Unit III

4rth Semester BCA

TVCC, Katpady
 GU Interface:
 The tkinter Module:
 Window and Widgets:
 Text, label,
 Button, Entry,
 List box, Check button,
 Radio button,
 Scrollbar, Spin box.
 Layout Management
 Pack, Grid and Place
 Python provides various options for developing
graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Most important are
listed below.
 Tkinter: Tkinter is the Python interface to the Tk GUI
toolkit shipped with Python.
Tkinter Programming
 Tkinter is the standard GUI library for Python.
 Tkinter provides a fast and easy way to create GUI
applications.
 Tkinter provides a powerful object-oriented interface
to the Tk GUI toolkit.
Creating a GUI application
 Using Tkinter is an easy task.
 All you need to do is perform the following steps −
 Import the Tkinter module.
 Create the GUI application main window.
 Add one or more of the below-mentioned widgets to
the GUI application.
 Enter the main event loop to take action against each
event triggered by the user.
Example:

import tkinter
top = tkinter.Tk()
top.mainloop()
Tkinter Widgets
 Button : The Button widget is used to display buttons in your application.
 Canvas : The Canvas widget is used to draw shapes, such as lines, ovals,
polygons and rectangles, in your application.
 Checkbutton : The Check button widget is used to display a number of
options as checkboxes. The user can select multiple options at a time.
 Entry: The Entry widget is used to display a single-line text field for accepting
values from a user.
 Frame: The Frame widget is used as a container widget to organize other
widgets.
 Label: The Label widget is used to provide a single-line caption for other
widgets. It can also contain images.
 Listbox: The List box widget is used to provide a list of options to a user.
 Menubutton : The Menu button widget is used to display menus in your
application.
 Menu: The Menu widget is used to provide various commands to a user. These
 commands are contained inside Menu button.
 Message : The Message widget is used to display multiline text fields for
accepting values from a user.
 Radiobutton: The Radio button widget is used to display a number of options
as radio buttons. The user can select only one option at a time.
 Scale: The Scale widget is used to provide a slider widget.
 Scrollbar: The Scrollbar widget is used to add scrolling capability to various
widgets, such as list boxes.
 Text: The Text widget is used to display text in multiple lines.
 Toplevel: The Toplevel widget is used to provide a separate window container.
 Spinbox: The Spinbox widget is a variant of the standard Tkinter Entry widget,
which
 can be used to select from a fixed number of values.
 PanedWindow: A Paned Window is a container widget that may contain any
number of panes,
 arranged horizontally or vertically.
 LabelFrame: A label frame is a simple container widget. Its primary purpose is
to act as a
 spacer or container for complex window layouts.
 tkMessageBox: This module is used to display message boxes in your
applications.
Frame:
 The Frame widget is very important for the
process of
 grouping and
 organizing other widgets.
 It works like a container, for arranging the position of
other widgets.
 It uses rectangular areas in the screen
 To organize the layout and to provide padding of these
widgets.
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
frame =
Frame(root,cursor="dot",height=20,highlightthickness=10,highlightbackground="red")
frame.pack()

bottomframe = Frame(root,cursor="star")
bottomframe.pack( side = BOTTOM )

redbutton = Button(frame, text="Red", fg="red")

redbutton.pack( side = LEFT)

greenbutton = Button(frame, text="Brown", fg="brown")

greenbutton.pack( side = TOP)

bluebutton = Button(frame, text="Blue", fg="blue")

bluebutton.pack( side = BOTTOM )

blackbutton = Button(bottomframe,text="Black", fg="black")

blackbutton.pack( side = BOTTOM)

root.mainloop()
import tkinter as tk

def change_color():
colors = ["red", "green", "blue", "yellow", "purple"]
new_color = random.choice(colors)
frame.config(bg=new_color)

# Create the main window

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Change Frame Color Example")

# Create a frame
frame = tk.Frame(root, width=200, height=150, bg="lightgray")
frame.pack(pady=20)

# Create a button to change the color

import random
change_button = tk.Button(root, text="Change Color", command=change_color)
change_button.pack()

# Run the main loop

root.mainloop()
Button:
 The Button widget is used to add buttons in a Python
application.
 These buttons can display text or images that convey
the purpose of the buttons
 Syntax:
w = Button ( master, option=value, ... )

 master: This represents the parent window.

 options: Here is the list of most commonly used
options for this widget
import tkinter
top = tkinter.Tk()

def save():
print( "data saved")

def donothing():
print("do nothing")

B1=tkinter.Button(top,text="save",command=save,bd=50,bg="blue",
fg="white",padx=5,pady=5,height=10)
B1.pack(side="left")

B2 = tkinter.Button(top,text="Cancle",command=donothing,bd=12,
bg="red",fg="white",padx=10,height=5)
B2.flash()
B2.pack(side="bottom")
Textbox:
 To edit a multiline text
 Format the way it has to be displayed
 Syntax:
w = Button ( master, option=value, ... )

 master: This represents the parent window.

 options: Here is the list of most commonly used
options for this widget
Methods:
 delete(startindex [,endindex]): This method deletes a
specific character or a range of text.
 get(startindex [,endindex]): This method returns a
specific character or a range of text.
 index(index): Returns the absolute value of an index
based on the given index.
 insert(index [,string]...): This method inserts strings
at the specified index location
 see(index): This method returns true if the text
located at the index position is visible.
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
text = Text(root)
text.insert(INSERT, "Hello.....")
text.insert(END, "Bye Bye.....")
text.pack()
text.tag_add("here", "1.0", "1.4")
text.tag_add("start", "1.8", "1.13")
text.tag_config("here", background="yellow", foreground="blue")
text.tag_config("start", background="Gray", foreground="green")
root.mainloop()
Label:
 This widget implements a display box where you can
place text or images.
 Syntax:
w = Button ( master, option=value, ... )

 master: This represents the parent window.

 options: Here is the list of most commonly used
options for this widget
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
var = "Hey!?\n How are you doing?"
label=Label( root, text=var, relief=RAISED,padx=25,
pady=25,bg="blue",bd=25,cursor="star",font="Arial",
underline=4)
label.pack()
root.mainloop()
Entry
 The Entry widget is used to accept single-line text strings
from a user.
 If you want to display multiple lines of text that can be
edited, then you should use the Text widget.
 If you want to display one or more lines of text that cannot
be modified by the user, then you should use the Label
widget.
 Syntax:
w = Button ( master, option=value, ... )

 master: This represents the parent window.

 options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for
this widget
from tkinter import * L1 = Label(top, text="User Name")
L1.grid(row=0,column=0,padx=25,pady=25)
import sqlite3
top = Tk() E1 = Entry(top, bd =10,bg="red",fg="white",font="arial")
E1.grid(row=0,column=1,padx=25,pady=25)
def onclick(): L2 = Label(top, text="Password")
uname=E1.get() L2.grid(row=1,column=0,padx=25,pady=25)
pword=E2.get()
E2 = Entry(top, bd =25,bg="green",fg="white",show="*",font="arial")
print(uname) E2.grid(row=1,column=1,padx=25,pady=25)
print(pword)
B1=Button(top,text="login",command=onclick)
B1.grid(row=2,column=0,padx=25,pady=25)
def dele():
print("not saved") B2=Button(top,text="cancle",command=dele)
B2.grid(row=2,column=1,padx=25,pady=25)

top.mainloop()
Checkbutton
 The Checkbutton widget is used to display a number of options to a
user as toggle buttons.

from tkinter import *

import tkinter
top = tkinter.Tk()
CheckVar1 = IntVar()
CheckVar2 = IntVar()
C1 = Checkbutton(top, text = "Music", variable = CheckVar1,onvalue = 1,
offvalue = 0, height=5, width = 20)
C2 = Checkbutton(top, text = "Video", variable = CheckVar2,onvalue = 1,
offvalue = 0, height=5, width = 20)
C1.pack()
C2.pack()
top.mainloop()
RadioButton
 Radio buttons allow you to select between one of
a number of mutually exclusive choices
Listbox
 The Listbox widget is used to display a list of items from which a user can select
a number of items
 Implementation:

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
label = Label( top, text="subject:", relief=RAISED ).pack()
Lb1 = Listbox(top)
Lb1.insert(1, "Python")
Lb1.insert(2, "Perl")
Lb1.insert(3, "C")
Lb1.insert(4, "PHP")
Lb1.insert(5, "JSP")
Lb1.insert(6, "Ruby")
Lb1.pack(side=RIGHT,padx=20,pady=20)
top.mainloop()
Scroll bar:
 This widget provides a slide controller that is used to implement
vertical scrolled
 widgets, such as Listbox, Text and Canvas.
 Implementation:

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
scrollbar = Scrollbar(root)
scrollbar.pack( side = RIGHT, fill=Y )
mylist = Listbox(root, yscrollcommand = scrollbar.set )
for line in range(100):
mylist.insert(END, "This is line number " + str(line))
mylist.pack( side = LEFT, fill = BOTH )
scrollbar.config( command = mylist.yview )
Spinbox:
 The Spinbox widget is a variant of the standard Tkinter Entry widget,
which can be used to select from a fixed number of values.

 delete(startindex [,endindex]): This method deletes a specific

character or a range of text.
 get(startindex [,endindex]): This method returns a specific character or
a range of text.
 identify(x, y): Identifies the widget element at the given location.
 index(index):Returns the absolute value of an index based on the given
index.
 insert(index [,string]...): This method inserts strings at the specified
index location.
 invoke(element): Invokes a spinbox button.
Implementation:
from tkinter import *
master = Tk()
w = Spinbox(master, from_=0, to=10)
w.pack()
mainloop()
Layout management
 tkinter also offers access to the geometric
configuration of the widgets which can organize the
widgets in the parent windows.
 There are mainly three geometry manager classes.
 pack() method : It organizes the widgets in blocks
before placing in the parent widget.
 grid() method: It organizes the widgets in grid (table-
like structure) before placing in the parent widget.
 place() method: It organizes the widgets by placing
them on specific positions directed by the
programmer.