NAME : PRADEEP

RAMESH OZA
REGISTRATION NO. : WRO0774507
ADDRESS : 3/205
MANOHAR VIKAS RESIDENCY
HENDREPADA
RD. BADLAPUR (W) 421503
PHONE NO. : 8080338739
IT CENTRE & BRANCH : Kalyan dombivli
Branch of WIRC
BRANCH CODE : WI032
BATCH NO. : 01/24/119
  ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 
NAME OF PROJECT : ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 16th JANUARY
2024.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
SOURCES.....................................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................6

HISTORY OF AI.......................................................................................................................................... 8

FUNDAMENTALS OF AI.........................................................................................................................12

KEY COMPONENTS OF AI.....................................................................................................................15

APPLICATIONS OF AI.............................................................................................................................18

Internet and e-commerce...............................................................................................................18

 Recommendation systems................................................................................................18

 Web feeds and posts...........................................................................................................18

 Targeted advertising and increasing internet engagement..................................19

 Virtual assistants...................................................................................................................19

 Search engines......................................................................................................................19

 Spam filtering.........................................................................................................................19

 Facial recognition and image labeling...........................................................................20

 Games...........................................................................................................................................20

 Economic and social challenges..........................................................................................21

 Agriculture...................................................................................................................................21

Cyber security.....................................................................................................................................21

Education..............................................................................................................................................22

Finance..................................................................................................................................................23

Trading and investment..................................................................................................................24

Underwriting........................................................................................................................................24

Audit....................................................................................................................................................... 24

Anti-money laundering....................................................................................................................25

History....................................................................................................................................................25

Government.........................................................................................................................................26

Military...................................................................................................................................................26

Healthcare............................................................................................................................................27

Workplace health and safety.....................................................................................................28

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Biochemistry........................................................................................................................................28

Chemistry and biology.....................................................................................................................29

Novel types of machine learning.............................................................................................29

 Astronomy, space activities and ufology..........................................................................31

 Future or non-human applications..................................................................................31

 Astrochemistry.......................................................................................................................32

Other fields of research...................................................................................................................32

Archaeology, history and imaging of sites...........................................................................32

 Physics......................................................................................................................................32

 Materials science...................................................................................................................32

 Reverse engineering............................................................................................................33

 Law.................................................................................................................................................33

 Legal analysis.........................................................................................................................33

 Law enforcement and legal proceedings.....................................................................34

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION OF AI.......................................................................................................35

CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF AI...........................................................................................41

REGULATIONS AND POLICIES............................................................................................................45

CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................47

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SOURCES

 www.Google.com
 Chatgpt
 Wikipedia
 www.weforum.org
 linkedIn

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INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the

development of computer systems that can perform
tasks requiring human-like intelligence, encompassing
areas such as problem-solving, learning, perception,
and decision-making. AI aims to create machines
capable of executing complex functions autonomously,
adapting to diverse situations and improving their
performance over time.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly evolving field at

the intersection of computer science and machine
learning. It involves the development of systems that
can perform tasks requiring human intelligence, such
as problem-solving, learning, and decision-making. In
essence, AI seeks to create machines capable of

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mimicking cognitive functions, enabling them to adapt,
improve, and execute tasks autonomously. As
technology progresses, AI continues to shape various
industries, from healthcare to finance, ushering in a
new era of innovation and efficiency.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a dynamic field that merges

computer science, mathematics, and cognitive science
to create systems capable of intelligent behaviour. It
spans various approaches and methodologies, each
contributing to the development of machines that can
simulate human-like intelligence.

AI technology is widely used throughout industry,

government, and science. Some high-profile
applications are: advanced web search engines (e.g.,
Google Search), recommendation systems (used by
YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix), understanding human
speech (such as Google Assistant, Siri, and Alexa), self-
driving cars (e.g., Waymo), generative and creative
tools (ChatGPT and AI art), and superhuman play and
analysis in strategy games (such as chess and Go).

Alan Turing was the first person to carry out substantial

research in the field that he called Machine Intelligence.
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic
discipline in 1956. The field went through multiple
cycles of optimism followed by disappointment and loss
of funding. Funding and interest vastly increased after
2012 when deep learning surpassed all previous AI

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techniques, and after 2017 with the transformer
architecture. This led to the AI spring of the 2020s, with
companies, universities, and laboratories
overwhelmingly based in the United States pioneering
significant advances in artificial intelligence.

To solve these problems, AI researchers have adapted

and integrated a wide range of problem-solving
techniques, including search and mathematical
optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks,
and methods based on statistics, operations research,
and economics. AI also draws upon psychology,
linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience and other fields.

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HISTORY OF AI
The study of mechanical or "formal" reasoning began
with philosophers
and mathematicians
in antiquity. The
study of logic led
directly to Alan
Turing's theory of
computation, which
suggested that a
machine, by
shuffling symbols as
simple as "0" and
"1", could simulate
both mathematical
deduction and formal
reasoning, which is
known as
the Church–Turing
thesis. This, along
with concurrent
discoveries in cybernetics and information theory, led
researchers to consider the possibility of building an
"electronic brain".

Alan Turing was thinking about machine intelligence at

least as early as 1941, when he circulated a paper on
machine intelligence which could be the earliest paper
in the field of AI – though it is now lost. The first
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available paper generally recognized as "AI"
was McCullouch and Pitts design for Turing-
complete "artificial neurons" in 1943 – the first
mathematical model of a neural network. The paper
was influenced by Turing's earlier paper 'On
Computable Numbers' from 1936 using similar two-
state boolean 'neurons', but was the first to apply it to
neuronal function.

The term 'Machine Intelligence' was used by Alan

Turing during his life which was later often referred to
as 'Artificial Intelligence' after his death in 1954. In
1950 Turing published the best known of his papers
'Computing Machinery and Intelligence', the paper
introduced his concept of what is now known as
the Turing test to the general public. Then followed
three radio broadcasts on AI by Turing, the lectures:
'Intelligent Machinery, A Heretical Theory’, ‘Can Digital
Computers Think’? and the panel discussion ‘Can
Automatic Calculating Machines be Said to Think’. By
1956 computer intelligence had been actively pursued
for more than a decade in Britain; the earliest AI
programmes were written there in 1951–1952.

In 1951, using a Ferranti Mark 1 computer of

the University of Manchester, checkers and chess
programs were wrote where you could play against the
computer. The field of American AI research was
founded at a workshop at Dartmouth College in
1956. The attendees became the leaders of AI research
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in the 1960s. They and their students produced
programs that the press described as
"astonishing". computers were
learning checkers strategies, solving word problems in
algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking
English. Artificial Intelligence laboratories were set up
at a number of British and US Universities in the latter
1950s and early 1960s.

They had, however, underestimated the difficulty of the

problem. Both the U.S. and British governments cut off
exploratory research in response to the criticism of Sir
James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from the U.S.
Congress to fund more productive projects. Minsky's
and Papert's book Perceptron was understood as
proving that artificial neural networks would never be
useful for solving real-world tasks, thus discrediting the
approach altogether. The "AI winter", a period when
obtaining funding for AI projects was difficult, followed.
In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the
commercial success of expert systems, a form of AI
program that simulated the knowledge and analytical
skills of human experts. By 1985, the market for AI had
reached over a billion dollars. At the same time,
Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired the
U.S. and British governments to restore funding
for academic research. However, beginning with the
collapse of the Lisp Machine market in 1987, AI once
again fell into disrepute, and a second, longer-lasting
winter began.
Many researchers began to doubt that the current
practices would be able to imitate all the process of
human cognition, especially perception,
robotics, learning and pattern recognition. A number of
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researchers began to look into "sub-symbolic"
approaches. Robotics researchers, such as Rodney
Brooks, rejected "representation" in general and
focussed directly on engineering machines that move
and survive. Judea Pearl, Lofti Zadeh and others
developed methods that handled incomplete and
uncertain information by making reasonable guesses
rather than precise logic. But the most important
development was the revival of "connectionism",
including neural network research, by Geoffrey
Hinton and others. In 1990, Yann LeCun successfully
showed that convolutional neural networks can
recognize handwritten digits, the first of many
successful applications of neural networks.
AI gradually restored its reputation in the late 1990s
and early 21st century by exploiting formal
mathematical methods and by finding specific solutions
to specific problems. This "narrow" and "formal" focus
allowed researchers to produce verifiable results and
collaborate with other fields (such
as statistics, economics and mathematics). By 2000,
solutions developed by AI researchers were being
widely used, although in the 1990s they were rarely
described as "artificial intelligence".
Several academic researchers became concerned that
AI was no longer pursuing the original goal of creating
versatile, fully intelligent machines. Beginning around
2002, they founded the subfield of artificial general
intelligence (or "AGI"), which had several well-funded
institutions by the 2010s.
Deep learning began to dominate industry benchmarks
in 2012 and was adopted throughout the field. For
many specific tasks, other methods were
abandoned. Deep learning's success was based on both
hardware improvements (faster computers, graphics
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processing units, cloud computing) and access to large
amounts of data (including curated datasets, such
as ImageNet).
Deep learning's success led to an enormous increase in
interest and funding in AI. The amount of machine
learning research (measured by total publications)
increased by 50% in the years 2015–
2019, and WIPO reported that AI was the most
prolific emerging technology in terms of the number
of patent applications and granted patents. According
to 'AI Impacts', about $50 billion annually was invested
in "AI" around 2022 in the US alone and about 20% of
new US Computer Science PhD graduates have
specialized in "AI"; about 800,000 "AI"-related US job
openings existed in 2022. The large majority of the
advances have occurred within the United States, with
its companies, universities, and research labs leading
artificial intelligence research.
In 2016, issues of fairness and the misuse of
technology were catapulted into center stage at
machine learning conferences, publications vastly
increased, funding became available, and many
researchers re-focussed their careers on these issues.
The alignment problem became a serious field of
academic study.

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TOP

FUNDAMENTALS OF AI
1. Machine Learning (ML):
 Definition : Machine Learning is a subset of AI that
focuses on developing algorithms that allow
computers to learn patterns and make decisions
without explicit programming.
o Types :
 Supervised Learning: Models learn from
labeled data, making predictions or
decisions based on input-output pairs.
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 Unsupervised Learning: Models identify
patterns in unlabeled data without
predefined output.
 Reinforcement Learning: Systems learn
by interacting with an environment,
receiving feedback in the form of
rewards or penalties.

2. Neural Networks:
 Definition: Neural networks are computational
models inspired by the human brain's structure. They
consist of layers of interconnected nodes (neurons)
that process information.
 Deep Learning: Neural networks with multiple layers
are known as deep learning models. They excel at
capturing complex patterns and representations.

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP):

 Definition: NLP involves enabling machines to
understand, interpret, and generate human
language.
 Applications: Virtual assistants (like Siri or Alexa),
language translation, sentiment analysis, and
chatbots.

4. Computer Vision:
 Definition: Computer vision enables machines to
interpret and make decisions based on visual data.

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 Applications: Image recognition, object detection,
facial recognition, and autonomous vehicles rely on
computer vision.

5. Data: Data Quality:

 Importance: High-quality, diverse datasets are
crucial for training accurate and unbiased AI
models.
 Preprocessing: Data cleaning, normalization, and
augmentation are common techniques to enhance
data quality.

6. Algorithms:

 Definition: Algorithms are step-by-step sets of

instructions that enable machines to perform
specific tasks.
 Examples: Decision trees, k-nearest neighbors,
and deep learning algorithms like convolutional
neural networks (CNNs) or recurrent neural
networks (RNNs).

7. Ethics and Bias:

 Ethical Considerations: AI developers must address

ethical concerns, ensuring responsible use of
technology.

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 Bias Mitigation: Efforts to identify and rectify biases
in both data and algorithms are crucial to avoid
discriminatory outcomes.

8. Robotics:

 Definition: Robotics involves integrating AI with

physical systems to create intelligent machines
capable of interacting with the environment.
 Applications: Autonomous vehicles, industrial
robots, and robotic process automation are
examples of AI in robotics.

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KEY COMPONENTS OF AI

Hardware components of AI include specialized

processors like GPUs or TPUs that accelerate
computations, while software components encompass
algorithms, frameworks, and libraries such as
TensorFlow or PyTorch used for developing and running
AI models. Additionally, AI systems rely on data for
training and inference.

Certainly! Let's delve into more detail:

 Hardware Components of AI:

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1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): General-purpose
processors handle basic computations and manage
overall system tasks.

2. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Specialized for

parallel processing, GPUs excel in handling the
repetitive calculations involved in training deep
learning models.

3. Tensor Processing Unit (TPU): Developed by

Google, TPUs are specifically designed to
accelerate machine learning workloads,
particularly for tasks like neural network inference.

4. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs): These

are customizable hardware components that can
be reconfigured to suit specific AI tasks, offering
flexibility in optimizing performance.

5. AI Accelerators: Purpose-built chips designed

solely for AI workloads, such as NVIDIA's AI
accelerators, provide high-speed processing for
neural network computations.

 Software Components of AI:

1. Algorithms: The fundamental mathematical
models that govern AI tasks. Examples include
linear regression, decision trees, and neural
networks.

2. Frameworks and Libraries:

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- TensorFlow: Developed by Google, it's an open-
source machine learning library widely used for
building and training neural networks.

- PyTorch: An open-source deep learning

framework with a dynamic computational graph,
making it popular for research and development.

- Scikit-learn: A machine learning library in

Python that provides simple and efficient tools for
data analysis and modeling.

3. Neural Network Architectures:

- Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Suited

for image-related tasks.

- Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Effective for

sequential data and natural language processing.

- Transformers: Dominant in natural language

processing tasks, introduced by models like BERT.

4. Training Data: Large datasets used to train AI

models. High-quality and diverse datasets are
crucial for model accuracy.

5. Inference Engines: The software component

responsible for executing trained models on new
data in production environments.

6. Pre-trained Models: Existing models trained on

extensive datasets, which can be fine-tuned for

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specific tasks. Examples include models like GPT-3
for natural language understanding.

In essence, the hardware provides the computational

power needed, while the software encompasses the
tools, algorithms, and models that define the
intelligence and functionality of AI systems.

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APPLICATIONS OF AI

Internet and e-commerce

 Recommendation systems
o A recommendation system predicts the rating
or preference a user would give to an
item. Artificial intelligence recommendation
systems are designed to offer suggestions
based on previous behavior. These systems
have been used by companies such
as Netflix, Amazon, and YouTube, where they
generate personalized playlists, product
suggestions, and video recommendations.
 Web feeds and posts
o Machine learning is also used in web
feeds such as for determining which posts
should show up in social media feeds. Various
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types of social media analysis also make use
of machine learning and there is research into
its use for (semi-)automated
tagging/enhancement/correction of online
misinformation and related filter bubbles.
 Targeted advertising and increasing internet
engagement
o AI is used to target web advertisements to
those most likely to click or engage in them. It
is also used to increase time spent on a
website by selecting attractive content for the
viewer. It can predict or generalize the
behavior of customers from their digital
footprints. Both AdSense and Facebook use AI
for advertising.
 Online gambling companies use AI to improve
customer targeting.
o Personality computing AI models add
psychological targeting to more traditional
social demographics or behavioral
targeting. AI has been used to customize
shopping options and personalize offers.
 Virtual assistants
o Intelligent personal assistants use AI to
understand many natural language requests
in other ways than rudimentary commands.
Common examples are Apple's Siri, Amazon's
Alexa, and a more recent AI, ChatGPT by
OpenAI.
 Search engines
o Search engines that use artificial intelligence
include Google Search and Bing Chat.

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 Spam filtering
o Machine learning can be used to fight against
spam, scams, and phishing. It can scrutinize
the contents of spam and phishing attacks to
identify any malicious elements. Numerous
models built on machine learning algorithms
exhibit exceptional performance with
accuracies over 90% in distinguishing
between spam and legitimate emails.
o AI has been used to automatically translate
spoken language and textual content, in
products such as Microsoft Translator, Google
Translate and DeepL Translator. Additionally,
research and development are in progress to
decode and conduct animal communication.
 Facial recognition and image labeling
o AI has been used in facial recognition
systems, with a 99% accuracy rate. Some
examples are Apple's Face ID and
Android's Face Unlock, which are used to
secure mobile devices.
o Image labeling has been used by Google to
detect products in photos and to allow people
to search based on a photo. Image labeling
has also been demonstrated to generate
speech to describe images to blind
people. Facebook's DeepFace identifies
human faces in digital images.

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 Games

o Games have been a major application of AI's

capabilities since the 1950s. In the 21st
century, AIs have produced superhuman
results in many games, including chess (Deep
Blue), Jeopardy! (Watson), Go (AlphaGo), poke
r (Pluribus and Cepheus), E-sports (StarCraft),
and general game
playing (AlphaZero and MuZero). AI has
replaced hand-coded algorithms in most chess
programs. Unlike go or chess, poker is
an imperfect-information game, so a program

that plays poker has to reason under

uncertainty. The general game players work
using feedback from the game system,
without knowing the rules.
 Economic and social challenges
o AI for Good is an ITU initiative supporting
institutions employing AI to tackle some of the
world's greatest economic and social
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challenges. For example, the University of
Southern California launched the Center for
Artificial Intelligence in Society, with the goal
of using AI to address problems such as
homelessness. At Stanford, researchers
use AI to analyze satellite images to identify
high poverty areas.
 Agriculture
o In agriculture, AI has helped farmers identify
areas that need irrigation, fertilization,
pesticide treatments or increasing
yield. Agronomists use AI to conduct research
and development. AI has been used to predict
the ripening time for crops such as
tomatoes, monitor soil moisture,
operate agricultural robots, conduct predictive
analytics, classify livestock pig call
emotions, automate greenhouses, detect
diseases and pests, and save water.
Cyber security
o Cyber security companies are adopting neural
networks, machine learning, and natural
language processing to improve their
systems.
o Applications of AI in cyber security include:
 Network protection: Machine learning
improves intrusion detection systems by
broadening the search beyond previously
identified threats.
 Endpoint protection: Attacks such
as ransomware can be thwarted by
learning typical malware behaviors.
 Application security: can help
counterattacks such as server-side

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request forgery, SQL injection, cross-site
scripting, and distributed denial-of-
service.
 Suspect user behavior: Machine learning
can identify fraud or compromised
applications as they occur.
 Google fraud czar Shuman

Ghosemajumder has said that AI will be

used to completely automate most cyber
security operations over time.
Education

o AI tutors allow students to get one-on-one

help. They can reduce anxiety and stress for
students stemming from tutor labs or human
tutors.
o AI can create a dysfunctional environment
with revenge effects such as technology that
hinders students' ability to stay on task. In
another scenario, AI can provide early

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prediction of student success in a virtual
learning environment (VLE) such as Moodle.
o In the education process, students can
personalize their training with the help of
artificial intelligence. And for teaching
professionals, the technology provided by AI

can improve the quality of the educational

process and teaching skills.
o AI text detectors can be used to scan essays
generated by artificial intelligence in order to
try to establish genuine authorship. However,
a study found that seven of the most used of
these detectors often wrongly flagged articles
written by those whose first language was not
English as AI-generated, thus discriminating
against so called 'non-native' English
speakers.
Finance

o Financial institutions have long used artificial

neural network systems to detect charges or
claims outside of the norm, flagging these for
human investigation. The use of AI
in banking began in 1987 when Security
Pacific National Bank launched a fraud
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prevention taskforce to counter the
unauthorized use of debit cards. Kasisto and
Moneystream use AI.
o Banks use AI to organize operations, for
bookkeeping, investing in stocks, and
managing properties. AI can react to changes
when business is not taking place. AI is used
to combat fraud and financial crimes by
monitoring behavioral patterns for
any abnormal changes or anomalies.
o The use of AI in applications such as online
trading and decision making has changed
major economic theories. For example, AI-
based buying and selling platforms estimate
individualized demand and supply curves and
thus enable individualized pricing. AI
machines reduce information asymmetry in
the market and thus make markets more
efficient. The application of artificial
intelligence in the financial industry can
alleviate the financing constraints of non-
state-owned enterprises. Especially for
smaller and more innovative enterprises.
Trading and investment
o Algorithmic trading involves the use of AI
systems to make trading decisions at speeds
orders of magnitude greater than any human
is capable of, making millions of trades in a
day without human intervention. Such high-
frequency trading represents a fast-growing
sector. Many banks, funds, and proprietary
trading firms now have entire portfolios that
are AI-managed. Automated trading
systems are typically used by large
institutional investors but include smaller
firms trading with their own AI systems.
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o Large financial institutions use AI to assist
with their investment practices. BlackRock's AI
engine, Aladdin, is used both within the
company and by clients to help with
investment decisions. Its functions include the
use of natural language processing to analyze
text such as news, broker reports, and social
media feeds. It then gauges the sentiment on
the companies mentioned and assigns a
score. Banks such as UBS and Deutsche
Bank use SQREEM (Sequential Quantum
Reduction and Extraction Model) to mine data
to develop consumer profiles and match them
with wealth management products.
Underwriting
o Online lender Upstart uses machine learning
for underwriting.
o ZestFinance's Zest Automated Machine
Learning (ZAML) platform is used for credit
underwriting. This platform uses machine
learning to analyze data including purchase
transactions and how a customer fills out a
form to score borrowers. The platform is
particularly useful to assign credit scores to
those with limited credit histories.
Audit
o AI makes continuous auditing possible.
Potential benefits include reducing audit risk,
increasing the level of assurance, and
reducing audit duration.
Anti-money laundering
o AI software, such as LaundroGraph which uses
contemporary suboptimal datasets, could be
used for anti-money laundering (AML). AI can
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be used to "develop the AML pipeline into a
robust, scalable solution with a reduced false
positive rate and high adaptability". A study
about deep learning for AML identified "key
challenges for researchers" to have "access to
recent real transaction data and scarcity of
labelled training data; and data being highly
imbalanced" and suggests future research
should bring-out "explainability, graph deep
learning using natural language
processing (NLP), unsupervised and
reinforcement learning to handle lack
of labelled data; and joint research programs
between the research community and
industry to benefit from domain knowledge
and controlled access to data".
History
o In the 1980s, AI started to become prominent
in finance as expert systems were
commercialized. For example, Dupont created
100 expert systems, which helped them to
save almost $10 million per year.] One of the
first systems was the Protrader expert system
that predicted the 87-point drop in the Dow
Jones Industrial Average in 1986. "The major
junctions of the system were to monitor
premiums in the market, determine the
optimum investment strategy, execute
transactions when appropriate and modify the
knowledge base through a learning
mechanism."
o One of the first expert systems to help with
financial plans was PlanPowerm and Client
Profiling System, created by Applied Expert
Systems (APEX). It was launched in 1986. It

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helped create personal financial plans for
people.
o In the 1990s AI was applied to fraud detection.
In 1993 FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System
(FAIS) launched. It was able to review over
200,000 transactions per week and over two
years it helped identify 400 potential cases
of money laundering equal to $1 billion. These
expert systems were later replaced by
machine learning systems.
o AI can enhance entrepreneurial activity and AI
is one of the most dynamic areas for start-
ups, with significant venture capital flowing
into AI.
Government
o AI facial recognition systems are used
for mass surveillance, notably in China.
o In 2019, Bengaluru, India deployed AI-
managed traffic signals. This system uses
cameras to monitor traffic density and adjust
signal timing based on the interval needed to
clear traffic.
Military
o Various countries are deploying AI military
applications. The main applications
enhance command and control,
communications, sensors, integration and
interoperability. Research is targeting
intelligence collection and analysis, logistics,
cyber operations, information operations, and
semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles. AI
technologies enable coordination of sensors
and effectors, threat detection and
identification, marking of enemy
positions, target acquisition, coordination and
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deconfliction of distributed Joint Fires between
networked combat vehicles involving manned
and unmanned teams. AI was incorporated
into military operations in Iraq and Syria.
o In the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Israel utilized
AI system Habsora (translated: "the gospel")
to quickly generate targets to strike, including
Gazan residential homes that were suspected
of affiliation to Hamas operatives. The
combination of AI targeting technology with
policy shift away from avoiding civilian targets
resulted in unprecedented numbers of civilian
deaths. IDF officials say the program
addresses the previous issue of the air force
running out of targets. Utilizing Habsora,
officials say that suspected and junior Hamas
members homes significantly expand the "AI
target bank." An internal source describes the
process as a “mass assassination factory”
o Worldwide annual military spending on
robotics rose from US$5.1 billion in 2010 to
US$7.5 billion in 2015. Military drones capable
of autonomous action are in wide use. Many
researchers avoid military applications.
Healthcare
AI in healthcare is often used for classification, to
evaluate a CT scan or electrocardiogram or to identify
high-risk patients for population health. AI is helping
with the high-cost problem of dosing. One study
suggested that AI could save $16 billion. In 2016, a
study reported that an AI-derived formula derived the
proper dose of immunosuppressant drugs to give to
transplant patients. Current research has indicated that
non-cardiac vascular illnesses are also being treated
with artificial intelligence (AI). For certain disorders, AI
algorithms can assist with diagnosis, recommended
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treatments, outcome prediction, and patient progress
tracking. As AI technology advances, it is anticipated
that it will become more significant in the healthcare
industry.
Microsoft's AI project Hanover helps doctors
choose cancer treatments from among the more than
800 medicines and vaccines. Its goal is to memorize all
the relevant papers to predict which (combinations of)
drugs will be most effective for each patient. Myeloid
leukemia is one target. Another study reported on an AI
that was as good as doctors in identifying skin
cancers. Another project monitors multiple high-risk
patients by asking each patient questions based on
data acquired from doctor/patient interactions. In one
study done with transfer learning, an AI diagnosed eye
conditions similar to an ophthalmologist and
recommended treatment referrals.
Another study demonstrated surgery with an
autonomous robot. The team supervised the robot
while it performed soft-tissue surgery, stitching
together a pig's bowel judged better than a surgeon.
Artificial neural networks are used as clinical decision
support systems for medical diagnosis, such as
in concept processing technology in EMR software.
Other healthcare tasks thought suitable for an AI that
are in development include:

 Screening
 Heart sound analysis
 Companion robots for elder care
 Medical record analysis
 Treatment plan design
 Medication management
 Assisting blind people
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 Consultations
 Drug creation (e.g. by identifying candidate
drugs and by using existing drug screening data such
as in life extension research)
 Clinical training]
 Outcome prediction for surgical procedures
 HIV prognosis
 Identifying genomic pathogen signatures of novel
pathogens or identifying pathogens via physics-
based fingerprints (including pandemic pathogens)
 Helping link genes to their functions, otherwise
analyzing genes and identification of novel biological
targets
 Help development of biomarkers
 Help tailor therapies to individuals in personalized
medicine/precision medicine
Workplace health and safety
AI-enabled chatbots decrease the need for humans to
perform basic call center tasks.
Machine learning in sentiment analysis can spot fatigue
in order to prevent overwork. Similarly, decision
support systems can prevent industrial disasters and
make disaster response more efficient. For manual
workers in material handling, predictive analytics may
be used to reduce musculoskeletal injury. Data
collected from wearable sensors can
improve workplace health surveillance, risk
assessment, and research.
AI can auto-code workers' compensation claims. AI-
enabled virtual reality systems can enhance safety
training for hazard recognition. AI can more efficiently
detect accident near misses, which are important in
reducing accident rates, but are often underreported.

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Biochemistry
AlphaFold 2 can determine the 3D structure of a
(folded) protein in hours rather than the months
required by earlier automated approaches and was
used to provide the likely structures of all proteins in
the human body and essentially all proteins known to
science (more than 200 million).
Chemistry and biology
Machine learning has been used for drug design. It has
also been used for predicting molecular properties and
exploring large chemical/reaction spaces. Computer-
planned syntheses via computational reaction
networks, described as a platform that combines
"computational synthesis with AI algorithms to predict
molecular properties", have been used to explore
the origins of life on Earth, drug-syntheses and
developing routes for recycling 200 industrial waste
chemicals into important drugs and agrochemicals
(chemical synthesis design). There is research about
which types of computer-aided chemistry would benefit
from machine learning. It can also be used for "drug
discovery and development, drug repurposing,
improving pharmaceutical productivity, and clinical
trials".It has been used for the design of proteins with
prespecified functional sites.
It has been used with databases for the development of
a 46-day process to design, synthesize and test a drug
which inhibits enzymes of a particular gene, DDR1.
DDR1 is involved in cancers and fibrosis which is one
reason for the high-quality datasets that enabled these
results.
There are various types of applications for machine
learning in decoding human biology, such as helping to
map gene expression patterns to functional activation
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patterns or identifying functional DNA motifs. It is
widely used in genetic research.
There also is some use of machine learning in synthetic
biology, disease biology, nanotechnology (e.g.
nanostructured materials
and bionanotechnology), and materials science.
Novel types of machine learning
Schema of the process of a semi-automated robot
scientist process that includes Web statement
extraction and biological laboratory testing

There are also prototype robot scientists, including

robot-embodied ones like the two Robot Scientists,
which show a form of "machine learning" not commonly
associated with the term.
Similarly, there is research and development of
biological "wetware computers" that can learn (e.g. for
use as biosensors) and/or implantation into an
organism's body (e.g. for use to control
prosthetics). Polymer-based artificial neurons operate
directly in biological environments and define biohybrid
neurons made of artificial and living components.
Moreover, if whole brain emulation is possible via both
scanning and replicating the, at least, bio-chemical
brain – as premised in the form of digital replication
in The Age of Em, possibly using physical neural
networks – that may have applications as or more
extensive than e.g. valued human activities and may
imply that society would face substantial moral choices,
societal risks and ethical problems such as whether
(and how) such are built, sent through space and used
compared to potentially competing e.g. potentially
more synthetic and/or less human and/or non/less-
sentient types of artificial/semi-artificial
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intelligence.] An alternative or additive approach to
scanning are types of reverse engineering of the brain.
A subcategory of artificial intelligence is
embodied, some of which are mobile robotic systems
that each consist of one or multiple robots that are able
to learn in the physical world.
 Digital ghosts
Biological computing in AI and as AI
However, biological computers, even if both highly
artificial and intelligent, are typically distinguished from
synthetic, often silicon-based, computers – they could
however be combined or used for the design of either.
Moreover, many tasks may be carried out inadequately
by artificial intelligence even if its algorithms were
transparent, understood, bias-free, apparently
effective, and goal-aligned and its trained data
sufficiently large and cleansed – such as in cases were
the underlying or available metrics, values or data are
inappropriate. Computer-aided is a phrase used to
describe human activities that make use of computing
as tool in more comprehensive activities and systems
such as AI for narrow tasks or making use of such
without substantially relying on its results (see
also: human-in-the-loop). A study described the
biological as a limitation of AI with "as long as the
biological system cannot be understood, formalized,
and imitated, we will not be able to develop
technologies that can mimic it" and that if it was
understood this does not mean there being "a
technological solution to imitate natural
intelligence". Technologies that integrate biology and
are often AI-based include biorobotics.

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 Astronomy, space activities and ufology
Artificial intelligence is used in astronomy to analyze
increasing amounts of available data and applications,
mainly for "classification, regression, clustering,
forecasting, generation, discovery, and the
development of new scientific insights" for example for
discovering exoplanets, forecasting solar activity, and
distinguishing between signals and instrumental effects
in gravitational wave astronomy. It could also be used
for activities in space such as space exploration,
including analysis of data from space missions, real-
time science decisions of spacecraft, space debris
avoidance, and more autonomous operation.
In the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI),
machine learning has been used in attempts to identify
artificially generated electromagnetic waves in
available data such as real-time observations and
other technosignatures, e.g. via anomaly
detection. In ufology, the SkyCAM-5 project headed by
Prof. Hakan Kayal and the Galileo Project headed by
Prof. Avi Loeb use machine learning to detect and
classify peculiar types of UFOs. The Galileo Project also
seeks to detect two further types of potential
extraterrestrial technological signatures with the use of
AI: 'Oumuamua-like interstellar objects, and non-
manmade artificial satellites.
 Future or non-human applications
Loeb has speculated that one type of technological
equipment the project may detect could be "AI
astronauts" and in 2021 – in an opinion piece – that AI
"will" "supersede natural intelligence", while Martin
Rees stated that there "may" be more civilizations than
thought with the "majority of them" being artificial. In
particular, mid/far future or non-human applications of
artificial intelligence could include advanced forms
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of artificial general intelligence that engages in space
colonization or more narrow spaceflight-specific types
of AI. In contrast, there have been concerns in relation
to potential AGI or AI capable of embryo space
colonization, or more generally natural intelligence-
based space colonization, such as "safety of encounters
with an alien AI", suffering risks (or inverse
goals), moral license/responsibility in respect to
colonization-effects, or AI gone rogue (e.g. as portrayed
with fictional David and HAL 9000). See also: space
law and space ethics. Loeb has described the possibility
of "AI astronauts" that engage in "supervised evolution"
 Astrochemistry
It can also be used to produce datasets of spectral
signatures of molecules that may be involved in the
atmospheric production or consumption of particular
chemicals – such as phosphine possibly detected on
Venus – which could prevent miss assignments and, if
accuracy is improved, be used in future detections and
identifications of molecules on other planets.
Other fields of research
Archaeology, history and imaging of sites
Machine learning can help to restore and attribute
ancient texts. It can help to index texts for example to
enable better and easier searching and classification of
fragments.
Artificial intelligence can also be used to investigate
genomes to uncover genetic history, such
as interbreeding between archaic and modern
humans by which for example the past existence of
a ghost population, not Neanderthal or Denisovan, was
inferred.

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It can also be used for "non-invasive and non-
destructive access to internal structures of
archaeological remains".
 Physics
A deep learning system was reported to learn intuitive
physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments)
based on an unpublished approach inspired by studies
of visual cognition in infants. Other researchers have
developed a machine learning algorithm that could
discover sets of basic variables of various physical
systems and predict the systems' future dynamics from
video recordings of their behavior. In the future, it may
be possible that such can be used to automate the
discovery of physical laws of complex systems.
 Materials science
AI could be used for materials optimization and
discovery such as the discovery of stable materials and
the prediction of their crystal structure.
In November 2023, researchers at Google
DeepMind and Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory announced that they had developed an AI
system known as GNoME. This system has contributed
to materials science by discovering over 2 million new
materials within a relatively short timeframe. GNoME
employs deep learning techniques to efficiently explore
potential material structures, achieving a significant
increase in the identification of stable inorganic crystal
structures. The system's predictions were validated
through autonomous robotic experiments,
demonstrating a noteworthy success rate of 71%. The
data of newly discovered materials is publicly available
through the Materials Project database, offering
researchers the opportunity to identify materials with
desired properties for various applications. This
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development has implications for the future of scientific
discovery and the integration of AI in material science
research, potentially expediting material innovation
and reducing costs in product development. The use of
AI and deep learning suggests the possibility of
minimizing or eliminating manual lab experiments and
allowing scientists to focus more on the design and
analysis of unique compounds.
 Reverse engineering
Machine learning is used in diverse types of reverse
engineering. For example, machine learning has been
used to reverse engineer a composite material part,
enabling unauthorized production of high quality
parts, and for quickly understanding the behavior
of malware. It can be used to reverse engineer artificial
intelligence models. It can also design components by
engaging in a type of reverse engineering of not-yet
existent virtual components such as inverse molecular
design for particular desired functionality] or protein
design for prespecified functional sites. Biological
network reverse engineering could model interactions
in a human understandable way, e.g. bas on time series
data of gene expression levels.
 Law

 Legal analysis
AI is a mainstay of law-related professions. Algorithms
and machine learning do some tasks previously done
by entry-level lawyers. While its use is common, it is
not expected to replace most work done by lawyers in
the near future.
The electronic discovery industry uses machine
learning to reduce manual searching.
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 Law enforcement and legal proceedings
COMPAS is a commercial system used by U.S. courts to
assess the likelihood of recidivism.
One concern relates to algorithmic bias, AI programs
may become biased after processing data that exhibits
bias. ProPublica claims that the average COMPAS-
assigned recidivism risk level of black defendants is
significantly higher than that of white defendants.
In 2019, the city of Hangzhou, China established a pilot
program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to
adjudicate disputes related to ecommerce and internet-
related intellectual property claims. Parties appear before
the court via videoconference and AI evaluates the
evidence presented and applies relevant legal
standards.

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ETHICAL CONSIDERATION OF AI

Optimizing logistics, detecting fraud, composing art,

conducting research, providing translations: intelligent
machine systems are transforming our lives for the
better. As these systems become more capable, our
world becomes more efficient and consequently richer.
Tech giants such as Alphabet, Amazon, Facebook, IBM
and Microsoft – as well as individuals like Stephen
Hawking and Elon Musk – believe that now is the right
time to talk about the nearly boundless landscape of
artificial intelligence. In many ways, this is just as much
a new frontier for ethics and risk assessment as it is for
emerging technology. So which issues and
conversations keep AI experts up at night?
1. Unemployment. What happens after the end of
jobs?

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The hierarchy of labour is concerned primarily with
automation. As we’ve invented ways to automate jobs,
we could create room for people to assume more
complex roles, moving from the physical work that
dominated the pre-industrial globe to the cognitive
labour that characterizes strategic and administrative
work in our globalized society.
Look at trucking: it currently employs millions of
individuals in the United States alone. What will happen
to them if the self-driving trucks promised by Tesla’s
Elon Musk become widely available in the next decade?
But on the other hand, if we consider the lower risk of
accidents, self-driving trucks seem like an ethical
choice. The same scenario could happen to office
workers, as well as to the majority of the workforce in
developed countries.

2. Inequality. How do we distribute the wealth

created by machines?
Our economic system is based on compensation for
contribution to the economy, often assessed using an
hourly wage. The majority of companies are still
dependent on hourly work when it comes to products
and services. But by using artificial intelligence, a
company can drastically cut down on relying on the
human workforce, and this means that revenues will go
to fewer people. Consequently, individuals who have
ownership in AI-driven companies will make all the
money.
We are already seeing a widening wealth gap, where
start-up founders take home a large portion of the
economic surplus they create. In 2014, roughly the
same revenues were generated by the three biggest
companies in Detroit and the three biggest companies
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in Silicon Valley ... only in Silicon Valley there were 10
times fewer employees.
If we’re truly imagining a post-work society, how do we
structure a fair post-labour economy?

3. Humanity. How do machines affect our

behaviour and interaction?
Artificially intelligent bots are becoming better and
better at modelling human conversation and
relationships. In 2015, a bot named Eugene Goostman
won the Turing Challenge for the first time. In this
challenge, human raters used text input to chat with an
unknown entity, then guessed whether they had been
chatting with a human or a machine. Eugene Goostman
fooled more than half of the human raters into thinking
they had been talking to a human being.
This milestone is only the start of an age where we will
frequently interact with machines as if they are
humans; whether in customer service or sales. While
humans are limited in the attention and kindness that
they can expend on another person, artificial bots can
channel virtually unlimited resources into building
relationships.
Even though not many of us are aware of this, we are
already witnesses to how machines can trigger the
reward centres in the human brain. Just look at click-
bait headlines and video games. These headlines are
often optimized with A/B testing, a rudimentary form of
algorithmic optimization for content to capture our
attention. This and other methods are used to make
numerous video and mobile games become addictive.
Tech addiction is the new frontier of human
dependency.
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On the other hand, maybe we can think of a different
use for software, which has already become effective at
directing human attention and triggering certain
actions. When used right, this could evolve into an
opportunity to nudge society towards more beneficial
behavior. However, in the wrong hands it could prove
detrimental.

4. Artificial stupidity. How can we guard against

mistakes?
Intelligence comes from learning, whether you’re
human or machine. Systems usually have a training
phase in which they "learn" to detect the right patterns
and act according to their input. Once a system is fully
trained, it can then go into test phase, where it is hit
with more examples and we see how it performs.
Obviously, the training phase cannot cover all possible
examples that a system may deal with in the real
world. These systems can be fooled in ways that
humans wouldn't be. For example, random dot patterns
can lead a machine to “see” things that aren’t there. If
we rely on AI to bring us into a new world of labour,
security and efficiency, we need to ensure that the
machine performs as planned, and that people can’t
overpower it to use it for their own ends.

5. Racist robots. How do we eliminate AI bias?

Though artificial intelligence is capable of a speed and
capacity of processing that’s far beyond that of
humans, it cannot always be trusted to be fair and
neutral. Google and its parent company Alphabet are
one of the leaders when it comes to artificial
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intelligence, as seen in Google’s Photos service, where
AI is used to identify people, objects and scenes. But it
can go wrong, such as when a camera missed the mark
on racial sensitivity, or when a software used to predict
future criminals showed bias against black people.
We shouldn’t forget that AI systems are created by
humans, who can be biased and judgemental. Once
again, if used right, or if used by those who strive for
social progress, artificial intelligence can become a
catalyst for positive change.

6. Security. How do we keep AI safe from

adversaries?
The more powerful a technology becomes, the more
can it be used for nefarious reasons as well as good.
This applies not only to robots produced to replace
human soldiers, or autonomous weapons, but to AI
systems that can cause damage if used maliciously.
Because these fights won't be fought on the
battleground only, cybersecurity will become even
more important. After all, we’re dealing with a system
that is faster and more capable than us by orders of
magnitude.

7. Evil genies. How do we protect against

unintended consequences?
It’s not just adversaries we have to worry about. What if
artificial intelligence itself turned against us? This
doesn't mean by turning "evil" in the way a human
might, or the way AI disasters are depicted in
Hollywood movies. Rather, we can imagine an
advanced AI system as a "genie in a bottle" that can
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fulfill wishes, but with terrible unforeseen
consequences.
In the case of a machine, there is unlikely to be malice
at play, only a lack of understanding of the full context
in which the wish was made. Imagine an AI system that
is asked to eradicate cancer in the world. After a lot of
computing, it spits out a formula that does, in fact,
bring about the end of cancer – by killing everyone on
the planet. The computer would have achieved its goal
of "no more cancer" very efficiently, but not in the way
humans intended it.

8. Singularity. How do we stay in control of a

complex intelligent system?
The reason humans are on top of the food chain is not
down to sharp teeth or strong muscles. Human
dominance is almost entirely due to our ingenuity and
intelligence. We can get the better of bigger, faster,
stronger animals because we can create and use tools
to control them: both physical tools such as cages and
weapons, and cognitive tools like training and
conditioning.
This poses a serious question about artificial
intelligence: will it, one day, have the same advantage
over us? We can't rely on just "pulling the plug" either,
because a sufficiently advanced machine may
anticipate this move and defend itself. This is what
some call the “singularity”: the point in time when
human beings are no longer the most intelligent beings
on earth.

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9. Robot rights. How do we define the humane
treatment of AI?
While neuroscientists are still working on unlocking the
secrets of conscious experience, we understand more
about the basic mechanisms of reward and aversion.
We share these mechanisms with even simple animals.
In a way, we are building similar mechanisms of reward
and aversion in systems of artificial intelligence. For
example, reinforcement learning is similar to training a
dog: improved performance is reinforced with a virtual
reward.
Right now, these systems are fairly superficial, but they
are becoming more complex and life-like. Could we
consider a system to be suffering when its reward
functions give it negative input? What's more, so-called
genetic algorithms work by creating many instances of
a system at once, of which only the most successful
"survive" and combine to form the next generation of
instances. This happens over many generations and is
a way of improving a system. The unsuccessful
instances are deleted. At what point might we consider
genetic algorithms a form of mass murder?

Once we consider machines as entities that can

perceive, feel and act, it's not a huge leap to ponder
their legal status. Should they be treated like animals of
comparable intelligence? Will we consider the suffering
of "feeling" machines?
Some ethical questions are about mitigating suffering,
some about risking negative outcomes. While we
consider these risks, we should also keep in mind that,
on the whole, this technological progress means better
lives for everyone. Artificial intelligence has vast

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potential, and its responsible implementation is up to
us.

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CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF AI

Imagine a world where diseases are diagnosed even

before symptoms appear, cars weave seamlessly
through the streets without drivers, and digital
assistants predict your needs even before you voice
them. Such is the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Yet, like the flip side of a coin, AI has its challenges and
limitations, often obscured by its impressive feats.
Data Dependency:
AI's Thirst for Data: At the heart of AI, especially
machine learning, is its voracious appetite for data. The
better the data, the more refined the AI's performance.

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The Herculean Task of Data Collection: Not only does AI
require massive datasets, but the quality, diversity, and
relevance of this data are crucial. Obtaining clean,
unbiased data is an enormous challenge, given issues
like data silos, privacy concerns, and data biases.
Perils of Biased Data: If AI is trained on skewed or
biased data, it merely reflects those biases. This can
lead to unfair decision-making, ranging from job
applications to legal judgments, reinforcing existing
societal prejudices.
Explainability and Transparency:
The Black Box Dilemma: Many AI systems, especially
deep learning models, make decisions in ways that are
hard to interpret. This obscurity has given rise to the
term "black box" AI.

Transparency is Paramount: In sectors like finance,

healthcare, or legal, where AI decisions can significantly
impact human lives, understanding the rationale
behind those decisions is vital for accountability and
trust.
Toward a Transparent Future: "Explainable AI" seeks to
make AI's decision-making transparent and
understandable, bridging the trust gap between
humans and machines.
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Generalization vs. Specialization:
Master of One: Most AI models today excel in highly
specialized tasks, be it playing chess or diagnosing a
specific disease from X-ray images. However, outside of
their domain, their performance plummets.
The Quest for General AI: Humans are generalists. We
can learn a game, cook a meal, and write an essay
using a common pool of knowledge. Replicating this
ability for AI to generalize across tasks remains an
ongoing challenge.
Computational Costs:
AI's Energy Hunger: Training state-of-the-art models,
particularly deep neural networks, demands vast
computational resources, leading to significant energy
consumption.
The Carbon Footprint Concern: As AI models grow more
complex, the environmental implications of their
energy consumption come to the fore. Data centers
running these computations emit sizable carbon
footprints, posing environmental concerns.
Ethical and Societal Implications:
Mirror to Society: AI models, when trained on real-world
data, can absorb and perpetuate societal biases,
potentially leading to unfair or discriminatory
outcomes.
Job Displacement Worries: With automation and AI
becoming ubiquitous, there are genuine concerns about
job losses across sectors, demanding a rethinking of
skills and retraining programs.

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Big Brother's Digital Eyes: The surge in AI-powered
surveillance tools raises alarms about privacy and the
potential misuse of technology for authoritarian control.
Reliability and Safety:
Predictable yet Unpredictable: Ensuring that AI systems
consistently make safe and reliable decisions,
especially in life-critical domains like medicine or
autonomous driving, is paramount.
Real-world Complexity: The world is unpredictable.
Validating AI's decisions across a myriad of scenarios,
some unforeseen during training, adds layers of
complexity to AI deployment.
Human and AI Interaction:
Harmonious Cohabitation: Integrating AI smoothly into
human workflows, ensuring that it augments rather
than hinders, is an ongoing challenge.
Psychological Dynamics: As AI systems become more
pervasive, understanding and addressing potential
psychological impacts, such as over-reliance or undue
trust in AI, is essential.
The Barrier of Common Sense:
Computational Brains Lack Common Sense: While AI
can crunch numbers at astounding speeds, many
models can't understand basic logic or common sense
that even a child grasps intuitively.
Endowing Machines with Intuition: Researchers
worldwide are working diligently to instill AI with this
elusive "common sense" to make their decisions more
aligned with human understanding.

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AI promises a revolution, but it's not without its
roadblocks. As we march forward, it's essential to
harness AI's potential while conscientiously navigating
its challenges. Celebrating its innovations, we must also
invest in research and dialogues that address its
limitations, ensuring a future where AI is both powerful
and benevolent.
Remember, in the world of business, knowledge is not
just power; it's the engine of transformation. Dive deep,
understand, and act.

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REGULATIONS AND POLICIES

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human

intelligence processes by machines, especially
computer systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) is
intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to
the natural intelligence displayed by humans or
animals. AI applications include advanced web search
engines, recommendation systems (used by YouTube,
Amazon and Netflix), understanding human speech
(such as Siri or Alexa), self-driving cars (e.g., Tesla),
and competing at the highest level in strategic game
systems.
The artificial intelligence industry is growing at an
incredible speed. Nations around the world are
competing to win the ‘AI race’. Companies are investing
billions of dollars to secure the largest market share.
Simulations show that by 2030 about 70% of
companies will adopt some sort of AI technology.

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Whether modelling climate change, selecting job
candidates or predicting if someone will commit a
crime, AI can replace humans and make more decisions
quicker and cheaper.
We need to regulate AI for two reasons. First, because
governments and companies use AI to take decisions
that can have a significant impact on our lives. Second,
because whenever someone takes a decision that
affects us, they have to be accountable to us. Human
rights law sets out minimum standards of treatment
that everyone can expect. It gives everyone the right to
a remedy where those standards are not met, and you
suffer harm. Governments are supposed to make sure
that those standards are upheld and that anyone who
breaks those standards is held accountable - usually
through administrative, civil or criminal law.
AI systems that produce biased results have been
making headlines. One well-known example is Apple’s
credit card algorithm, which has been accused of
discriminating against women, triggering an
investigation by New York’s Department of Financial
Services. A study published in Science showed that risk
prediction tools used in health care, which affect
millions of people in the United States every year,
exhibit significant racial bias.
The artificial intelligence industry is growing at an
incredible speed. Nations around the world are
competing to win the ‘AI race’. Companies are investing
billions of dollars to secure the largest market share.
Simulations show that by 2030 about 70% of
companies will adopt some sort of AI technology.
Whether modelling climate change, selecting job
candidates or predicting if someone will commit a
crime, AI can replace humans and make more decisions
quicker and cheaper.
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We need to regulate AI for two reasons. First, because
governments and companies use AI to take decisions
that can have a significant impact on our lives. Second,
because whenever someone takes a decision that
affects us, they have to be accountable to us. Human
rights law sets out minimum standards of treatment
that everyone can expect. It gives everyone the right to
a remedy where those standards are not met, and you
suffer harm. Governments are supposed to make sure
that those standards are upheld and that anyone who
breaks those standards is held accountable - usually
through administrative, civil or criminal law.
AI systems that produce biased results have been
making headlines. One well-known example is Apple’s
credit card algorithm, which has been accused of
discriminating against women, triggering an
investigation by New York’s Department of Financial
Services. A study published in Science showed that risk
prediction tools used in health care, which affect
millions of people in the United States every year,
exhibit significant racial bias.
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CONCLUSION

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The field of artificial intelligence has made remarkable
progress in the past five years and is having real-world
impact on people, institutions and culture. The ability of
computer programs to perform sophisticated language-
and image-processing tasks, core problems that have
driven the field since its birth in the 1950s, has
advanced significantly. Although the current state of AI
technology is still far short of the field’s founding
aspiration of recreating full human-like intelligence in
machines, research and development teams are

leveraging these advances and incorporating them into

society-facing applications. For example, the use of AI
techniques in healthcare is becoming a reality, and the
brain sciences are both a beneficiary of and a
contributor to AI advances. Old and new companies are
investing money and attention to varying degrees to
find ways to build on this progress and provide services
that scale in unprecedented ways.
The field’s successes have led to an inflection point: It
is now urgent to think seriously about the downsides
and risks that the broad application of AI is revealing.
The increasing capacity to automate decisions at scale
is a double-edged sword; intentional deepfakes or
simply unaccountable algorithms making mission-
critical recommendations can result in people being
misled, discriminated against, and even physically
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harmed. Algorithms trained on historical data are
disposed to reinforce and even exacerbate existing
biases and inequalities. Whereas AI research has
traditionally been the purview of computer scientists
and researchers studying cognitive processes, it has
become clear that all areas of human inquiry, especially
the social sciences, need to be included in a broader
conversation about the future of the field. Minimizing
the negative impacts on society and enhancing the
positive requires more than one-shot technological
solutions; keeping AI on track for positive outcomes
relevant to society requires ongoing engagement and
continual attention.

Looking ahead, a number of important steps need to be

taken. Governments play a critical role in shaping the
development and application of AI, and they have been
rapidly adjusting to acknowledge the importance of the
technology to science, economics, and the process of
governing itself. But government institutions are still
behind the curve, and sustained investment of time
and resources will be needed to meet the challenges
posed by rapidly evolving technology. In addition to
regulating the most influential aspects of AI
applications on society, governments need to look
ahead to ensure the creation of informed communities.
Incorporating understanding of AI concepts and
implications into K-12 education is an example of a
needed step to help prepare the next generation to live
in and contribute to an equitable AI-infused world.

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