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 Science Chemistry

Is matter around us pure

Class -9
What is a substance?

 Anything that cannot be broken into further particles by applying any physical processes is
called a Substance.
 Matter can be classified into two types of substances: Pure substances and Mixtures
(Impure substances)

What is a pure substance?

A substance that consists of only one type of particle is called a Pure Substance. For Example,
Diamond, Salt, Sulphur, Tin.

What is a mixture?
When we combine different substances into each other a mixture is formed. For Example,
Lemonade is a mixture of three substances, Lemon Juice, Sugar and Water.
Which of these is a mixture or a pure substance?
Water, Copper, Chocolate cake, Hydrogen, Soil, Air

Types of Mixtures

1. Homogenous Mixtures
When we add sugar, water and lemon juice together they all uniformly mix with each other. Now it
is not possible to separate these substances from the mixture. Such mixtures in which the
components mix with each other uniformly are called Homogeneous Mixtures.

The ratio of compositions of homogeneous mixtures can be different. For Example, one may add
two spoons of sugar in lemonade while someone else may add only one spoon of sugar in their
lemonade. Still, lemonade is a homogeneous mixture.

2. Heterogeneous Mixtures
The components in a heterogeneous mixture do not completely dissolve in each other and we can
separate them by physical means. In other words, the composition of such mixtures is not uniform.
For Example, If we mix sand in water.

Differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures –

Homogenous Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixtures

They have a uniform composition They have a non-uniform composition

throughout

We cannot separate the components of We can separate the components through

the mixture through physical processes physical processes

Components cannot be seen through Components can easily be seen through

naked eyes naked eyes

The mixture is in single-phase throughout The substances can be of two different

phases and we may see separate layers
of the substances

Example: A mixture of water and milk Example: A mixture of oil in water

What is a solution?

Mixture

Hetrogeneous Homogeneous

suspensi
colloidal solution
on

A solution is nothing but a uniform mixture of two or more substances. Homogenous Mixtures are
solutions.
Solution of -
 Liquid into a liquid: Water and Ink
 Solid into solid: Alloys
 Gas into gas: Air
 Solid into a liquid: Sugar and Water
 Solid into gas: Hydrogen and Metals
 Liquid into gas: Carbon Dioxide and Water

What is an alloy?

An alloy is a mixture of different metals or nonmetals and metals that cannot be separated from
each other using physical methods. For Example Brass - Copper with up to 50% zinc,
Bronze - Copper with up to 12% tin
 Solution consists of two types of substances, a solute and a solvent.
Solution = Solute + Solvent

Solvent: The substance in which another substance is mixed is called the Solvent. For Example,
Water is a solvent in which we can mix different substances such as salt or sugar.
Solute: The substance that is added to the solvent to form a solution is called a Solute. For
Example, Salt, when mixed in water, acts as a solute for the mixture.

Properties of a Solution:

 A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

 We cannot see the particles of a solution through naked eyes as they are as small as 1
nanometer in diameter.
 The path of light is not visible through the solution. The particles of a solution do not scatter
light through them as they are extremely small.
 We cannot separate the particles of a solution by methods of filtration.

What is a stable solution?

A stable solution is a solution in which particles do not settle down if we leave the solution
undisturbed for some time. This is because the particles of a stable solution homogeneously
spread.

Different Types of Solutions are

  Dilute: A solution in which the concentration of the solute is much less than that of the
solvent. For Example, If we mix 1gm of salt in 500 ml of water, the salt solution thus
obtained will be diluted.
 Unsaturated Solution: A solution, in which we can add more solute as it has not achieved
its saturation level yet, is called an Unsaturated Solution. A dilute solution can be called an
Unsaturated Solution.
 Concentrated Solution: A solution with a large amount of solute is called a Concentrated
Solution.
 Saturated Solution: A solution in which no more solute can be added since it has already
dissolved the maximum amount of solute it can is called a Saturated Solution.

What is concentration?

Concentration refers to the amount of a substance per defined space or can be defined as the
ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or total solution.

To calculate the concentration consider the formulae below:

 Percent by Mass = (Mass of solute /Mass of solution) x 100

 Percent by Volume = (Volume of solute / volume of solution) X 100

 Molarity (M) = number of moles of solute / Volume of Solution in liters

Where, Moles of solute = Given mass/molar mass

 Molality (m)= Moles of solute / weight of solvent in kg

 Normality (N) = Number of mole equivalents / volume of solution in litres

= Mass of solute / (equivalent mass * volume of solution in Litres)

 ppm (Parts Per Million) = (Mass of Solute / Mass of Solvent) * 106

 Mole FractionSOLUTE = Moles of Solute / Total Moles of Solution

 Mole FractionSOLVENT = Moles of Solvent / Total Moles of Solution

 Mole FractionSOLUTE + Mole FractionSOLVENT = 1

What is a suspension?

A suspension is formed when two or more substances are mixed in a non-uniform manner.
Heterogeneous mixtures are suspensions. The solute does not mix with the solvent and can be
viewed through naked eyes.

Properties of Suspensions:

 A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.

 We can see the particles of suspensions through naked eyes.
 We can see the path of light through the particles of a suspension.
 The particles of suspension tend to settle down when left undisturbed. Then, they can be
separated using filtration.
What are colloids or colloidal solutions?

A colloidal solution or a colloid is a uniform solution of two or more substances. The particles are
relatively very small and the solution appears as a homogeneous mixture but it is not.

Properties of colloids:

 Colloids are heterogeneous in nature.

 The particles of a colloid cannot be seen through naked eyes.
 The particles scatter a beam of light passed through a colloid and produce the Tyndall
effect.
 Colloids are stable in nature. The particles of colloids do not settle down if left
uninterrupted.
 We cannot separate the particles of a colloid through filtration. We use a method called
Centrifugation to separate the particles of a colloid.

What is the Tyndall Effect?

When a beam of light is passed through a colloid the particles of the colloid scatter the beam of
light and we can see the path of light. in the solution. For Example, when a ray of light enters a
dark room it is scattered by the dust particles present in the air and we can see the path of light
clearly.

Classification of Colloids

 Dispersed Phase: The dispersed particles or the solute-like components in a colloid

 Dispersing Medium: The substance in which these solute-like particles are added

Based on the state of the dispersing medium colloids are classified as:

Example Dispersing Medium Dispersed Substance Colloid Type

Fog, Aerosol sprays Gas Liquid Aerosol

Smoke. Airborne Gas Liquid Aerosol

bacteria

Whipped cream, Liquid Gas Foam

Soapsuds
Milk, Mayonnaise Liquid Liquid Emulsion

How to separate components of a mixture?

We can separate the heterogeneous mixtures into their constituents by means of physical
methods like
 Filtration
 Hand-picking
 Sieving

The components of a mixture can be separated from each other using several other techniques
like

 Evaporation
 Centrifugation
 Sublimation
 Chromatography
 Distillation

1. Evaporation - For separating a mixture of a non-volatile and a volatile substance

Applications:
 Separating coloured component from the ink
 Salt from water
 Sugar from Water

Method:
Mix some ink into water and heat it. After some time the water will evaporate leaving behind the
coloured substance.

2. Centrifugation - Separating dense particles from lighter particles

Applications:
 Separating milk from cream
 Separating butter from cream
 Squeezing out water from wet clothes

Method:
Milk is put in a centrifuging machine or milk churner and the cream thus separates from milk.

3.Using a Separating funnel - separate two immiscible liquids To

Applications:
 Oil from water
 Iron and iron ore

Method:
The immiscible liquids are allowed to settle in the funnel. They soon form separate layers due to
varying densities. The first liquid is allowed to flow out of the funnel and as soon as it is completely
poured out, the stopcock is closed thereby separating the two liquids from each other.

4. Sublimation -To separate sublimable component from a non-sublimable component

Applications:
 Ammonium chloride/camphor/naphthalene and salt

Method:
Heat the mixture in an inverted funnel so that the sublimable component sublimes in the air and
settles over the walls of the funnel and the non-sublimable component, on the other hand, is left
behind.

5. Chromatography - To separate solutes that can dissolve in the same solvent

Applications:
 Separating colour components of a dye
 Drugs from blood

Method:
Take a filter paper or a blotting paper and place a drop of ink at the rear end. Dip the end in water.
Since the ink is a mixture of two or more colours, the component of ink which is soluble in water
mixes into it and then separates quickly from the other components that are less soluble in water.

6. Distillation - To separate miscible liquids (the boiling points of the liquids must be sufficiently
different)

Applications:
 Acetone and water

Method:
 The mixture is heated in a distillation apparatus. The one substance with a lower boiling
point evaporates first, condenses and gets separated from the one with a higher boiling
point.
 Simple Distillation miscible when the liquids have a satisfactory difference in their boiling
points.
 Fractional Distillation when the difference between the boiling points of the liquids is less
than 25 K.

Separating different Gases from the Air

Method - Fractional Distillation

 Compress and cool the air by increasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure. The
air turns to liquid air.
 Liquid air is warmed up slowly in a fractional distillation apparatus
 The several components of air get separated and are collected at various heights on the
basis of their boiling points

Purifying Solids
Method used - Crystallisation
In the crystallisation method, we can obtain a pure solid in the form of crystals from its solution

Applications:
 Salt from seawater
 Purification of copper sulphate

Method:

 The impurities of a substance are filtered out.

 Water is evaporated to obtain a saturated solution..
 The solution is covered with filter paper and left as it is.
 After some time, the crystals of pure solid are formed.

Is evaporation better than crystallization?

Simple evaporation is not better than crystallisation because

1. Some solid substances decompose because of excess heat. For Example, Sugar gets charred
on extra heating.
2. If after filtration some impurities remain in the solution they can contaminate the solid and
therefore we would not obtain substance a pure

Physical Change and Chemical Change

Physical Property of a Substance:

Properties of a substance such as rigidity, colour, fluidity, boiling point, melting point, density and
hardness which we can observe are called Physical Properties.

Physical Change:

When the physical properties of a substance change it is known as a Physical Change. When we
convert a substance from one state to another, such as a solid into a liquid or vice-versa, it is also
a physical change as only the physical nature of the substance changes without affecting its
chemical nature.

For Example, Change of ice into water. The chemical properties of water remain the same.

Chemical Property of a Substance:

The chemical nature of a substance is known as its Chemical Property such as its odour or its
chemical composition.

Chemical Change:

When the chemical properties or chemical composition of a substance gets altered it is called a
chemical change. It is also called a Chemical Reaction.

For Example, Burning of paper

Types of Pure Substances

Pure substances are classified as elements and compounds

Elements

An element is the simplest form of matter. Elements cannot be broken down into further elements
by chemical reactions. Elements are further characterised as Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids

 Metals: Silver, Mercury, Copper, Gold

1. Metals are lustrous (shiny)

2. Metals conduct heat and electricity

3. Metals have a silver-grey or gold-yellow colour

4. We can hammer metals and form thin sheets (Malleability)

5. We can convert metals into wires (Ductility)

6. Metals always produce a ringing sound if they are hit (Sonorous)

 Non-Metals: Carbon, lodine, Chlorine, Oxygen, Hydrogen

1. Non-Metals do not conduct heat and electricity

2. Non-Metals are not sonorous, lustrous or ductile

3. Non-Metals have varied colours

 Metalloids: Silicon, Germanium

They show some properties of metals and some of the non-metals.

Quick Facts

1. There are 100 elements known to us.

2. 92 elements out of them occur naturally

3. Rest, 8 are man-made elements

4. Most of the elements are solid in nature

5. At room temperature, 11 elements exist in the gaseous state

6. At room temperature, 2 elements exist in the liquid state - bromine and mercury

7. At a temperature slightly higher than room temperature, 2 elements exist in the liquid state
calcium and gallium

Compounds
It is a substance that consists of two or more elements. These substances are combined.
chemically with each other in fixed proportions. The properties of a compound are different from
that of its constituents. For Example, Ammonium Sulphate, Sulphur Chloride, Water.

Mixtures vs. Compounds

Mixtures Compounds

Properties of a mixture Reflect the Different properties from that of the

properties of the materials it contains. elements that make up the compounds.

No uniform composition Definite composition. Definite ratio/formula

Can be separated by physical means. Cannot be separated by physical means.