JOURNEY CONCEPT

This section defines the meaning of basic terms that describe the anatomy of a journey. It also
explains how to identify the different trip types such as:
(One way journey) (OW) (Round Trip) (RT) (Circle Trip) (CT) (Round the World Travel) (RW)
(Open Jaw) (J)
TYPES OF JOURNEY
One way journey (OW): When the traveler just goes from Origin to Destination.
Example: DAC - CCU, DAC- KUL.
Round Trip (RT): When the traveler starts from one place and come back to the same place using
the same route is called as round trip journey.
Example: DAC - DXB - JFClose DXB - DAC, DAC - LON - DAC.
Circle Trip (CT): When the traveler starts from one place to go multiple destinations and come
back to the same place using the different route is called as circle trip journey.
Example: DAC - AUH - LON - DEL -DAC, DAC - SIN - KUL - BKK - DAC.
Round the World Travel (RW): The journey in which the traveler travels around the world and
crosses the international time zone, visiting multiple destinations. We can call this types of journey
Round the world travel also.
Example: DAC - HKG - SYD - YYZ - LON – DAC, DAC - IST - RIO - LAX - SIN - DAC.
Open Jaw (OJ): When traveler goes from one place to another place by air, from there, goes to a
third place by other means of travel and then takes a flight back to where he started.
Example: DAC – BKK / KUL – DAC, DAC – DXB – LON - - - / FRA - DXB - DAC.

ROUTING TYPES
Fares are established not only by class of service or fare type but also by routing type. For example,
an economy (Y) fare from LAX to HKG via the Atlantic would be higher than the fare paid if the
passenger traveled via the Pacific. Consequently, it is important to first find out what type of
routing the passenger is taking in order to quote the correct fare. The basic routings are generally
within the same IATA areas. For instance,
TCI represents not just Area I but when used in reference to routing types it means Travel within
Area I or the Western Hemisphere. Global Indicator: WH - for Western Hemisphere travel.
Example: RIO-ΜΙΑ
TC2 represents not just Area 2 but again when used to refer to routing direction it means Travel
within Area 2 or the Eastern Hemisphere. Global Indicator: ER for Eastern Hemisphere travel.
Example: GVA-JNB
TC3 represents Area 3 and also refers to Travel within Area 3 which is part of Eastern Hemisphere
travel. Global Indicator: EH for Eastern Hemisphere routing Example: SIN-KTM
The long haul routings are between two areas. Such routings may involve traveling via another
area or ocean crossings, TC12 Travel between Area I and Area 2 Global Indicator: AT via the
Atlantic Example: LON-NYC-RIO TC3] Travel between Area 3 and Area I via the Pacific Global
Indicator: PA via the North | Central Pacific Example: SIN-YVR PN Pacific via North America
Example: SYD LAX RIO SP via the South Polar route between the South Atlantic areas, Bolivia,
Peru and the South West Pacific over Auckland and Buenos Aires.

AIRLINES TERMINOLOGY
• Accompanied Travel: When travel with more than one passenger is necessary.
• Infant: 0 to 2 years passengers. A person who has not reached his/her second birthday as of the
date of commencement of travel. Normally pay 10% of normal adult fare. Indicated by IN.
• Child: Passenger 2 to 12 years old. A person who has reached his/her second birthday not his/her
12th birthday and of the date of commencement of travel, pays children fare. Also indicated by
CH in the fare basis box on the ticket after the fare followed by a slash.
• Global Distribution System: A Computer Reservations System (CRS) used to store and retrieve
information and conduct transactions related to air travel. Major CRS operations that book and sell
tickets for multiple airlines are known as Global Distribution Systems (GDS), including those
shown here.
• Un-Accompanied Minor: Children not accompanied by an adult require special documentation
and special escort fees may apply. The permitted age of travel is airline dependent and specifics
should be checked with the airline
✓ North Atlantic sub-area covers Canada, Greenland (GL), Mexico, and the USA which
includes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands.
✓ Mid Atlantic sub-area includes all of the Caribbean Area sub-area, Central America, South
America plus Panama Canal zone except Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.
✓ South Atlantic sub-area includes only Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay
(ABCPU).
✓ ECAA - European Common Aviation Area
✓ EMU-Economic & Monetary Union
✓ Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway & Sweden
✓ Middle East: Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Syrian, Yemen.
✓ SEA- South East Asia Sub-area
✓ SASC-South Asian Subcontinent Sub-area
✓ Japan, Korea Sub-area: Japan, Korea, Democratic Republic of (ICP) Korea, Republic of
(KR)
✓ South West Pacific Sub-area: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French
Polynesia, Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia including Loyalty Islands, New Zealand
IATA - International Air Transport Association. SOTI - Sold Outside and Ticketed Inside

ROE-Rate of Exchange SOTO - Sold Outside and Ticketed

ISI-International Sale Indicator BBR-Banker's Buying Rate Outside

LC F - Local Currency Fare BHC-Backhaul Check

UFTAA Universal Federation of Travel Agents - Association GSA - General Sales Agent
MPM - Maximum Permitted Mileage BSP-Billing and Settlement Plan
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization GDS-Global Distribution System
N/A - Not Applicable OAG - Official Airline Guide
NUC - Neutral Unit of Construction CCP - Currency of Country of Payment
CAAB - Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh.
PAT - Passenger Air Tariff
PNR - Passenger Name Record
CF-Constructed Fare
SITI - Sold Inside and Ticketed Inside
COC - Country of Commencement of
ATAB-Association Of Travel Agents Of Bangladesh. International Travel
SITO - Sold Inside and Ticketed Outside CRS- Computer Reservations System
TOAB-Tour Operators Association Of Bangladesh TIM-Travel Information Manual
GMT- Greenwich Mean Time
ETKT - Electronic Ticketing
FBP-Fare Break Point
 COC - Country of Commencement of EMA - Extra Mileage Allowance
International Travel
CRS- Computer Reservations System EMS - Excess Mileage Surcharge
TIM-Travel Information Manual CT-Circle Trip
GMT- Greenwich Mean Time EMU - Economic and Monetary Union
ETKT - Electronic Ticketing CTM - Circle Trip Minimum
FBP-Fare Break Point ET-Electronic Ticket

NOTICE OF BAGGAGE LIABILITY LIMITATIONS

Liability for loss, delay, or damage to baggage is limited unless a higher value is declared in
advance and additional charges are paid. For most international travel (including domestic portions
of international journeys) the liability limit is approximately US$ 9.07 per pound US$20.00per
kilo) for checked baggage U.S. $400.00per passenger for unchecked baggage (including domestic
portions of international journeys). Some carriers assume no liability for fragile, valuable or
perishable articles.
PASSENGERS WITH REDUCED MOBILITY
Disabled people and people with reduced mobility need to know before they start out that the
facilities, services and infrastructure on a journey are accessible. The lack of an accessible taxi or
the absence of any means to call for assistance on arrival at an airport can prevent a disabled person
or person with reduced mobility from using air services. In addition to an accessible physical
environment, a successful journey depends on the quality of service provided, in particular, by
customer-facing staff along the various points of the journey. For this reason, training is essential
to ensure staff is well briefed on their legal responsibilities and how to meet the needs of disabled
or reduced mobility passengers.
A "disabled person" or a "Person with Reduced Mobility" (PRM) is someone whose mobility when
using a means of transport is reduced on account of a physical (sensory or locomotor, permanent
or temporary), intellectual disability or impairment, or any other cause of disability, or age, and
whose situation requires appropriate attention and the adaptation to his or her particular needs of
the service made available to all passengers [Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2006].
FARE CALCULATION
ONE-WAY JOURNEY: A one way journey is considered to be any journey which is for fare
calculation purpose, is not a complete round or circle trip journey entirely by air. When a journey
starts from a point(origin) and end in a point other than the starting point in different country. It
may be point to point journey or via one or more points. Example: One Way journey: DAC( origin)
DXB (destination) OR DAC/ BOM/
ONE-WAY BACKHAUL (BHC)/OWM When we have established A routing which is a one way
journey and it is a indirect routing, and there is a higher fare applicable from the Origin to an
Intermediate Stopover Point, then the minimum check must be made, Which has to be as
BACKHAUL CHECK or BHC.
Formula:
• Only use basic fares with no surcharge
• Only consider higher rated intermediate stopover point and not transit Point(s) i.e."Origin to
HIPs" less "Origin to Destination".
Example: Routing
A-B-C-D Direct fare in sequence
AC = 400 HI (Higher Intermediate)
AB = 250
AD = 300 LO (Origin to Destination)
Since the C is a higher intermediate stopover point from the origin A, than the backhaul formula
is applied.
• HI NUCAC 400 (Origin to HIP (Stopover))
OLO NUCAD 300 (Origin to Destination)
BHD 100 (Backhaul Difference)
+ HI NUC 400
OWM 500 (One way minimum fare in NUC)

RETURN / CIRCLE TRIP JOURNEY

RETURN TRIP: Return trip journey involve travel from one point to another and return by any air
route for which the same normal all year through fare of the same class applies from the point of
Origin except (RTW, Round The World fare).
If there is a published Return (RT) fare which is not exactly double of 0.W fare, must always use
one half (1/2) of such specified RT fare for each component. If no RT fare available, use the
published One-way (OW) fare.
For the outbound, fare component; use the fare level following actual direction of, travel. For the
inbound fare component, use the fare level from the country of Origin.
CIRCLE TRIP Travel from and to the same point by a continuous, Circuitous air route, which
may have TWO or MORE fare components, which do not meet the roundtrip definition. Fare
levels: For the outbound fare component (and any intermediate fare component) the fare level
following the actual direction of travel. For the inbound fare component that returns to the country
of origin use the fare level from the country of origin. The fare calculation must begin at the point
of origin. Establish the area of turnaround and select the fare break point. Calculate each fare
component on half RT basis in accordance with normal rules. Important: For the last fare
component into the country of origin, the fare applicable to such fare component from the country
of origin must be used.
CTM (CIRCLE TRIP MINIMUM) CHECK
The fare for a circle trip must not be less than the highest direct round trip fare from the point of
origin to any stopover points on the journey. The round trip published fares to be used as per the
direction from the country of origin. To ensure that a circle trip fare construction does not undercut
the minimum permissible fare, the following procedure must be taken.
1. Calculate each fare component on half return basis, increase to the level of any higher
intermediate ticketed point if applicable.
2. Add the fares for the entire journey, (excluding ANY SIDE TRIP fare).
3. Obtain the Circle Trip Minimum fare by determining the highest round trip fare from the point
of origin. All stopover points on circle trip must be checked, (excluding side trip).
4. Compare the Circle Trip Minimum fare and the constructed fare. The fare to be charged must
be the higher of two calculations above (between .2 and .3).
MIXED CLASS FARE
When a journey involves travel partly in one class (Y or J) and partly in a higher class of service
(Jor F). Construction method
✓ Calculate the fare in Economy class or Business class for the entire journey between Origin
and Destination.
✓ Calculate the differential for the sector(s) traveled in higher class, i.e. The difference
between the First and Economy or Business class Or The difference between the Business
and Economy class
✓ Add the differential(s) to the through Economy or Business class fare.
ROUND THE WORLD (RTW)

✓ ☐ Round The World fares: This is same as circle Trip fares, but RTW journey is a
continuous eastbound or westbound travel commencing from and returning to the same
point via both the Atlantic (AT) and Pacific (PA) route.
✓ Construction method *Round The World fare is constructed by using the lowest
combination of two or more half round trip fares in order to produce the lowest total fare.
Fare constructed from the point of origin and return to the same point.
 ✓ *Only normal fares may be used to construct a R TW fare, unless otherwise indicated
✓ *Certain standard construction points, regardless of the actual itinerary will normally
produce the lowest total around the world fare.
FARE
For many travelers, the main factor influencing the decision of which flights to book will be the
fare charged for the journey. This is particularly so for leisure travelers who are paying for the
ticket themselves, but also increasingly important for business travelers as many companies are
trying to reduce travel costs.
When checking availability, each booking code represents a different cabin class or fare type. On
all flights a variety of fares are offered. Highest fares which are flexible are normal fares. Those
which are lower and less flexible are special fares.
Within each of these categories, there are different types of fares. The general features of the most
frequently seen fare types are listed below. These are general guidelines, and restrictions of each
fare may vary, depending on the route flown. The rules of each fare should be checked and
passengers advised of any restrictions.
IDENTIFYING CLASSES OF SERVICE
Generally, airlines offer three main classes of service:
Economy class
Business class
First class
Some airlines may differentiate within a class, and in addition to the standard service may offer a
superior service within the same cabin. However, not all airlines offer three classes - some have
two and others may only have one, and the classes offered may vary on different routes with
varying aircraft types.
CLASSES OF SERVICE
Economy Class
This is the main class of service offered and the service provided at the airport and on board may
vary from airline to airline.
Business Class
For most airlines this class is a superior economy class, offering speedier airport check-in, airport
lounge facilities, more comfortable on-board seating, superior meal service and in-flight
entertainment.
First Class
This is the premier class offered by airlines, and they usually provide individual check-in facilities,
airport lounge facilities, superior seating and meal service and individual in-flight entertainment.
IDENTIFYING FARE TYPES
Generally there are two categories of air fares, normal fares and special fares. Normal fares are
available for all classes of service and are flexible and therefore more expensive. Generally normal
fares are valid for one year. Special fares have many restrictions attached to them, such as
minimum stay restrictions or advanced purchase requirements. In general they are less expensive.
There are different fares types apply in different markets, but they typically fall into the following
categories:
✓ Normal fares
✓ Excursion fares
✓ APEX fares
✓ OPEX and Super-PEX fares
NORMAL FARES
Full fares for a First/Business/Economy Class service fares published as normal fares. Children
and infant fares which are established as a percentage of a normal fare are also considered to be
normal fares.
Normal fares are flexible, and there are no routing, stopover, advance purchase or refund
restrictions. They may be re-routed without restriction and purchased on a one way or round trip
basis. Generally normal fares are valid for one year.
The class of service normally appears on its own as the fare basis, e.g. Y, C, F and YOW or YRT
to identify one way or round trip fares.
EXCURSION FARES
Reservations for excursion fares may normally be changed, subject to minimum and maximum
stay requirements. They may normally be purchased at any time, and sold on a return basis.
Routing and stopover requirements are generally flexible, and there are usually no refund
restrictions.
The fare basis followed by the maximum stay in terms of days or months.
APEX FARES
Reservations for Advance Purchase Excursion (APEX) fares usually may not be changed without
a penalty, and there is often some type of refund restriction. Usually no stopovers are allowed and
direct flights are used. They are normally sold on a return basis, and have a minimum and
maximum stay requirement. The codes AP, AN or AB are normally included in the fare basis.
PEX AND SUPER-PEX FARES
These are Public Excursion fares and have the same restrictions as APEX fares but may be
purchased at any time. Usually no stopovers are allowed and direct flights are used. There are
minimum and maximum stay requirements, and they are normally sold on a return basis.
The codes PX or SX are included in the fare basis.