Nepal Electricity Authority

Level 4/5
Chapter 7: Power System Operation and Maintenace

By
Er. Madhav Prasad Nagarkoti
(Electrical Engineer, NEA)
(BE in Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Kathmandu University, 2010)
(MSC in Power System Engineering, TU-IOE, Pulchowk Campus-Running, 2078)

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7. POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE [3x2=6, 1x5=5]
▪ Concept of maximum demand, diversity factor, load factor and load curves, load duration
curves, power factor correction and improvement
▪ Operation of substation during normal and abnormal condition
▪ Synchronizing and system restoration
▪ Preventive maintenance in electrical system for transmission lines and its equipment,
distribution lines and its equipments, transformers, switchgears, motors, generators,
turbines excitation system, and communication system used in power system
▪ Maintenance of D.C. system
▪ Safety and precautions, safety rules and regulation, safety tools and devices.

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Demand Factor:
• It is defined as the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected load.
• Demand Factor = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
• Generally, the value of demand factor is less than unity because the maximum demand is usually
less than the connected load on the station.
• The lower the demand factor, the lesser will be the system capacity required to serve the
connected load.
Diversity Factor:
• It is defined as the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands to the maximum
demand on the power station.
• Diversity Factor = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
• It is always greater than one.
• It plays a major role in determining the maximum demand required i.e., plant capacity.
• A high diversity factor has the effect of reducing the maximum demand and vice versa.
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Load Factor:
• Load factor is defined as the ratio of average load over a given period to the maximum demand
during that period.
• Load factor defines how efficiently energy is used i.e., it measures the utilization of electrical
energy during a given period to the maximum energy that could have been used in that period.
• Higher load factor means smaller will be the cost of generation for same maximum demands.
• Load Factor = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ×𝑇
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 ×𝑇
• It can also be defined based on the number of hours in days, weeks, months, or years .
• Daily load factor = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐾𝑤ℎ 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 ×24ℎ𝑟𝑠

• Annual load factor = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐾𝑤ℎ 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 ×(8760ℎ𝑟𝑠)

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Q. With a neat sketch explain load curve and
load duration curve.
Answer:
Load Curves:
▪ The curve showing the variation of load on
the power station with respect to (w.r.t) time
is known as a load curve.
▪ The load on a power station is never
constant; it varies from time to time.
▪ These load variations during the whole day
(i.e., 24 hours) are recorded half-hourly or
hourly and are plotted against time on the
graph.
▪ The curve thus obtained is known as daily Fig.: Load curve and Load duration curve
load curve as it shows the variations of
load w.r.t. the time during the day.
▪ It is clear that load on the power station is
varying, being maximum at 6 P.M. in this
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▪ Load curve may be weekly, monthly, annual etc.
▪ Importance load curve are;
o It shows the variations of load on the power station during different time of the considered time frame.
o The area under the daily load curve gives the number of units generated in the considered time frame.
o The highest point on the daily load curve represents the maximum demand on the station on that time
frame.
o Load factor can be determined from load curve.
o The load curve helps in selecting the size and number of generating units.
o The load curve helps in preparing the operation schedule of the station
Load duration curve:
▪ When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of descending magnitudes, the curve thus
obtained is called a load duration curve.
▪ The load duration curve is obtained from the same data as the load curve but the ordinates are arranged in
the order of descending magnitudes.
▪ In other words, the maximum load is represented to the left and decreasing loads are represented to the right
in the descending order.

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▪ Importance of load duration curve are;
o It readily shows the number of hours during which the given load has prevailed.
o Also, the area under the daily load duration curve gives the number of units generated
in the considered time frame.

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Q. Draw a typical load curve from 6 O’clock in the morning to 8 O’clock in the evening
and respective load duration one curve from it.
Answer:

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Power factor:
▪ It is defined as the cosine of angle between voltage and current in ac circuit.
▪ Power Factor = p.f. = cosՓ = 𝑅, where Փ is the angle between voltage and current.
𝑍
▪ Also, Power Factor = p.f. = cosՓ = Active power
Apparent power
Disadvantages of Low Power Factor:
▪ Large kVA rating of the equipment,
▪ Greater conductor size,
▪ Poor voltage regulation,
▪ Larger copper losses,
▪ The reduced handling capacity of the system,
▪ The cost of station and distribution equipment is more for a given load.

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Causes of Low Power Factor:
▪ Most of the AC motors are of induction type (1𝜙 and 3𝜙 induction motors) which
have a low lagging power factor,
▪ These motors work at a power factor that is extremely small on light load (0.2 to
0.3) and rises to 0.8 or 0.9 at full load,
▪ Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps, and industrial heating furnaces operate at a low
lagging power factor,
▪ The load on the power system is varying; being high during morning and evening
and low at other times,
▪ During a low load period, the supply voltage is increased which increases the
magnetization current, this results in the decreased power factor.

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Power Factor Improvement:
The factor can be improved by following methods;
1. Static capacitor
2. Synchronous condenser
3. Phase advancer

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1. Static Capacitors:
▪ Improving power factor means reducing
the phase difference between voltage and
current.
▪ Since the majority of loads are of inductive
nature, they require some amount of
reactive power for them to function.
▪ A capacitor or bank of capacitors installed
parallel to the load provides this reactive
power.
▪ They act as a source of local reactive
power, and thus less reactive power flows
through the line.
▪ Capacitor banks reduce the phase
difference between the voltage and current.
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Advantages:
(i) They have low losses.
(ii) They require little maintenance as there are no rotating parts.
(iii) They can be easily installed as they are light and require no foundation.
(iv) They can work under ordinary atmospheric conditions.
Disadvantages:
(i) They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years.
(ii) They are easily damaged if the voltage exceeds the rated value.
(iii) Once the capacitors are damaged, their repair is uneconomical.

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2. Synchronous condenser:
▪ A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited and, therefore,
behaves as a capacitor.
▪ An over-excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as
synchronous condenser.
▪ When such a machine is connected in parallel with the supply, it takes a
leading current which partly neutralizes the lagging reactive component of the
load.
▪ Thus the power factor is improved.
▪ Figure given below shows the power factor improvement by synchronous
condenser method.
▪ The 3-𝜙 load takes current 𝐼𝐿, at low lagging power factor cos 𝜙𝐿.
▪ The synchronous condenser takes a current 𝐼𝑚, which leads the voltage by an
angle 𝜙𝑚.
▪ The resultant current I is the phasor sum of 𝐼𝑚, and 𝐼𝐿, and lags behind the
voltage by an angle 𝜙.
▪ It is clear that 𝜙 is less than 𝜙𝐿, so that cos𝜙 is greater than cos𝜙𝐿.
▪ Thus the power factor is increased from cos𝜙𝐿 , to cos𝜙 . Synchronous
condensers are generally used at major bulk supply substations for power
factor improvement.
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Advantages:
▪ By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of current drawn by the motor can be
changed by any amount. This helps in achieving step less control of power factor.
▪ The motor windings have high thermal stability to short circuit currents.
▪ The faults can be removed easily.
Disadvantages:
▪ There are considerable losses in the motor.
▪ The maintenance cost is high.
▪ It produces noise.
▪ Except in sizes above 500 kVA, the cost is greater than that of static capacitors of the same
rating.
▪ As a synchronous motor has no self-starting torque, therefore, an auxiliary equipment has to
be provided for this purpose.

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3. Phase Advancer:
▪ This is an AC exciter mainly used to improve the PF of an induction motor.
▪ They are mounted on the shaft of the motor and are connected to the rotor circuit of the
motor.
▪ It improves the power factor by providing the exciting ampere turns to produce the required
flux at the given slip frequency.
▪ Further, if ampere-turns increase, it can be made to operate at the leading power factor.
Advantages:
▪ The exciting ampere turns are sup- plied at slip frequency, therefore, lagging KVAR drawn
by the motor are considerably reduced.
▪ Phase advancer can be conveniently used where the use of synchronous motors is
inadmissible.
Disadvantages:
▪ Phase advancers are not economical for motors below 200 H.P.

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Operation of Substation During Normal Conditions:
▪ Voltage Transformation: Substations typically receive high voltage power from
power generation plants and transform it down to lower voltage levels suitable for
distribution to homes and businesses.
▪ Switching: Substations have switches and circuit breakers that control the flow of
electricity. They ensure that power is routed to the desired destinations.
▪ Protection: Substations are equipped with protective devices like relays that
monitor current and voltage levels. If they detect abnormalities, they can trip circuit
breakers to isolate the fault and prevent damage to the equipment and the electrical
grid.
▪ Monitoring and Control: Substations have monitoring systems that provide real-
time information about the status of equipment, voltages, currents, and other
operational parameters. Operators use this data to make informed decisions about
the operation of the substation.

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Operation of Substation During Abnormal Conditions:
▪ Overload: If a substation experiences an overload due to excessive demand or a fault,
protective relays will trip circuit breakers to prevent damage and maintain system stability.
▪ Short Circuit: In the event of a short circuit, protective relays will also trip circuit breakers
to isolate the faulty section of the network.
▪ Voltage Fluctuations: Sudden voltage fluctuations can occur due to various reasons, such
as lightning strikes or equipment failure. Substation equipment can help stabilize the
voltage, and in extreme cases, they might disconnect the affected part of the network.
▪ Fault Isolation: Substations are designed to quickly identify the location of faults and
isolate them, minimizing the impact on the rest of the grid.
▪ Emergency Operation: During emergencies or natural disasters, substations might need to
operate under abnormal conditions. Backup power sources like generators can be used to
maintain critical functions.
▪ Communication: Substations are often equipped with communication systems to relay
information to the central control center and receive instructions in abnormal situations.

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Synchronizing:
In a power system, synchronization is the process of matching the voltage, frequency, phase,
and phase sequence of an incoming power source or generator to the existing electrical system.
Proper synchronization is crucial to ensure that the incoming power can be connected to the
grid without causing voltage or frequency disturbances. Here are some key aspects of
synchronizing in a power system:
▪ Generator Synchronization: When bringing a new generator online or connecting a
backup generator to the grid, synchronization is necessary to ensure that the generator's
output matches the grid's voltage, frequency, phase, and phase sequence. Failure to
synchronize properly can lead to electrical disturbances, equipment damage, or outages.
▪ Synchronizing Switchgear: Specialized equipment, such as synchronizing switchgear, is
used to automate the synchronization process and ensure safe and accurate connection to the
grid.
▪ Synchronization in Parallel Operation: In power systems with multiple generators or
sources, synchronization is essential to ensure that all sources operate in parallel without
issues. Automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) and synchronization panels help maintain
stable voltage and frequency during parallel operation.
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System Restoration:
System restoration in a power system refers to the process of recovering electrical service after an
outage, fault, or disturbance. It involves systematically bringing the grid back to normal operation while
ensuring safety and stability. Here are some key components of system restoration:
▪ Fault Detection and Isolation: The first step in system restoration is detecting and isolating the fault
or issue. Protective relays and circuit breakers play a crucial role in this process.
▪ Black Start Capability: Some power plants and substations are designed with black start capability,
meaning they can restart without external power sources. This is essential for initiating system
restoration after a widespread blackout.
▪ Load Shedding: During system restoration, load shedding may be implemented to prevent
overloading the system. Certain areas or loads may be temporarily disconnected to maintain grid
stability.
▪ Sequential Restoration: Power is restored in a systematic sequence, starting with critical
infrastructure and gradually expanding to other areas. This approach minimizes the risk of
overloading the grid during the restoration process.
▪ Communication and Control: Advanced control systems and communication networks are used to
coordinate the restoration process and ensure that all operations are synchronized.
▪ Testing and Verification: After power is restored, extensive testing and verification are conducted to
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23re the system is stable and that all equipment is functioning correctly. 20
Maintenance:
▪ The process/work done to keep any machine and equipment in good working
condition is called maintenance.
▪ In order to keep machine and equipment in good working condition, regular
inspection, testing and repair is necessary.
▪ Maintenance work should always be done by a skilled person.
▪ Maintenance activities can be divided into two types;
o Planned maintenance activities
o Unplanned maintenance activities

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Why Maintenance is necessary?
The process/work done to keep any machine and equipment in good working condition is
called maintenance. In order to keep it in good working condition, regular inspection, testing
and repair is necessary.
Maintenance requirements are as follows;
▪ To prevent major damage,
▪ Since the life of the equipment will increase by maintaining the equipment,
▪ Maintenance of equipment does not reduce efficiency,
▪ Since it is necessary from the point of view of safety,
▪ Since it is cheaper to repair than replace a new device,
▪ To increase the reliability of the system,
▪ To reduce system tripping.
Overall, regular maintenance of equipment is a proactive approach, which is important to
ensure safety, reliability, efficiency and longevity as well as increase the operational
performance of equipment.
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Methods of Fault Findings in Equipments:
A. By Inspection of Equipmets:
1. By visual: 3. By smelling:
• Transformer oil leakage ▪ In case of insulator puncture
• Sparking ▪ Bearing burns
• Breakdown ▪ Joint burns
• Circuit disconnection ▪ Cable/wire insulation burns
▪ If problem occurs in the battery
2. By listening:
• Motor vibration 4. By touching:
• Generator vibration ▪ As this is a risky method, it is not used
that much.
• Alarm/Buzzer in substation
▪ If drilling machine, wiring etc. heated
• If the instrument breaks
can be inspected by touching.

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B. By Using Testing Equipment:
1. By Using Megger:
▪ To check insulation of line insulator,
▪ To check insulation of coil in generator/transformer/motor,
▪ To check insulation of lightning arrestor.

2. By Using voltmeter, ammeter, galvanometer etc.:

▪ To check open circuit,
▪ To check short circuit,
▪ To check voltage,
▪ To check leakage current,

3. By Using earth tester:

▪ To check earth resistance check.

4. By Using Hydrometer:
▪ To check the specific gravity of electrolyte of Battery.
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Types of Maintenance:
A. Planned maintenance
i. Preventive maintenance
ii. Scheduled maintenance
iii. Predictive maintenance
B. Unplanned maintenance
i. Breakdown maintenance/Corrective maintenance/Reactive maintenance
Preventive Maintenance:
▪ Preventive maintenance is the act of performing regular maintenance activities to prevent unexpected
failures in the future.
▪ How long any equipment works depends on the preventive maintenance of the equipment.
▪ No equipment lasts forever, but regular maintenance of the equipment can increase its life.
▪ It is also called Regular Maintenance or Routine Maintenance or Scheduled Maintenance or Periodic
Maintenance.
▪ It is also known as Planned Maintenance.
▪ It is less expensive than corrective maintenance.
▪ This type of maintenance is done even when the equipment is working well.
▪ By doing preventive maintenance, system faults can be reduced to some extent.
▪ This maintenance is most effective.
Advantages of Preventive Maintenance:
▪ It increases the reliability of the equipment.
▪ Due to this, the repair cost will be reduced, so it will be less expensive.
▪ It increases the life of the equipment.
▪ The safety of workers and users can be improved.
▪ Outage can be reduced while productivity can be increased.
▪ As the equipment is well maintained, it consumes less energy, which increases efficiency.
▪ T1h1/i6s/2p02r3events major damage to the equipment. 26
Scheduled Maintenance:
▪ Inspecting and repairing equipment according to a predetermined schedule is called
scheduled maintenance.
▪ The main objectives of schedule maintenance are:
o To reduce corrective maintenance,
o To reduce equipment downtime (or outage time).
Predictive Maintenance:
▪ It is also called condition based maintenance.
▪ During this maintenance, the possibility of breakdown can be reduced by
monitoring the functionality and condition of the equipment.
▪ In this type of maintenance, based on various parameters and factors, equipment
failures are predicted.
▪ In this way, after the possible failures are estimated, necessary actions to prevent
these failures such as: corrective maintenance and preventive maintenance are done.
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Breakdown maintenance/Corrective maintenance/Reactive maintenance:
▪ The maintenance work done after any equipment is broken is called corrective
maintenance
▪ Its main purpose is to bring the equipment into regular operation as soon as possible
▪ It is also called breakdown maintenance or emergency maintenance.
▪ This is an unplanned maintenance.
▪ It is more expensive.
▪ For example, repairing burnt transformer, repairing overhead line insulator puncture,
replacing motor belt etc.

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Overhauling Maintenance:
▪ Overhauling maintenance is the act of inspecting any equipment after a certain
period of time and doing necessary repairs.
▪ By doing this, the life of the equipment will increase as well as the performance will
be better and it will not cause major damage in the future.
▪ Overhauling maintenance of turbine/generator is done after certain period of time in
hydropower plant.

Inspection Disassemble Repair Reassemble

Fig.: Steps for overhauling maintenance

Preventive Maintenance of Transmission Lines and its Equipment:
▪ The process of replacement damage insulators, periodic inspection and repair the Overhead
Transmission lines towers, conductors and accessories is called the transmission line
maintenance.
▪ This process includes insulators cleaning, joints tightening and hot spots clearing.
▪ The overhead transmission line consists of three main components i.e., conductor, insulator,
and the towers (and the supporting materials).
1. Insulators Maintenance:
o Visually inspect the insulators to check the dust on it due to environment pollution and
dusty weather.
o Clean the insulator,
• With direct contact with it using dry and smooth clothes (in case of offline),
• clean with water jet (in case of live line).
o Replace the broken insulator,

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2. Conductor Inspection And Maintenance:
▪ Due to aging and windy weather besides short circuits and lightning strikes the overhead
power line conductors are cut.
▪ In this case, the damaged conductor could be replaced or repaired with proper connecting
devices.
3. Towers Or Poles Inspection:
▪ Regularly inspect the transmission line towers for signs of structural damage, such as
cracks, deformations, or foundation issues, and perform necessary repairs or reinforcements
to ensure the stability and safety of the entire structure.

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Maintenance Schedule of Transmission Lines:
S.N. Name of the Activity Frequency

1. Inspection of towers after climbing the tower. On need basis.

2. Thermo-vision scanning of highly loaded lines (normal, Annually.
power flow-above 120% of SIL rating) on sample basis
(10% of the tension towers-Jumpers).
3. Punctured Insulator Detection in Insulator failure prone On need basis.
Stretches.
4. If the following defects appear
a. Foundation-backfilling/Soil removal Immediately
b. Replacement of Danger/number/Phase/Circuit plate Within 3 months
c. Cutting of trees Immediately

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 d. Replacement of broken/damaged insulator in normal Yearly.
area-(three or less per string)
e. Replacement of broken/damaged insulator in normal Immediately.
area- (more than three/string)
f. Replacement of broken/damaged insulator in polluted Immediately.
area- (two/string)
d. Cleaning of insulators in polluted area
i. Critical/heavy pollution Half yearly or less as per req.
ii. Normal/light pollution Yearly.
e. Attending of hot spots Immediately.
f. Tightening of B&N/ Anchor bolts Immediately.
g. Re-fixing of vibration dampers of conductor/Earth-wire Yearly.
h. Attending of damage to tower earthing Immediately.

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Preventive Maintenance of Distribution Lines and its Equipment:
▪ Tree cutting should be properly executed.
▪ Sagging of lines should be minimized.
▪ Tilted poles should be erected vertical.
▪ Lines should be properly aligned by tightening with proper bolts and nuts.
▪ Earthing should be checked.
▪ Broken insulators/flash over insulators should be replaced.
▪ Jumpers at cut points should be checked up.
▪ Stay wires should be properly aligned.

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Maintenance Schedule of Distribution Lines and its Equipment:
Monthly Quarterly Half-Yearly Yearly
o Visual inspections of o Check and tighten o Use thermal o Perform dielectric
distribution lines, the bolts and imaging strength testing on
poles, and associated hardware on technology to insulators, cables, and
equipment for any poles, brackets, identify other equipment,
visible signs of and equipment, hotspots or o Inspect distribution
damage, wear, or o Inspect the potential issues lines, poles, and
loose connections. grounding system in connections equipment for signs of
o Regularly inspect and equipment. corrosion.
and trim vegetation o Clean insulators to
near the distribution remove dirt, dust, and
lines. pollutants,
o Test protective devices
o Inspect the entire
distribution line for any
sagging or damage.
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Maintenance of Transformer:
▪ Transformer is an important device used in power system, which is used to step-up/step-down voltage/current.
▪ If a fault on a transformer occurs, the supply will be interrupted and there will be a lot of financial loss.
▪ Therefore, in order to keep the transformer in a good working condition, it should be inspected by paying attention to the
following things and necessary maintenance should be done to prevent major damage.
o Visual inspection: Regularly check whether there is any physical damage, rust, loose connection, overheating, insulation
damage, silica gel color change etc.
o Checking transformer oil: Since oil is not only used for cooling but also for insulation, regularly test its dielectric capacity,
moisture content, acidity, and contamination levels.
o Analyzing gas dissolved in oil: Depending on the amount of gas dissolved in transformer oil, various types of faults such as
overheating, arcing, and partial discharge can be estimated.
o Temperature monitoring: As internal short circuit may occur due to overheating, temperature of core, winding, and oil
should be monitored.
o Inspecting the bushing: Inspect and clean the condition of the bushing as electrical discharge may be a safety hazard.
o Measuring the resistance of the winding: Periodically measuring the resistance of the winding gives information about the
condition of the winding insulation and connection.
o Perform tap changer maintenance,
o Checking insulation resistance using Megger,
o Check the cooling system and repair it if necessary.
▪ Therefore, since transformer is a very important electrical device, its preventive maintenance is very necessary as mentioned
abov11e/6i/n20o23rder to provide reliable power supply. 36
Power Transformer Maintenance Checklist:
Hourly Daily Monthly Quarterly Yearly Once in 2
years
Check ambient (or Check oil level in transformer. Cleaning of Check the Check Calibrate the
surrounding) bushing. crack in acidity level oil
temperature. bushing. of temperature
Check winding Check oil level in bushing. Transformer Check BDV transformer indicator and
temperature. meggering. of oil and winding
Transformer sludge. temperature.
oil.
Check oil temperature. Check color of silica gel. Test earth Check BDV Check Measure the
resistance. of OLTC oil. master tan delta in
control transformer
panel box. bushing.
Take current reading. Check oil level on load tap
changing transformer (OLTC).

Take voltage reading. Check the condition of cooling

fan.
Check the humming sound from
transformer.
Distribution Transformer Maintenance Checklist:
Monthly Quarterly Half-Yearly 3 years
Clean bushing and transformer Check the currents in Check the Insulation Overhauling of
tank. each phase during peak resistance. transformer.
load using a clamp meter.
Check oil level in Conservator. Measure the neutral Check the earth resistance. Oil filtration.
current and balance the
load if it appears higher.
Check color of silica gel in Measure voltage. Test the BDV of
breather and replace if needed. Transformer oil.
Check fuse and replace if Check the lightning
needed. arrestor.
Check explosion vent.
Check earth connection.
Check the connections and
tighten them if the contacts are
loose.
Preventive Maintenance of Switchgear / Switchyard Equipment:
▪ The main equipment used in switchyard are switchyard structure, busbar system,
transformers, circuit breakers, isolation switches, C.T., P.T., C.V.T., safety devices / alarms,
outgoing lines etc.
▪ In order to keep the equipment used in the switchyard in good working condition, it should
be inspected and paying attention to the following things and necessary maintenance should
be done to avoid major damage.
o Continuously monitor the temperature of transformer oil and winding,
o Filter and test the oil periodically,
o Check the insulation resistance of the equipment,
o Clean the oil cooler and change it if necessary
o Test the protection system whether it is in good condition or not,
o Inspect the fire fighting system
o Test the operation time of breaker,
o Test the isolator by opening/closing it,
o Clean the bushing and insulators of transformer periodically,
11/6o
/2023Clean the switchyard by removing weeds and rubbish. 39
Maintenance of oil circuit breaker:
▪ Check the alignment of moving contacts and fixed contacts → Monthly
▪ Check bolts, nuts, washer and their connections → Monthly
▪ Clean bushing → Monthly
▪ Check oil level → Monthly
▪ Test BDV of oil → Quarterly
o BOCB → Quarterly or after 6 trippings
o MOCB → Quarterly or after 3 trippings
▪ Replace oil → Quarterly
▪ Check closing and tripping mechanism → Yearly
▪ Clean the carbon deposited on the surface of CB contacts → Yearly

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Maintenance of air blast circuit breaker:
▪ Check air pressure and air flow meter → Daily
▪ Check the operation of air valve → Daily
▪ Check the alignment of moving contacts and fixed contacts → Monthly
▪ Check bolts, nuts, washer and their connections → Monthly
▪ Clean bushing → Monthly
▪ Check for the leakage of air → Monthly
▪ Check closing and tripping mechanism → Yearly
▪ Clean the carbon deposited on the surface of CB contacts → Yearly
▪ Check the condition of compressor → Bi-yearly

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Maintenance of 𝑺𝑭𝟔 circuit breaker:
▪ Inspect for any physical damage, corrosion, or leakage in a CB,
▪ Ensure for the proper installation of CB,
▪ Ensure that the CB is properly grounded,
▪ Check the pressure of 𝑆𝐹6 gas and make sure the gas is in the correct range,
▪ Check for the leakage of 𝑆𝐹6 gas → Monthly
▪ Check the alignment of moving contacts and fixed contacts → Monthly
▪ Check bolts, nuts, washer and their connections → Monthly
▪ Clean bushing → Monthly
▪ Check closing and tripping mechanism → Yearly
▪ Clean the carbon deposited on the surface of CB contacts → Yearly

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Maintenance of Isolator: (Quarterly)
▪ Clean and grease the contacts of isolator and earthing switch,
▪ Check the joints and bearings of isolator and earth switch,
▪ Check the condition of nut-bolt and tighten it if it is loose,
▪ Check the alignment of earthing switch and realign it if necessary,
▪ Check and clean the insulator of isolator,
▪ Check the condition of supporting structure,
▪ Check the function and condition of the bearings of the motorized isolator.

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Maintenance of Busbar: (yearly)
▪ Busbar maintenance requires complete bus shutdown,
▪ Check the status of Busbar contacts,
▪ Check the condition of busbar insulator and clean it if there is dust,
▪ Check the connections/joints of the conductors coming and going to the busbar and tighten
if necessary,
▪ If the busbar conductors are sagging, tighten them.

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Maintenance of surge arrester: (yearly)
▪ Check the leakage current,
▪ Megger the surge arrester,
▪ Do Visual inspection,
▪ Check the connection of the line arriving at the surge arrester and tighten it if it is loose.
▪ Check the earthing connection of surge arrester.

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Preventive Maintenance of Motor:
▪ Perform Visual Inspection,
▪ Perform a brush and commutator Inspection,
▪ Conduct a motor winding test,
▪ Check the Bearings,
▪ Perform Vibrations Test,
▪ Use Infrared thermography in Predictive maintenance,
▪ Document Your findings.

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Motor Maintenance Schedule:
Quarterly Half-Yearly Yearly
o Clean motor of any o Clean motor, blowing out dirt from windings, o Remove and renew grease
dust or oil. and wipe commutator and brushes. in ball or roller bearing.
o Check oil rings turn o Visually inspect commutator clamping ring. o Test insulation.
with shaft. o Check and replace brushes that are more than o Clean out magnetic dirt
o Check oil level in half worn. that may be attached to
bearings. o Examine brush holders, and clean them if dirty. poles.
o Visually check for oil o Check brush pressure and position. o Check clearance between
and grease from o Remove, clean out, and replace oil in sleeve shaft and journal boxes of
bearings. bearings. sleeve bearing motors.
o Technician to examine o Check grease in ball or roller bearings. o Check the commutator for
the starter switch, o Check operating speed or speeds. smoothness and slot
fuses and tighten o Technician to examine and tighten loose damage.
loose connections. connections. o Examine connections of
o Visually check drive, for smooth running, commutator and armature
absence of vibration. coils.
o Check motor foot bolts. o Inspect armature bands.
Preventive Maintenance of Generator/Alternator/Synchronous Generator:
▪ The main parts of the generator are stator winding, rotor winding, bearings and excitation
system etc.
▪ In order to keep the synchronous generator in good working condition, it should be
inspected by paying attention to the following things and necessary maintenance should be
done to prevent major damage.
o Periodically check the foundation of the generator, tightening the bolts, filling the
foundation with resin;
o Periodically check the vibration,
o To increase the performance of the generator, periodically clean or replace the air cooler
of the generator and the oil cooler of the bearing.
o Test the primary and secondary of the protection system to operate the generator in a
healthy and correct manner,
o Check whether CTs, PTs and busbars are overheating and temperature rise.
o To inspect the control and protection circuit of evacuation system including fire fighting

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Generator Maintenance Schedule:
Daily Weekly Monthly Annually Bi-yearly
o Run the o Run the o Inspect o Change the oil and o Inspect the enclosure, making sure it’s free
generator generator engine filter. from debris.
as normal. (typically no- coolant o Also, change the fuel o Examine the battery electrolyte level and
o Confirm load, automatic level filter. specific gravity.
no alarms transfer switch and o Replace the air filter. o Furthermore, check the battery cables and their
or exercise cycle). engine o Clean the crankcase connections.
warnings o Check fuel oil breather. o Inspect all the drive belts.
when levels and refuel level. o Change out the spark o Scan the coolant heater.
running. as necessary. o Check plugs. o Also, check coolant lines and connections.
o Put the the o Then, check coolant o Next, examine for oil leaks and inspect
generator in battery concentration. lubrication system hoses and connectors.
“Auto” mode, charger. o Flush line cooling o Scan the exhaust system, muffler, and exhaust
for automatic system (as needed). pipe.
startup. o Following this, o Clean all air cleaner units.
o Check that the perform load bank o Examine air induction piping and connections.
circuit breaker is testing. o Inspect the DC electrical system, control panel,
closed. and all related accessories.
o Check for fluid o Last, inspect the AC wiring and all related
leaks. accessories.
Maintenance of turbine: (Half yearly)
In order to keep the turbine in good working condition, it should be inspected with attention to
the following things and necessary maintenance should be done to prevent major damage.
o Ultrasonic scan of the turbine periodically,
o Polish the part of the turbine that is in the water to reduce white pitting,
o Inspect and test to estimate the remaining life of the turbine from experts so that the
necessary work can be done to change the turbine.
o Inspect the oil seal used in the bearing of the turbine,
o Paint the turbine housing,
o Apply the anti-erosion coating on turbine,
o Check the operation of brake jet every three months,

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Mintenance of Excitaion System:
Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Half-Yearly Yearly Bi-Yearly
o Perform a o Check the o Inspect the o Conduct an o Verify the o Conduct a o Conduct infrared
daily visual cooling AVR insulation calibration complete thermography to
inspection system for (Automatic resistance test of the AVR overhaul of identify any
for loose proper Voltage on critical and adjust the hotspots in the
connection operation Regulator) components, if excitation system.
s, damage, and and control windings, and necessary. system, o Review and
or any cleanliness. systems for electrical o Review including update
unusual o Inspect proper connections. and update disassembly, maintenance
conditions. brushes (if operation and o Perform a the spare cleaning, records and
applicable) settings. thorough parts and documentation.
for wear and o Verify the visual inventory. inspection of
alignment. lubrication of inspection of all
o Verify the moving parts the entire components.
status of (if applicable). system, o Perform a
alarms and o Check the focusing on detailed
trip status of connections, vibration
indications. protective cables, and analysis of
devices and components. rotating
relays. equipment.

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Maintenance of Communication System:
Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Half-Yearly Yearly Bi-Yearly
o Perform a o Inspect o Test the o Conduct o Assess the o Conduct a o Inspect the
daily OPGW, functionality of tests on overall comprehe structural
visual transmission communication backup network nsive test integrity of
inspection towers, and equipment, power performance of the antennas
of all related o Ensure that all sources to identify entire and towers
communic hardware for communication (e.g., and address communi to ensure
ation damage, loose equipment has generators) any latency cation they meet
equipment connections, or the latest to ensure or bandwidth system, safety
and signs of wear. firmware and they are issues. including standards.
infrastruct o Check the software operational. o Inspect all
ure, status and updates. cables and compone
checking charge level of connections nts and
for any backup for damage backup
visible batteries for or systems.
damage or critical degradation
issues. communicatio and replace
n equipment. as necessary.

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Maintenance of D.C. System:
In order to keep the D.C. system in a good working condition, it is necessary to pay attention
to the following things and to prevent major damage by doing the necessary maintenance.
▪ At first switch off the battery charging panel,
▪ Measure the voltage of each cell,
▪ Check specific gravity of electrolyte,
▪ Check the temperature of electrolyte,
▪ Clean each cell with a suitable cleansing agent and clean the joints if there is rust.
▪ Check the amount of distilled water and add as needed,
▪ Check the condition of the nut-bolt in the connection between the cells and tighten if
necessary.
▪ If the strip of the cell is loose, tighten it and replace it if necessary,
▪ Maintain proper ventilation in the battery room,
▪ Check the condition of rectifier,
▪ Check battery charger condition,
▪ Do not place the battery in wet places,
▪ Turn ON the battery charger panel after completing the work.
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Safety Precautions During Operation and Maintenance of Equipment:
▪ Safety is very important when operating and maintaining equipment.
▪ Accidents, injuries and even deaths can be avoided if proper precautions are taken.
▪ The most important safety precautions to follow when operating and maintaining electrical equipment are
as follows:
o Do not begin operation and maintenance until you are safe to do so.
o The power supply should be switched off before starting operation and maintenance.
o You should wear insulated shoes when operating and maintaining electrical equipment.
o You should always be patient and conscientious when operating and maintaining of electrical
equipment.
o The holding part of the tools used to operate and maintain electrical equipment should be well
insulated.
o Grounding should be done properly before power is applied.
o After completing maintenance work on electrical equipment, the cables should be tightly connected.
o As far as possible, maintenance work should not be carried out while the equipment is live.
o Before turning off the power to electrical devices, turn off the main power supply after making sure
that the devices are working or not working.
o Although electronic devices make our daily life easier, they are also very dangerous.
▪ Therefore, the safety and precautions to be followed during the operation and maintenance of electrical
equipment should never be compromised.
Safety Rules and Regulations:
▪ Chapter 6, Rule 68-74 of the Electricity Regulations 2050 provides for the protection of electrical work in which
there are provisions of Safety Rules and Regulation as follows;
o The licensee shall hang a warning indication board in Nepalese and English language on the following devices
and places:
- On motor, generator, transformer and their operating and control devices,
- On poles above 400 V, in X-ray tubes and in other devices that operate at high frequency,
o Electrical equipment should be turned off when checking, repairing or other important work,
o But there is no need to stop the supply if it can be done safely without stopping the supply,
o Electrical equipment should be re-operated with good attention to the danger that may arise after checking and
repairing.
o When repairing electrical equipment, the tester should work only after checking whether the power is off.
o When working on live line, insulated gloves should be used only.
o The first aid procedure to be done in case of electric shock should be clearly understood in Nepali language so
that everyone can see it in every plant.
o The plant manager must provide first aid training to the maintenance staff.
o Safety belt must be worn when working on electric poles and high places.
o In case of any accident or loss during the maintenance work, the permit holder must submit the detailed report
on the form as per the regulations and submit it to the electrical inspector.
o After receiving the detailed information, the inspector can conduct the necessary inspection to find out the cause
of such an accident and from a technical point of view, the authorized person should be ordered to take
protective measures to prevent the recurrence of the accident.
Introduction to Safety Tools and Devices:
Electrical work is very dangerous work. There are also cases where even a small mistake can lead to a
physical disability and a person loses his life. Therefore, when doing electrical work, one should not only be
careful, but also use electrical tools and safety devices.
Safety Tools: Safety Devices:
Safety tools are the tools used for personal Safety devices are the devices used for
safety when repairing electrical equipment. equipment/system’s safety as well as personal safety
o Helmet when such equipment/systems are in operation.
o Goggles o MCB
o Insulated gloves o MCCB
o Safety belt o RCCB
o Insulated boot o Fuses
o Insulated mat o Smoke detectors
o Insulated ladder o Alarm system
o Operating rod o Circuit breaker
o Line tester o Relays
o Hearing protection (in power house) o LA/SA
o Face masks/shield (in lathe) o Fire extinguisher
o PPE (Personal protective equipment) o CT, PT
What precautions should be taken while doing electrical repair and maintenance work?
The following precautions should be taken while doing electrical repair and maintenance work:
▪ First of all, switch off the main switch before doing the repair & maintenance work,
▪ When performing electrical repairs, the body should be dry,
▪ The tools to be used during the repair should be checked beforehand to ensure they are working properly. (For example current shows '0' but Ammeter itself may be
damaged etc.),
▪ Deenergize the Equipment or Line before carrying out maintenance work,
▪ Posting necessary notices at the repair work place like: Danger board, work in progress etc.,
▪ Assign maintenance to skilled personnel only,
▪ Complying with Company's Safety Policy,
▪ Always use insulated tools while working,
▪ Maintenance only after earthing,
▪ Prohibiting entry of unauthorized person into the maintenance area,
▪ Do not perform maintenance during lightning,
▪ Giving written information to stakeholders during maintenance work,
▪ Carry first aid supplies to the repair site,
▪ Take another helper with you,
▪ Do not repair the equipment in water-logged areas, etc.,
Therefore, it is inevitable that the above-mentioned precautions should be taken during the repair work. Main switch must be turned ON after the repair work is completed.
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Electric Shock:
▪ The physical effect of electric current flowing through the human body is called electric shock.
▪ In case of electric shock, effects such as fainting, muscle contraction, breathing problems, headache, vision and hearing
problems, irritation, irregular heartbeat appear.
▪ When more than 30 mA electric current flows in the human body, then if the electric current flow is not stopped in a
short time, there is a serious danger to the person concerned.
▪ Electric current can flow in the human body through two types of contact;
o Direct contact:
• Any person coming in contact with a live conductor is called direct contact.
• For protection from direct contact,
- By insulating the live part,
- Keeping control panel, distribution board, assemblies etc. inside the enclosure,
- Using residual current device (RCD which works up to 30mA),
o Indirect contact:
• Any person coming in contact with any part of electric circuit which is not live in normal condition but
becomes live due to insulation failure or any other fault is called indirect contact.
• For protection from indirect contact,
-Level 1: By earthing the metallic part of the equipment that does not flow current,
-Level II: By automatically shutting down the supply when there is a fault,
Electric Shock and its Effects:
▪ When Electric current flows through the human body, that is called Electric shock.
▪ Electrocution leads to the possibility of death of a person beyond the normal effects.
Therefore, the necessary precautions should be taken.
▪ The severity of the electric shock on the human body depends on the following factors;
o Magnitude of current/voltage
o Time of flow of current
o Type of current (AC or DC)
o Path of current flow
o Presence of moisture in body
o Health of the person before shocks
o Frequency of current (Low frequency is more danger than high frequency.)

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Causes of Electric Shock:
 Exposed electric wires
 Water on electrical appliances
 Cutting through a live cable
 Faulty electrical appliances
 Sometimes of lightning also
 Improper wiring or earthing
 Lack of proper safety while working (or carelessness)
Symptoms of Electric Shock:
 Loss of consciousness
 Muscle spasm/cramp
 Breathing problems
 Headache
 Problems with vision or hearing
 Burns
 Seizures (uncontrolled electrical activity between brain cells)
 Irregular heartbeat
Fig.: Resistance of different parts of human body
 11C/6a/r2d0i2a3c arrest 60
Physiological Effect of Electric Shock:
Current Level (mA) Effect
Less than 1 mA o Generally not perceptible.
1 mA o Threshold value of current for electric shock.
o Light sensation
1-6 mA o Let go current
o Tolerable
9-25 mA o Can’t let go current.
o Painful shock
o Loss of muscular control
25-75 mA o Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular
contractions
100 mA – 2000 mA o Ventricular fibrillation (Uneven pumping of heart)
o May lead to death
More than 2000 mA o Cardiac arrest, internal organ damage and may lead to death
First Aid to Electrocuted Person:
Since trying to get a person to the hospital in case of electric shock can be fatal, if the first aid can be given immediately,
the person's life can be saved. Therefore, electrocuted person (a person with electric shock) can be given first aid as
follows;
▪ Do not touch the electrocuted person at first,
▪ Unplug the electrical equipment or turn off the power supply from the control panel.
▪ If it is not possible to turn off the power supply, then disconnect the source of power from the electrocuted person's
body with the help of an insulated object.
▪ Do not try to remove the electrocuted person by touching the high voltage wire, but ask for emergency help.
▪ Make the electrocuted person lie down and do not move unnecessarily if there is a suspicion of neck and spine injury.
▪ Check whether the electrocuted person is breathing properly and if there is a problem, artificial respiration should be
given otherwise the person may die.
▪ The blood circulation of the affected person can also be stopped, so the hands/feet should be kept moving.
▪ The person should be kept lying down in a comfortable manner.
▪ Electrocuted persons should be taken to nearest hospital as soon as possible.
Therefore, taking into account the danger that may occur while giving first aid to an electrocuted person, one should try to
give first aid only by being safe. If you are not trained in first aid, you should seek the help of a trained person.

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 First aid to electrocuted person:
a) Ensure safe environment:

Carefully observe the accident area Call for emergency services Turn off the power supply Disconnect the victim from
b) Assist the Victim: the power source

Lay the victim in the recovery position Cover the victim with a blanket Talk with the victim Stop bleeding
c) Giving CPR safely :

d) Treating burns :