolutions
= 4800 revolutions.
Since the spindle executes 1200 rpm, the time required = 4800/1200 = 4 minutes.

(b) (i) Optimum run-size or Economic Bath Quantity (EBQ)

2 x Annual Output x Setup cost
=
Annual cost of carrying one unit
2 x 48000 x 6480
= = 7200 units
1 x 12

(ii) Interval between two consecutive optimum runs

EBQ
= x 30
Monthly output
7200
= x 30 = 54 calendar days
48000 ÷ 12
(iii) Minimum Inventory holding cost
= Average inventory x Annual carrying cost of one unit of inventory
7200
= x 1 x 12
2
= `43,200

(c) Value engineering or value analysis is concerned with the improvement of design and
specifications at various stages such as research, development, design and product
development. Benefits of value engineering are:
(i) Cost reduction.
(ii) Less complex products.
(iii) Use of standard parts / components.
(iv) Improvement in functions of the product.
(v) Better job design and job safety.
(vi) Better maintainability and serviceability.
(vii) Robust design.
Value engineering aims at cost reduction at equivalent performance. It can reduce
costs to the extent of 15% to 70% without reducing quality. While value engineering
focuses on preproduction design improvement, value analysis, a related technique seeks
improvements during the production process.

(d)
Particulars `
Sales realization (32000 units @ ` 30/-) 9,60,000
Less: Variable Costs 5,76,000
Contribution 3,84,000
Less: Fixed Costs 3,00,000
Net Profit 84,000
Ratio of Fixed Costs to Contribution = 3,00,000 / 3,84,000
= 0.78125
(i) P/V Ratio = (Contribution / Sales) x 100%

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= (384,000 / 9,60,000) x 100% = 40%

(ii) Break-Even Point in terms of % Capacity
= (Fixed Costs / contribution) x (Capacity Achieved)
= 0.78125 x 80% = 62.5%
(iii) Margin of Safety = (Net Profit) / (P/V Ratio)
= 84,000 / (0.4) = `2,10,000

4. (a) An industrial engineer deputed to conduct a time study for job, has after observation,
divided the job into 5 elements. He had noted the timings for four cycles of the job as
below:
Time in minutes
Element Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Performance rating (%)
1 1.246 1.328 1.298 1.306 90%
2 0.972 0.895 0.798 0.919 100%
3 0.914 1.875 1.964 1.972 100%
4 2.121 2.198 2.146 2.421 110%
5 1.253 1.175 1.413 2.218 100%
(i) Are there any outliers in the data i.e. probable errors in reading or recording data
which should not be included in the analysis?
(ii) Compute the basic time for the job and the standard time if a relaxation allowance
of 12%, a contingency allowance of 3% and an incentive of 20% are applicable for
the job. [1+5]
(b) The output of production line is checked by an inspector for one or more of three
different types of defects A, B, and C. If defect A occurs, the item is scrapped. If defect B
or C occurs, the item must be reworked. The time required to rework a B defect is 15
minutes and the time required to rework a C defect is 30 minutes. The probabilities of an
A, B and C defects are 0.15, 0.20 and 0.10 respectively. For ten items coming off the
assembly line, determine the number of items without any defects, the number scrapped
and total minutes of rework time. Use the following random numbers:

RN for defects A:
48 55 91 40 93 01 83 63 47 52

RN for defects B:
47 36 57 04 79 55 10 13 57 09

RN for defects C:
82 95 18 96 20 84 56 11 52 03
[3+3+3]
(c) What are the advantages of preventive maintenance? [3]

Answer:

4. (a) (i) The times for element No. 3 in cycle 1 and for element No. 5 in cycle 4 are suspected
and should be disregarded as they vary very much as compared with time values for
these elements in other cycles.

(iii) The basic time or normal time is calculated on the basis of data excluding the outliers
as below:
Element Mean actual time Performance rating Normal or basic time
(Minutes) (%) (minutes)

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1 1.295 90 1.295 x 90
=1.166
1.246 + 1.328 + 1.298 + 1.306 100
=
4
2 0.896 100 0.896 x 100
= 0.896
0.972 + 0.895 + 0.798 + 0.919 100
=
4
3 1.937 100 1.937 x 100
= 1.937
1.875 + 1.964 + 1.972 100
=
3
4 2.222 110 2.222 x 110
= 2.444
2.121+ 2.198 + 2.146 + 2.421 100
=
4
5 1.280 100 1.280 x 100
= 1.280
1.253 + 1.175 + 1.413 100
=
3
Normal time for the total job which include all five elements = 7.723 minutes
Calculation of standard time
Standard time for the job = Normal time + Allowances
12 3
= 7.723 + x 7.723 + x 7.723
100 100
= 7.723 + 0.927 + 0.231 = 8.881 minutes
If 20% incentive allowance is given, total time allowed under incentive scheme
20
= 8.881 + x 8.881
100
= 8.881 + 1.776 = 10.657 minutes

(b) Probability distribution (Defect A)

Event Prob. Cum. Prob. Probability range Probability range for simulation
Defect 0.15 0.15 0-0.15 0-0.14
No defect 0.85 1.00 0.15-1.00 0.15-0.99

Probability distribution (Defect B)

Event Prob. Cum. Prob. Probability range Probability range for simulation
Defect 0.20 0.20 0-0.20 0-0.19
No defect 0.80 1.00 0.20-1.00 0.20-0.99

Probability distribution (Defect C)

Event Prob. Cum. Prob. Probability range Probability range for simulation
Defect 0.10 0.10 0-0.10 0-0.09
No defect 0.90 1.00 0.10-1.00 0.10-0.99

Item Defect A Defect B Defect C Rework time

1 No No No
2 No No No
3 No No No
4 No Yes No 15m
5 No No No

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6 Yes No No
7 No Yes No 15m
8 No Yes No 15m
9 No No No
10 No Yes Yes 15m + 30m
90m

No. of defect items : 5 Scrap : 1 (Item No. 6) Rework : 4

(c) Advantages of preventive maintenance are:

(i) Reduced breakdowns and downtime.
(ii) Greater safety to workers.
(iii) Fewer large scale repairs.
(iv) Less standby or reserve equipment or spares.
(v) Lower unit cost of the product manufactured.
(vi) Better product quality.
(vii) Increased equipments life, and
(viii) Better industrial relations.

Section II: Information Systems

Answer Question No. 5 which is compulsory and

Any two questions from the rest.

5. (a) Fill in the blanks given below : [5]

(i) -------------- is a provision of secondary storage which acts as primary memory.
(ii) A newer version of ASCII is the --------------.
(iii) -------------- generally refers to an intelligent terminal in a networking environment.
(iv) -------------- is an object relational database management system.
(v) -------------- contains the information which are of permanent in nature.

(b) Discuss briefly the following term with reference to Information Technology: [5]
(i) DDL Compiler
(ii) Buffering
(iii) Index Field
(iv) Meta Data
(v) Transaction Log

(c) State whether following statements are True or False: [4]

(i) In LAN each computer can fulfill a function.
(ii) CD-ROMs are produced on a mass scale.
(iii) Only executable files can be infected by virus
(iv) Processing is done in the primary storage unit.

Answer:

5. (a) (i) Virtual Memory

(ii) ASCII – 8
(iii) Workstation
(iv) Oracle
(v) Master File
(b) (i) DDL Complier converts data definition statements into a set of tables.

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(ii) Buffering enables the processor to execute another instruction while input or output is
taking place rather than being idle while transfer was completed.
(iii) Index fields are used to store relevant information along with documents. The data
input to an index field is used to find those documents when needed.
(iv) Meta data or “data about data” is used to inform operators and users of the data
warehouse about its status and the information held within the data warehouse.
(v) A transaction log is a file that records database modifications such as insert, update,
delete, commit, rollback and database schema changes.

(c) (i) True

(ii) True
(iii) False
(iv) False

6. (a) What are the advantages of CBIS? [6]

(b) Define closed system. [4]
(c) Discuss the various reporting tools available in Data Warehouse. [4]
(d) Explain the different types of Database backups. [4]

Answer:

6. (a) The advantages of CBIS are:

Reduction in cost of record maintenance
Improvement in the efficiency of human resources
Regular flow of information at different levels of management
Easy use of scientific tools and models for quality decision making
Faster response to customers
Better control over resources
Faster access to records in case of dispute
Effective use of manpower etc.

(b) A closed system which does not have any interaction with outside environment. In other
words, it functions in the closed environment set and is insular with the change in the
environment. A closed system is a self contained one and normally a rigid one. As
business environment is subject to change and a business system is expected to adjust
itself with the change in the environmental factors. In other words, a business system
cannot be closed system. In fact, close systems are very limited. Some systems in Military
or Defense Service may be closed system because their rules, procedure and factors are
set to be rigid for the sake of strict code of discipline.

(c) Various reporting tools available in Data Warehouse are discussed below.
(i) Business Intelligence tools: These are software applications that simplify the process
of development and production of business reports based on warehousing data.
(ii) Executive Information System tools: These are software applications that are used to
display complex business metrics and information in a graphical way to allow rapid
understanding of the overall process.
(iii) Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) tools: They form data into logical multi-
dimensional structures and allow users to select dimensions to view data.
(iv) Data Mining tools: They are software that allows users to perform detailed
mathematical and statistical calculations on detailed warehousing data to detect
trends, identify patterns and analyze data.

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(d) Different types of database backups are given as follows:

On-line backup: It is performed by executing the command-line or from the "Backup
database" utility. When an on-line backup process begins, the database engine
externalizes all cached data pages kept in memory to the database file on disk. This
process is called a check point. The database engine continues recording activity in
the transaction log file while the database is being backed up. The log file is backed
up after the backup utility finishes backing up the database. The log file contains all
of the transactions recorded since the last database backup. For this reason the log
file from an on-line full backup must be applied to the database during recovery.
Live backup: A live backup is carried out by using the BACKUP utility with the
command-line option. A live backup provides a redundant copy of the transaction
log for restart of the system on a secondary machine in the event the primary
database server machine becomes unusable.
Full database backup: For a full backup, the database backup utility copies the
database and log. A full backup capture all files on the disk or within the folder
selected for backup. With a full backup system, every backup generation contains
every file in the backup set.
Incremental Backup: An incremental backup uses the DBBACKUP utility to copy the
transaction log file since the most recent full backup. When we perform an
incremental backup, the mirror log is not backed up. When we backup and
renamed the log files, the transaction and mirror logs file are renamed and a new log
files are created. One must plan to manually backup the mirror log.

7. (a) What is Integration testing? How is it carried out? [3]

(b) Define the Master Data Management of an ERP System. [3]
(c) Write a short note on tailor made software. [3]
(d) What is non-programmed decision making? [4]
(e) What is Virus Scanning? What are its negative effects? [5]

Answer:

7. (a) Integration Testing

I ntegration testing is an activity of software testing in which individual software modules
are combined and tested as a group. This is carried out in the following manner:
Bottom-up Integration: It consists of unit testing, followed by sub-system testing, and
then testing of the entire system. The disadvantage is that testing of major
decision/control points is deferred to a later period. In this testing it starts from the
bottom-up and then it tests the entire system.
Top-down Integration: Once the main module testing is complete, stubs are
substituted with real modules one by one, and these modules are tested. Stubs are
the incomplete portion of a program code that is put under a function in order to
push the function.
Regression Testing: As the software change, each time a new module is added as
part of integration testing, the software changes. In the context of the integration
testing, the regression tests ensure that changes or corrections have not introduced
new errors.

(b) Master Data Management of an ERP System:

ERP packages contain several modules, such as finance, sales and distribution, materials
management, manufacturing and production control, human resources, plant
maintenance and quality management. Main characteristics of ERP system is that all its
modules function in an integrated manner. Due to integrated nature of functioning, a

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few master tables are referenced frequently all across the system and databases, and
shared by different applications, functional areas and sites. Data incorporated thereon
need to be accurate, complete, timely and consistent. The quality of data as inputted in
master tables, is a major reason for success or otherwise of an ERP system.

(c) Tailor made software means software developed according to the need of a particular
organization. This can be done after following the total system development cycle for a
system. The advantages are taking care of full requirement of the system with provision of
change in future to accommodate new developments. The disadvantages are the long
implementation time due to full software development cycle followed and the higher
cost involvement.

(d) Non-programmed decision making refers to those decision making process which does
not go by any pre-determined set of guidelines. Normally this type of decision making
takes place to handle special business situations with the help of experience, judgment
and vision of the decision maker. In case of non-programmed decision making,
informations are unstructured and external environmental information is a must along
with internal information sets. For example, for decision on business policy many non-
standard information like technology change, competitors market share etc. is required
apart from internal information of sales of different products.

(e) Virus Scanning is a process of continuous checking of possible encroachment of virus in a

machine with the help of a set of anti-virus software called anti-virus tool-kit. Scanning
provides safety to the software and data files but its negative effects are:
It slows down the processing
Requires continuous up-gradation of anti-virus software
It involves cost
It does not guarantee against the damage by new virus.

8. (a) Write a short note on PKI. [4]

(b) Explain different dimensions of E-commerce security. [5]
(c) What is Bootstrapping? [2]
(d) Write the advantages of Data Mining. [4]
(e) Write a short note on Business Engineering. [3]

Answer:

8. (a) Public Key Infrastructure, if properly implemented and maintained, can provide a strong
means of authentication. By combining a variety of hardware components, system
software, policies, practices and standards, PKI can provide for authentication, data
integrity, defenses against customer repudiation, and confidentiality. The system is based
on public key cryptography in which each user has a key pair- a unique electronic value
called a public key and a mathematically related private key. The public key is made
available to those who need to verify the user’s identity.

(b) The different dimensions of E-commerce security are as follows:

Integrity – The ability to ensure that information being displayed on a web site or
transmitted or received over the internet has not been altered in any way by an
unauthorized party.
Non-repudiation – The ability to ensure that e-commerce participants do not deny
(i.e., repudiate) their online actions.
Authenticity – The ability to identify the identity of a person or entity with whom we

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are dealing in the internet.

Confidentiality – The ability to ensure that messages and data are available only to
those who are authorized to view them.
Privacy – The ability to control the use of information about oneself.
Availability - The ability to ensure that an e-commerce site continues to function as
intended.

(c) Bootstrapping means loading Operating System in Computer after the power is switched
on. Bootstrapping instructions are stored in RAM. Once the power is on, the computer
takes the instruction of bootstrapping from ROM and loads the Operating System from
hard disk into RAM and put the computer in operation.

(d) Advantages of Data Mining:

It provides finite set of values of variables with other relevant information to
understand their trend and behavior.
It determines the significant and possible variations in the variables
It helps in building predictive model for future values of target variables
It is a guiding force for proper decision making

(e) Business Engineering has come out of merging of two concepts namely Information
Technology and Business Process Reengineering. Business Engineering is the rethinking of
business processes to improve speed, quality and output of materials or services. The
emphasis of business engineering is the concept of Process Oriented Business Solutions
enhanced by the client-server computing in information technology. The main point in
business engineering is the efficient redesigning of company’s value added chains.
Value added chains are a series of connected steps running through a business which
when efficiently completed add value to enterprise and customers. Information
technology helps to develop business models, which assist in redesigning of business
processes.

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