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Difference Between Human Expert and Expert System.

The document outlines the differences between human experts and expert systems, highlighting that expert systems are knowledge-based computer programs designed to simulate human decision-making in specific domains. It categorizes expert systems into types such as rule-based, frame-based, fuzzy logic, neural network-based, and neuro-fuzzy systems, and provides examples like MYCIN and DENDRAL. Additionally, it discusses the benefits of expert systems, including consistency, availability, cost-effectiveness, and knowledge preservation.

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7 views5 pages

Difference Between Human Expert and Expert System.

The document outlines the differences between human experts and expert systems, highlighting that expert systems are knowledge-based computer programs designed to simulate human decision-making in specific domains. It categorizes expert systems into types such as rule-based, frame-based, fuzzy logic, neural network-based, and neuro-fuzzy systems, and provides examples like MYCIN and DENDRAL. Additionally, it discusses the benefits of expert systems, including consistency, availability, cost-effectiveness, and knowledge preservation.

Uploaded by

rj0110865
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Difference between Human expert and Expert

system:
1. Expert System : The other name of expert systems is knowledge based systems.
They are used for the real world problems like expert quality advice, diagnosis and
recommendations. Basically, it is a type of computer program that is used to simulate
knowledge and experience about the particular field. Building of an expert system
requires a human expert that extract the required knowledge.

Figure – Expert System

2. Human Experts : Human expert is an individual who has capability of recognizing the
things in a superior way. For example: a doctor etc.

Figure – Human Experts

Difference between Human expert and Expert system :

S.N Human experts Expert System


o.
Use knowledge in the
It process knowledge expressed
form of rules of
in the form of rules and use
1. thumbs or heuristics
symbolic reasoning in narrow
to solve problem in a
domain.
narrow domain.

2. In a human expert we It provide a clear separation of


deal with human brain knowledge from its processing.
in which knowledge
exists in a compiled
S.N Human experts Expert System
o.
form.

Expert system helps in tracing


It is capable of the rules that produced during a
explaining line of solving a problem and also
3.
reasoning and explain how a that particular
providing the details. conclusion was reached and why
specific data was needed.

It uses inexact
reasoning and also It permits inexact reasoning and
4. able to deal with but able to deal with incomplete,
incomplete, uncertain uncertain and fuzzy data.
and fuzzy information.

It enhances the quality of


It enhances the
problem solving by the addition of
quality of problem
new rules or by adjusting the old
5. solving because of
ones in the knowledge base and
years of learning and
when new knowledge is acquired,
practical training.
changes are easy to observe.

Human expert can be


Expert system can be available
6. available at a specific
wherever and at any time.
working day.

To solve any problem, To solve any problem, expert


7. human expert can system takes a very short interval
take variable time. of time.

8. It is not replaceable. It can be replaceable.

Types of Expert Systems in AI


In AI, expert systems are designed to emulate the decision-making abilities of human
experts. They are categorized based on their underlying technology and application
areas. Here are the primary types of expert systems in AI:

1. Rule-Based Expert Systems

 Description: Use a set of “if-then” rules to process data and make decisions. These
rules are typically written by human experts and capture domain-specific knowledge.
 Example: MYCIN, an early system for diagnosing bacterial infections.

2. Frame-Based Expert Systems


 Description: Represent knowledge using frames, which are data structures similar to
objects in programming. Each frame contains attributes and values related to a
particular concept.
 Example: Systems used for knowledge representation in areas like natural language
processing.

3. Fuzzy Logic Systems

 Description: Handle uncertain or imprecise information using fuzzy logic, which


allows for partial truths rather than binary true/false values.
 Example: Fuzzy control systems for managing household appliances like washing
machines and air conditioners.

4. Neural Network-Based Expert Systems

 Description: Use artificial neural networks to learn from data and make predictions or
decisions based on learned patterns. They are often used for tasks involving pattern
recognition and classification.
 Example: Deep learning models for image and speech recognition.

5. Neuro-Fuzzy Expert Systems

 Description: Integrate neural networks and fuzzy logic to combine the learning
capabilities of neural networks with the handling of uncertainty and imprecision
offered by fuzzy logic. This hybrid approach helps in dealing with complex problems
where both pattern recognition and uncertain reasoning are required.
 Example: Automated control systems that adjust based on uncertain environmental
conditions or financial forecasting models that handle both quantitative data and fuzzy
inputs.
Examples of Expert Systems in AI
There are many examples of an expert system. Some of them are given below:

1. MYCIN

 Overview: MYCIN is one of the earliest and most influential expert systems developed
in the 1970s. It was specifically designed for medical diagnosis.
 Functionality: MYCIN uses backward chaining to diagnose bacterial infections, such
as meningitis and bacteremia. It identifies the bacteria causing the infection by asking
the doctor a series of questions about the patient’s symptoms and test results.
 Significance: Although not used clinically, MYCIN greatly influenced the development
of medical expert systems.

2. DENDRAL

 Overview: DENDRAL is another pioneering expert system, developed in the 1960s,


and is regarded as one of the first successful AI systems in the field of chemistry.
 Functionality: DENDRAL was designed to analyze chemical compounds. It
uses spectrographic data (data obtained from spectroscopy) to predict the
molecular structure of a substance.
 Significance: DENDRAL revolutionized chemical research by automating the analysis
of mass spectrometry data.

Benefits of Expert Systems


1. Consistency: Expert systems provide consistent and reliable recommendations,
reducing the variability that can occur with human decision-making.
2. Availability: They are available 24/7 and can handle multiple queries simultaneously,
providing timely assistance and support.
3. Cost-Effectiveness: By automating expert-level decision-making, organizations can
save on the costs associated with hiring and training human experts.
4. Knowledge Preservation: Expert systems preserve valuable knowledge and
expertise, making it accessible even if the original experts are no longer available.

Shells of Expert System:

Expert systems are computer programs designed to simulate the decision-making


abilities of a human expert in a specific domain. They consist of the following key
"shells" or components:

1. Knowledge Base
 What it is: A repository of facts, rules, and heuristics about a specific domain.
 Purpose: Stores domain-specific knowledge that the expert system relies on to make
decisions.
 Example Content:
o Facts: "A fever is a temperature above 100°F."
o Rules: "IF a patient has a fever AND cough, THEN suspect flu."

2. Inference Engine
 What it is: The reasoning mechanism that applies logical rules to the knowledge base to
solve problems or draw conclusions.
 Purpose: Simulates human reasoning by analyzing the knowledge base and user input.
 Types of Reasoning:
o Forward Chaining: Starts with known facts and applies rules to infer conclusions
(data-driven).
o Backward Chaining: Starts with a goal or hypothesis and works backward to confirm
or refute it (goal-driven).

3. User Interface
 What it is: The component through which users interact with the expert system.
 Purpose: Collects input from the user and displays system outputs or recommendations.
 Features:
o Question-and-answer dialogs
o Graphical interfaces
o Explanation of the reasoning process

4. Knowledge Acquisition Subsystem


 What it is: A mechanism for updating and expanding the knowledge base.
 Purpose: Facilitates the integration of new information or rules into the system.
 Example Methods:
o Manual input by a domain expert
o Automatic learning through data analysis

5. Explanation Subsystem
 What it is: A component that explains the reasoning process of the expert system.
 Purpose: Increases user trust by justifying the system’s conclusions or recommendations.
 Example Feature: "The system recommends X because rules A and B apply based on the
given data."

6. Knowledge Base Editor


 What it is: A tool for maintaining the knowledge base.
 Purpose: Allows experts or administrators to modify facts, rules, and heuristics as needed.

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