Baliwag Polytechnic College

Dalubhasaan Kong Mahal

MODU
LE
IN
ETH
Name: ___________________________
Cs./Sec.:_________________________
Instructor: Ms. Agapita M. Cruz
 1st Semester
A.Y. 2020 – 2021
STUDY GUIDES
Your success to finish this module lies in your hand. This module is prepared for you to
learn new concepts and invaluable skills diligently, intelligently, and independently. As a future
young professional, doing these will greatly help and prepare you to become a responsible
student. Set your goals and invest for your future. This is your first step towards your priceless
investment for a brighter tomorrow. Do not waste your time, effort and energy. Always stay
motivated and inspired to make your dreams come true. The following guides and house rules
will help you further to be on track and to say at the end of the module.

1. Schedule and manage your time wisely for you to accomplish the given tasks
in this module.
2. If there are things that you do not understand, go over and focus on the
lesson. If this will not work, seek the help of your family members or leave me
a message so I can give assistance.
3. Before you start doing anything else, read and understand the learning tasks
carefully. Always aim for the best and do not settle with low grades.
4. Think before you write. In answering all the assessment activities, write legibly
and follow the instructions as needed.
5. Do not hesitate to keep an open communication with me through any
available platforms. I am more than willing to help you to accomplish your
goals.
6. Once you are done in the module, you can proceed doing other tasks in the
succeeding units that are scheduled for the finals.
7. You are expected to answer all the printed-based activities, assignments and
reflection guides for you to pass in this course.
8. Remember you are the student hence, you are expected to accomplish and
study the module on your own. You can seek help and support from your
family members and friends but the actual activities must be done by you.

GRADING SYSTEM
Prelim – Final
Long Test / Examination - 40%
Report and Recitation - 30%
Written Work - 20%
Attendance - 10%

Subject Grade Ex. 30% prelims + 70% tentative midterm

70% + 30% grade = midterm grade

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STUDY SCHEDULE
DATES MODULE/TOPICS
Week 1-5 Module 1: Morals and Ethics
Lesson 1: Ethics and Morals
Lesson 2: Areas and Domains of Ethics
Lesson 3: Why Do We Need To Be Moral?
Lesson 4: Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
Lesson 5: Ethics, Morals and Laws
Lesson 6: Examples of Ethics and Morals
Lesson 7: Importance, Purpose and Conflicts of Ethics
and Morals
Lesson 8: Ethics and Moral Actions
Week 6-9 Module 2: Ethics Everywhere
Lesson 1: How Do We Build Our Character?
Lesson 2: Virtue Ethics: Virtue, the Mean and Practical
Wisdom
Lesson 3: Deontological Ethics
Lesson 4: Utilitarianism
Lesson 5: Natural Ethics
Lesson 6: Asian Ethics

Week 10-13 Module 3: Ethical and Unethical Practices

Lesson 1: Difference between Ethical and Unethical
Lesson 2: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Different
Areas of Society
Lesson 3: Value Added Qualities
Lesson 4: Negative Traits to Avoid

Module 4: Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

Lesson 1: The Explanation of Code of Ethics for
Week 14-18 Professional Teachers
Lesson 2: Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This three-unit lecture is designed to teach the students the meaning of ethics that leads the
students through the analysis of human experience leading it to the elements of the ethical
dimension. It also takes the students to various classical ethical frameworks, ethical and
unethical practices and most of all the Ethics for Professional Teachers.

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Module 1: Morals and Ethics

📗📗📗📗 What Will You Learn From This Module?

In our norms and society, we must follow rules and culture. But the most
important is we must follow the morals and ethics of a place to avoid tension and dishonesty.
Morals and ethics are really different to each other but they are same in thought. To know what
are those ideas, read this module and you will find out the truth about ethics and morals.

This module is composed of eight lessons.

Lesson 1: Ethics and Morals
Lesson 2: Areas and Domains of Ethics
Lesson 3: Why Do We Need To Be Moral?
Lesson 4: Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
Lesson 5: Ethics, Morals and Laws
Lesson 6: Examples of Ethics and Morals
Lesson 7: Importance, Purpose and Conflicts of Ethics and Morals
Lesson 8: Ethics and Moral Actions

After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Define moral and ethics.
2. Compare and contrast morals and ethics.
3. Differentiate moral, immoral and amoral behavior.
4. Enumerate areas of ethical domain.

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Lesson 1: Ethics and Morals
You, as a member of society, are obeying the rules and conduct of your community. That is when
ethics and morals enter into the culture of society. But, what is ethics and morals?

📝 Before You Read……

List down the behavior of your family in the community
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
The word ETHICS is derived from a Greek word “Ethikos” or “Ethos” which means character.
The word MORALS is derived from a Greek word “Mos” which means custom.

Morals are the customs established by a group of individuals, while ethics defines the character of an
individual.

Morals are concerned with principles of right and wrong, ethics are related to right and wrong conduct of
an individual in a particular situation.

Morals are the social, cultural and religious beliefs or values of an individual or group which feels us what
is right and wrong. They are the rules and standard mode by the society or culture which is to be, followed
by us while deciding what is right.

Some moral principles are:

 Do not client
 Be loyal
 Be patient
 Always tell the truth
 Be generous

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of conduct of an individual or a group. It
works as a guiding principle as to decide what is good or bad. They are the standards which govern the
life of a person.

Ethics is also known as moral philosophy some ethical principles are:

 Truthfulness  Fairness  Kindness
 Honesty  Integrity  Charity
 Loyalty  Faithfulness  Courage
 Respect  Love and  Justice
compassion

😀😀😀 Remember……
Ethics and morals are different to each other but related when it comes to applying it to society.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

Aside from the information above, what are the differences between ethics and morals?

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Lesson 2: Areas and Domains of Ethics
Ethics are studied by the philosophers, but in reality, ethics are learned and applied. There are
some areas and domains of ethics. Find out in this lesson.

📝 Before You Read……

List some behaviors that Filipinos have.
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Ethics affect how people make decisions and lead their lives.
Ethics covers the following dilemmas:
1. How to live a good life
2. Our rights and responsibilities
3. The language of right and wrong
4. Moral decision – what is good and bad

Our concepts of ethics have been derived from religion, philosophies and culture.
Philosophers divide ethical theories into three areas:
 Metaethics
 Normative ethics
 Applied ethics

3 major areas of study within ethics recognized today

1. Metaethics – deals with the nature of moral judgement. It looks at the origins and meaning of
ethical principles.
2. Normative ethics – is concerned with the content of moral judgement and the criteria for what is
right or wrong.
3. Applied ethics – looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and capital punishment.

These are two general domains of ethics:

1. Descriptive ethics – consists in the study of what person (or societies) actually believe or act on,
in terms of right and wrong, virtue and vice, goodness and badness.
2. Evaluative ethics – inquiry into what should be evaluated as right or wrong, virtue or vice, good
and bad.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Ethics has a distinctive domains and areas studied by philosophers.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

1. Before, death penalty was removed by the lawmakers. Today some of lawmakers want to bring
death penalty back due to grave crimes such as rape and sexual assault. What can you say
about the issue?
2. Most children today are juveniles and that is why GMRC is brought back in education. Do you
agree on bringing back GMRC? Why or Why not?

Lesson 3: Why Do We Need To Be Moral?

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 Why do we need to be moral? That is the question that most people ask since most people follow
what is right. The answer in this question will be explained in this lesson.

📝 Before You Read……

Why are our actions observed by people?
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Why do we need to be moral?
Personal morality is important for personal wellbeing and for our relationships with our fellow human.
Following the prevailing moral codes helps us make us people of integrity.
Morality is important because it helps you not only to be law-abiding, but also to treat others in society
with dignity and respect.
Morality is also important in our relationship to God. The Bible tells us a number of things that we need to
do in order to place ourselves within God’s favor, like love God first and foremost and love your neighbor
as yourself. God for promised to bless certain behaviors and to punish others.

Among the reasons to be moral regardless of occupations are:

1. Make society better – when we help make society better, we are rewarded with also making
better own lives and the lives of our families and friends. Without moral conduct, society would
be a miserable place.
2. Treat everyone equally – equality is a cornerstone of most Western democracies, when all
individuals are afforded the same rights. This is not possible without the majority of citizen
behaving in a moral manners.
3. Secure meaningful employment – often employees will look at a person’s post behavior or a
predictor of future behavior. Someone who has a history of immoral behavior will have difficulty
securing employment is a meaningful job, as the person may not be trusted.
4. Succeed at business – your moral conduct will determine the degree of goodwill that you receive
from others.
5. Lessen stress – when we make immoral decisions, we tend to feel uncomfortable and concerned
about our decision making. Making the right moral decision or taking a principled perspective on
an issue, reduces stress.

😀😀😀 Remember……
We need to be moral to have a better society.
👍👍👍 I Have Learned……
Complete the sentence and explain in not less than 10 sentences.
We need to be moral because……..

Lesson 4: Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct

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 When you enter your dream job, make sure that you know how you will show conduct and
professionalism. Each and every employee must know the code of ethics and professional conduct.

📝 Before You Read……

What conduct must be portrayed by professionals?
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
A code of ethics and professional conduct outlines the ethical principles that govern decisions and
behavior at a company or organization. They give general outlines of how employees should behave, as
well as specific guidance for handling issues like harassment, safety, and conflicts of interest.

The Difference Between a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct:

A code of ethics is broad, giving employees or members a general idea of what types of behavior and
decisions are acceptable and encouraged at a business or organization. A code of conduct is more
focused. It defines how employees or members should act in specific situations.

Can You Combine a Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics?

Yes, in most cases businesses will combine both of these documents into one as there is significant
overlap between them. It is rare to find businesses that have two separate policies. Whilst they are
technically different documents, employees will have less difficulty recalling important points around
conduct and ethics if they have a single document to refer to.

Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct:

1. Be inclusive.
We welcome and support people of all backgrounds and identities. This includes:
 members of any sexual orientation
 gender identity and expression
 race
 ethnicity
 culture
 national origin
 social and economic class
 educational level
 color
 immigration status
 sex
 age
 size
 family status
 political belief
 religion
 mental and physical ability.
2. Be considerate.
We all depend on each other to produce the best work we can as a company. Your decisions will affect
clients and colleagues, and you should take those consequences into account when making decisions.
3. Be respectful.
We won't all agree all the time, but disagreement is no excuse for disrespectful behavior. We will all
experience frustration from time to time, but we cannot allow that frustration become personal attacks. An
environment where people feel uncomfortable or threatened is not a productive or creative one.

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4. Choose your words carefully.
Always conduct yourself professionally. Be kind to others. Do not insult or put down others. Harassment
and exclusionary behavior aren't acceptable. This includes, but is not limited to:
 Threats of violence.
 Insubordination.
 Discriminatory jokes and language.
 Sharing sexually explicit or violent material via electronic devices or other means.
 Personal insults, especially those using racist or sexist terms.
 Unwelcome sexual attention.
 Advocating for, or encouraging, any of the above behavior.
5. Don't harass.
In general, if someone asks you to stop something, then stop. When we disagree, try to understand why.
Differences of opinion and disagreements are mostly unavoidable. What is important is that we resolve
disagreements and differing views constructively.
6. Make differences into strengths.
We can find strength in diversity. Different people have different perspectives on issues, and that can be
valuable for solving problems or generating new ideas. Being unable to understand why someone holds a
viewpoint doesn’t mean that they’re wrong. Don’t forget that we all make mistakes, and blaming each
other doesn’t get us anywhere.
Instead, focus on resolving issues and learning from mistakes.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Follow code of ethics and professional conduct in any job or profession.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

1. Is there a need of following rules and regulations in a workplace? Why or why not?
2. How will you apply conduct in your workplace?
3. How do code of ethics and professional conduct affect the employee’s status and reputation in a
workplace?

Lesson 5: Ethics, Morals and Laws

Ethics, morals and laws are those what people always follow. But in reality, they are different from
each other.

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📝 Before You Read……
How do ethics, morals and laws affect a person’s life?
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Difference Between Ethics, Morals and Laws
Ethics is the moral principle that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity.
Morals are concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness and badness of
human character
Law is the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes or regulating the actions of
its member and may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
 If you are ethical you can abide the law.
 If you are moral you can be ethical
 If you are moral you can abide the law.
But you can never be all of three together.

MORALITY governs private, personal interactions

ETHICS governs professional interactions
LAW governs society as a whole.

Ethics refers to rules provided by an external source e.g. codes of conduct in workplace or principles in
religion.
Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong.
Law demands an absolute subjection to its rules and commands.
Law has enforcing authority derived from the state.
Law regulates men’s relations with others and with society.

Law is heteronymous – being imposed upon men upon the outer life of men.
Moral is autonomous – coming from the inner life of men
Morality applies to every human act.

Ethics refers to rules provided by an external source e.g. codes of conduct in workplace or principles in
religions.
Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong.
Law is narrower than morality
The law applies to all the citizens whether they want or not. Law cannot be changed into morals.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Ethics, morals and laws enforce people but they are not the same.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

Give instances that ethics, morals and laws are blended together.

Lesson 6: Examples of Ethics and Morals

There are many examples of ethics and morals that are followed in the community, whether good
or bad.

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📝 Before You Read……
List down your good and bad habits at home (behavior and actions)
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
ETHICAL BEHAVIOR – is self-regarding behavior that affects positively the world around us. It is
behavior that contributes positively to our well-being, the preservation of the environment and the well-
being of others.
Examples:
 Charity
 Conservation
 Respectful, egalitarian
 Good-intentional social behavior
 Loving, caring and friendly behavior
 Responsible consumption (e.g. non-wasteful, recycling, for trade)
UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR – is self-regarding behavior with a negative contribution to the world around us.
It is behavior that, in the pursuit of one’s interest, adds to the pain suffering of others, the impairment of
other’s well-being or the destruction of the environment.
Examples:
 Neglect
 Bullying
 Cheating or taking advantage of others (e.g. stepping up on a queue, parking or disabled places)
 Rudeness and disrespect
 Discrimination (e.g. racism)
 Crime (e.g. robbery, murder, etc)
 Abuse (e.g. rape, paternal abuse)
 Commercial exploitation (e.g. slavery, child labor, unfair play, indecent working condition)
 Corruption
MORAL IMPERATIVES – moral behavior is self-regarding behavior influenced by moral imperatives.
Moral imperatives are rules of conduct that serve as a guide to what we showed or ought to do; what is
our duty or responsibility or what is the virtuous or best way of life.
Examples:
 They shalt not lie, thou shalt not lie, and thou shalt not covet your neighbors’ possessions.
 Live according to nature
 Live according to God’s will’
 Live according to the rules of state and society
 Do to others what you would have others do to you. (Golden Rule)
DIVERGING ETHICAL AND MORAL JUDGEMENTS – morality and ethics are closely related. Usually
what is good is right and what is evil is wrong. But they are not identical and is many cases they diverge.
Examples:
 Uncontrolled birth rate is not immoral under any standard
 Homosexuality was and still considered immoral among many religious circles, yet it is not
unethical.
 Irresponsible consumption (wasteful consumption) is not immoral, yet it is unethical.
(Women who are seeking abortion must be unnatural or mentally disturbed or that any women who has
abortion will become mentally disturbed)
There are many people choose to have small families or not to become parents at all. They do not feel
that they are unnatural or disturbed, out are simply people making informed personal choices.

Philosophers who study ethics are called ethicists.

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Adultery is immoral in some community.

Examples:
 If the son of a big politician has committed a crime and he use his powers to free his son from
legal consequences. Then this act is immoral because the politician is trying to save the culprit.
 A very close friend or relative of an interviewer comes from an interview and without asking a
single question, he selects him. This act is unethical because the selection process must be
transparent and unbiased.
 A grocer sells adulterated products to his customers to earn more profit. This act is neither moral
nor ethical because he is cheating his customers and profession at the same time.

A teacher’s first moral obligations is to provide excellent instruction. Teachers with a high level of moral
professionalism have a deep obligation to help students learn. Teachers with that sense of obligations
demonstrate this moral professionalism by:
1. Coming to work regularly and on time
2. Bring well informed about their student matter
3. Planning and constructing classes with care
4. Regularly revising and updating instructional practices.
5. Cooperating with is if necessary, confronting parents of underachieving students
6. Cooperating with colleagues and observing school policies so the whole instruction works
effectively
7. Tactfully but firmly criticizing unsatisfactory school policies and proposing constructive
improvements

😀😀😀 Remember……
Always apply moral and ethical actions to your life and refrain from immoral and unethical
actions.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

Cite 5 moral and ethical actions of society and 5 immoral and unethical actions in society.

Lesson 7: Importance, Purpose and Conflicts of Ethics and Morals

Each idea has importance and purpose, as ethics and morals are. But ethics and morals also
have some conflicts faced.
📝 Before You Read……
Why are ethics and morals important in every corner of your area?
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Why are morals and ethics important?
- Ethics and morals are founding principle of human society. More existence of any society
depends upon these two. They set up paths for rightness and limits wrong doings. Increased
interdependence in today’s world of societies’ nations and people make it necessary to follow
ethical behavior and practice morality.
What are the purposes of ethics?
- The purpose of ethics is to define acceptable human behavior through knowing the types of
actions, its consequences and the limits of humans and actions, as well as their acceptability.
Conflicts between Ethics and Morals
- One professional example of ethics conflicting with morals is the work of a defense attorney. A
lawyer’s morals may tell her that murder is reprehensible and that murderers should be punished,
but her ethics as a professional lawyer require her to defend her client to the best of her abilities,
even if she knows that the client is guilty.
- Another example can be found in the medical field. In most part of the world, a doctor may not
euthanized patient, even at the patient’s request, as per ethical standards for health
professionals. However, the same doctor may personally believe in a patient’s right to die, as per
doctor’s own morality.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Ethics and morals have importance and purpose but there are some instances that both have
conflict with each other.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

In your own words, what is the importance and purpose of ethics and morals to your own life?

Lesson 8: Ethics and Moral Actions

Any actions of yours, either good or bad into the eyes of your society, depends on the beliefs of
each and every person in your society.

📝 Before You Read……

Are moral actions related to your actions? Why or why not?
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Every individual has some principles which help him throughout his life to cope up with any adverse
situation. They are known as ETHICS.
Morals are not the hard and fast rules or very rigid, but they are the rules which a majority of people
considered as right, that is why people widely accept them.
MORALS refers to what society sanction as right and acceptable
People who are indifferent to right or wrong are considered AMORAL.
People who do evil acts are considered IMMORAL.

Examples of Moral Behavior:

1. Telling the truth – one of the maxims of morality is honesty, telling the truth at any time.
(However, telling the truth is not always the right thing to do).
Ex.: a stalker ask you were a harried boy has fled.
2. Do not cheat. Cheating is the opposite of honest behavior which is why we should avoid this type
of behavior in order to live morally.
3. Respect our lives and the lives of others. One of the laws or commandments of God is “You shall
not kill” this means respect the lives of other people, as well as others.
4. Be generous – a moral value of human beings to share what they have (material and non-
material such as joy and optimism)
5. Be loyal – involves being faithful, honest and noble.
6. To live accordingly to the rules of society, moral people should behave in our homes at school, at
work.
7. Do not envy – desire that a person can have for the assets of other individuals. Moral behavior
moves away from envy.
8. Altruism – helping others without expecting anything in return.
9. To live according to the will of God, highest principle of morality in human beings.
10. Golden Rule

😀😀😀 Remember……
Your moral behavior can either make or destroy your reputation.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

List some moral actions that are amoral (moral in one place but immoral on other place)
e.g. Abortion (legal in other countries but illegal in Philippines)

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Module 2: Ethics Everywhere

📗📗📗📗 What Will You Learn From This Module?

Ethics can be found everywhere, around the world and around the country. Some
ethics are reflected in the culture and traditions. Some in their religion and some reflect in the
history and past events. But in general, ethics have frameworks to be discussed in this module.

This module is composed of six lessons.

Lesson 1: How Do We Build Our Character?
Lesson 2: Virtue Ethics: Virtue, the Mean and Practical Wisdom
Lesson 3: Deontological Ethics
Lesson 4: Utilitarianism
Lesson 5: Natural Ethics
Lesson 6: Asian Ethics

After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Recognize the meaning of EUDAIMONIA or happiness and its relation to ethics.
2. Differentiate the parts of the soul and its relation to their respective functions.
3. Appreciate and articulate the role of virtue in crafting an ethical life.
4. Determine the role of habit in the formation of a virtuous character.
5. Articulate the difference between philosophical knowledge and practical wisdom.
6. Explore the different ethical behavior around Asia.

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Lesson 1: How Do We Build Our Character?
Your character reflects in your personality. Ethics is the key for you to build your
character. But how can ethics build your character?

📝 Before You Read……

In your own words, what is character?
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
How do we build our character?
1. How we make choices in different situations we face in our lives.
2. In meeting and speaking to different people
3. In facing various problems
4. In handling different day-to-day tasks
5. Character is a product of practice
Traits are the product of a consistent display of a particular behavior, like some people are known to be:
1. Courageous
2. Quick-witted
3. Diligence and Work ethics
4. Thoughtfulness
5. Temperance
6. Respectfulness
as positive traits.
Cowardice, laziness and shamelessness are negative traits.

What radically distinguishes the human person from other forms of being is his possession of reasons
(logos).
Aristotle considers that morality is not merely a matter of KNOWING THE GOOD but ACTUALLY DOING
of PRACTICING the good HABITUALLY
Aristotle was born in the Greek colony of Stagira in Macedonia.
Nicomachus – father of Aristotle
Aristotle was the tutor of Alexander the Great.

Plato believes that the good or purpose of the human person is to be found in another realm, which he
called the world of forms.

Aristotle believes that the proper good of the human person is achievable in the world through the
practical cultivation of virtue.

Nicomachean Ethics – a book written by Aristotle.

A guide for living well
A handbook for those who seek the build and cultivate one’s character in the hope of achieving life’s
ultimate goal – which is happiness (eudaimonia)

Ethics as the Art of Living Well

Eudaimonia (eudemonia in some countries) – or happiness is the chief good for the human person.
Happiness is the self-sufficient, final and attainable goal of human life.

Self-sufficient because it makes human life complete.

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According to Aristotle – “Eudaimonia is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue.”
Soul – is the part of the human being that animates the body. The soul is composed of rational and
irrational elements.
1. Rational part is divided into 2 parts;
a. Speculative – responsible for the knowledge
b. Practical – responsible for choice and action.
2. Irrational part has 2 parts;
a. Vegetative – in charge for nutrition and growth of the human being , breathing to
digestion
b. Appetitive – shares in the rational element of the soul.
Example: urge to eat all the food on the table (for the whole family)

People who aim to be happy must be responsible for such desires and keep them in check

Moral virtues is necessary in making sure that desires do not control the behavior.

Examples of classical ethical framework

1. Virtue ethics
2. Deontological ethics
3. Natural ethics
4. Utilitarianism
5. Asian ethics

😀😀😀 Remember……
Your character reflects on your traits.
👍👍👍 I Have Learned……
1. How do you build your own character?
2. Where can you find your own eudaimonia? Explain.

Lesson 2: Virtue Ethics: Virtue, the Mean and Practical Wisdom

Your character is related to virtue and virtue has something to do with ethics. But how?

📝 Before You Read……

How is virtue reflected to you as a person? 17
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
VIRTUE in Greek is arête which means excellence.
Ex.: excellent knife (virtuous knife)
Sharp and can cut all things
Racehorse – wins race – excellent horse
Guard dog – barks at intruders
Virtue Ethics – teaches that an action is RIGHT if and only if it is an action that a virtuous person would do
in the same circumstances and that as virtuous person is someone who has a particular good character.
Kinds of Virtues
a. Moral virtue – has to do with excellence in the performance of decisions relating to moral and
practical activity.
b. Intellectual virtue – one’s capacity to harness reason’s contemplative capacity for arriving at
knowledge.
Intellectual virtues owes its existence and development to teaching.

Moral virtues arises from habitual practice (ethos)

Ex.: it is in running that we know how to run fast we can
It is in solving math problems – that we are good in math.
We become just by doing just acts.
Actions and habituation are the ground for moral virtue.

Virtue is a state of character of character which makes a person good and capable of fulfilling his end
(telos) as a human person.
Virtue is a state of one’s character that is the result of choice, governed by practical wisdom or phronesis.

Phronesis is the human person’s instrument in dealing with moral choices.

Phronesis is the intellectual virtue responsible for bringing the human person close to his chief good in the
realm of morality.
The main functions of the intellectual virtues: PHRONESIS and SOPHIA are to aid human persons in
matters concerning moral choice and the attainment of knowledge of 1st principles and eternal truths.
Living well means having the complementary disposition of intelligent conduct and a thirst for
philosophical wisdom.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Virtue ethics connects with the phronesis or the practical wisdom.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

How do virtue and the phronesis affect your character?

Lesson 3: Deontological Ethics

It is your duty to follow morality. How does duty affect ethics?

📝 Before You Read……

List some of your moral obligations.
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
- From the Greek word “deon” meaning “duty”
- Focuses on moral duties, obligations, intentions that guide our ethical decision-making
- Certain actions are right or wrong in themselves regardless of the consequences.
Ex.:
1. You are duty bound to keep your promise to be faithful to your spouse, even if a more
attractive person came along.
2. You are duty bound to always tell the truth even if it cost you a job.

In deontology, actions and outcomes are measured separately.

Deontology states that an act that is not good morally can lead to something good.
Ex.: shooting the intruder (killing is wrong) to protect your family (protecting them is right)

😀😀😀 Remember……
It is your duty to follow ethical values and morals in your community.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

1. How do your duties affect your decision-making?
2. How do ethics affect your duty?

Lesson 4: Utilitarianism
Being happy is one of common goals of every person. This is emphasized by utilitarianism. But
what is utilitarianism?

📝 Before You Read……

What makes you happy? (Do not include materials)
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____________________________________________________________________________________
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💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
UTILITARIANISM
1. Gets its norm from the term “utility” which in this concept does not mean “useful” , but, rather,
means pleasure or happiness.
a. Intrinsic value – it is simply good in itself.
b. Instrumental values – when it is a means to some end.
Ex.: a screwdriver has instrumental value to the carpenter.
2. It is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a form of
consequentialism.
3. Holds that the most ethical choice is one that will produce the greatest good – for the greatest
number.

Two principles of consequentialism

1. Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act.
2. The more good consequences an act produce, the better or more that act.

Two types / branches of utilitarianism

1. Act utilitarianism – is the belief that it is the right action that brings the greatest happiness to the
greatest number of people.
2. Rule utilitarianism – is the belief that an action can be morally right if it conforms to the rules that
will lead to the greatest good or happiness.

Strength and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism

Strength (Act utilitarianism)
1. Easy to use – clear criteria and offers a systematic approach to ethics.
2. Utilitarianism cannot be faulted on its morals as it clearly seeks the happiness and fairness for the
largest number of people.
3. It considers the consequence of all actions which is key in building a civilized society.
4. It encourages a democratic approach to decision making and minorities are not allowed to
dominate.
5. It does not rely on any controversial or unverifiable theological claims or principles, so it is
accessible to everyone.

Weakness (Act utilitarianism)

1. Difficult to predict consequences
2. Utilitarianism is a demanding theory
3. Some entries argue it is too impartial, no room for emotion.
4. Utilitarianism is subjective – what is moral for one person isn’t the same for another implying that
not such law system can exist.
5. Utilitarianism implies that everyone has a moral faculty (awareness that gives us a sense of moral
judgement)
6. Bentham and Mill are both commit a naturalistic fallacy according to Moore, just because
something is desirable and producers a lot of pleasure, does not imply that we ought to pursue
that action.

Jeremy Bentham – founder of utilitarianism

Bentham describes utility or “the property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage,
pleasure, good or happiness to prevent the happening of pain, evil or unhappiness.

😀😀😀 Remember……

20
 Utilitarianism focuses on happiness of a person rather than his feelings.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

1. How does happiness affect a person’s life?
2. Do you prefer utilitarianism as rightful in implementing person’s life and actions? Why or why
not?

Lesson 5: Natural Ethics

Being natural is acceptable in the eyes of society. But how does natural ethics affect the actions
of society?

📝 Before You Read……

Is natural self reflected in your actions?
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____________________________________________________________________
💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Natural Law – a system of right or justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature
rather than from the rule of society or positive law.
- Has to do with determining how humans should behave morally.
- Natural law is a theory in ethics and philosophy that says that human beings possess intrinsic
value that governs our reasoning and behavior.
- Natural law maintains that these rules of right and wrong are inherent in people and are not
created by society or court judge.
Example of natural law: “It is universally accepted that to kill someone is wrong, and that to punish
someone for killing that person is right and even necessary.”

Natural rights vs. Human rights

Natural rights are those endowed by birth and are to be protected by the government, life right to life,
liberty and property.

Human rights are rights deemed so by society.

Ex.: right to live in a safe, suitable driveling, the right to healthy food, right to receive health care.
In many modern societies, citizens feel that the government should provide these things to people who
have difficulty obtaining them on their own.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Natural ethics is derived from the natural law which emphasizes good justice.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

a. Using Venn diagram, compare and contrast natural rights from human rights.
b. Why is natural law universally accepted?
c. Give some examples of natural law.

Lesson 6: Asian Ethics

Asians are well-known in emphasizing ethics in their life and actions. Learn more in this lesson as
we discover ethics in each country around Asia.

📝 Before You Read……

What characteristics do Asians portray?
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____________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________
💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Ethics in the Philippines
Who is Filipino?
Technically, according to Phil. Constitution, Filipino
citizens are:
I. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens
of the Phils. Fig. 1.2 Bayanihan, a group of men
II. Those born before Jan. 17, 1972 of Filipino moving the house from one place to
mothers who elect Phil. citizenship upon another for free
reaching the age of majority
III. Those who are naturalized in accordance with the law
Markers of being a Filipino
1. Citizenship
2. Culture
3. History
The Filipino value system or Filipino values refers to the set of values that a majority of the Filipino
have historically held important in their lives. This Philippine values system includes their own unique
assemblage of consistent ideologies, moral codes, ethical practices, etiquette and cultural and personal
values that are promoted by their society. As with any society though, the values that an individual holds
sacred can differ on the basis of religion, upbringing and other factors.
As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance
systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity) and
commercial relationships.
Filipino Values and Traits
I. Filipino hospitality
A. Offering something to eat or even a place to stay
B. Bring out their best sets of plates and chinawares
C. Spending a lot money and going into debts just to satisfy them
D. In local shop, salesmen greet their customers with warm welcome and say thank you
E. They give tours to the friends who will with their hometown and treating them to the best
restaurant and delicacies for free
F. During festivals or fiestas, Filipinos serve heaps of festive food and invite the whole barangay
G. They are also fond of giving pasalubong or tokens from their traulls and pabaon or farewell
gifts to their visitors

II. Respect for elders

Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand
while saying “Mano po” and constantly using “po”
at “opo” in conversation. There is also a wide array
of references to elder people such as ate or kuya,
tito and tita, lolo and manong or aling for older
people outside the family.
III. Close Family Ties
A. Maintain a tight relationship regardless that the
children already have their own family. Fig. 1.1 Filipino Hospitality, a
B. Fond of family reunions during birthdays, holidays foreigner warmly welcomed by
and fiestas. children.

23
IV. Cheerful personality
Filipinos have the habit of smiling and laughing a lot
They smile when they are happy, sad and sometimes even when they are angry even during
trying to maintain a positive outlook in life
V. Self-sacrifice
A. Filipinos go out of their way to extend their help to friends
B. They wish comfort and little lives to their loved
ones
C. They even go abroad to earn more money and
save up for them
D. Some eldest children give up their school to work
and provide for the rest of the family and educate
his siblings
VI. Bayanihan
The bayanihan spirit is giving without expecting something in return
VII. “Bahala Na” Attitude
The Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna Matata” meaning no worries. Originated from
“Bathala Na”. Bathala means God – leaving everything into God’s hands
VIII. Colonial Mentality
Is regarded as the back of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favour foreign products
more than their own
IX. Manaňa Habit
This is the Filipino term for procrastination
derived from “mamaya na” which means
doing things that could have been done at
the present at a later time
X. Ningas Kugon (Cugon)
Refers to the attitude of eagerly starting
things , but quickly losing eagerness soon
after experiencing difficulty just as fast as
the fire has ignited.
XI. Pride
When two parties are not in good terms,
they find it hard to apologize and wait until
Fig. 1.3 Pagmamano, a sign of respect for the other party asks for an apology first
Filipinos XII. Crab Mentality
Just like crabs, in a container, they pull
each other down and ruin each other’s reputation rather than bringing them up, which results
in no progress
XIII. Filipino Time
Filipinos have their common attitude of arriving late at commitments

Filipino Markers
Filipino markers - hallmarks of our being a Filipino

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 1. Proverbs or Salawikain - are sayings that
convey a lesson on Filipino practices, beliefs
and traditions.
Damiana Eugenio - mother of Phil. folklore

6 categories of proverbs
a. Proverbs - expressing a general attitude
towards life and the laws that govern life
b. Ethical proverbs - recommending certain
virtues and commending certain vices
c. Proverbs expressing a system of values
d. Proverbs expressing general truths and
observations about life and human nature
e. Humorous proverbs
f. Miscellaneous proverbs
2. Superstitions
3. Myths and legends - stories that aim to explain
of
things
and
teach

Fig. 1.4 Damiana Eugenio

valuable lessons
4. Heroes and icons - serve or reminders of true patriotism
and nationalism

How to be a good Filipino?

1. Be an active Filipino citizen - participate in government
progress, rights to vote
2. Study the Phil. History - understand the event of Phil.
history, extend help to Filipinos and recognize abuse of
political power
3. Support local products - support local manufacturers
and strengthen local economy
Fig. 1.5 Biag ni Lam-ang, one of 4. Speak the Filipino language - one way of displaying love
Filipino epics (Ilokano) for one’s country
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging
with dissent.

Ethics in Japan
The code of etiquette in Japan governs the expectations of social behavior in the country and is
considered very important. Like many social cultures, etiquette varies greatly depending on one's status
relative to the person in question. Many books instruct readers on its minutiae. Some conventions may be
very regional practices, and thus may not exist in all regions of Japan. Some customs have changed over
the course of Japanese history. The following are generally accepted modern customs in Japan.
ETHICS IN OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES
A. South Korea
In South Korea, etiquette, or the code of social behavior that governs human interactions, is
largely derived from Korean Confucianism and focuses on the core values of this religion. In
addition to general behaviour, etiquette in South Korea also determines how to behave with
respect to social status. Although most aspects of etiquette are accepted by the country at large,
customs can be localized to specific regions or influenced by other cultures,
namely China, Japan, and the United States.

25
 There are several points of etiquette in South Korea that are defined by either cultural taboos or
broader concerns about manners. The following three practices are examples of widespread and
recognizable concerns to native South Koreans as a whole.

Using the number four is considered unlucky, even ominous, as the pronunciation of the word
'four' and the Chinese character ' 死' (meaning death) are similar. It is also considered bad
luck to select the fourth floor in an elevator, some are even built without a fourth floor
button. Gifts are also rarely given in multiples of four, whereas giving items in multiples of
seven is considered lucky and a wish for good fortune.
Kissing in public is looked down upon and seen as highly immodest among older individuals in
South Korea. This has become less taboo with the current generation of young adults, but
is still widely discouraged by elders.
Dressing well is important in South Korea; it is considered a sign of respect. Wearing a suit and
tie is typically appropriate in formal situations, such as meeting new people. South Koreans
also dress well for civic activities, especially in larger cities like Seoul.

Greetings and body language

South Koreans are reserved and well-mannered people. South Korea is a land of strict Confucian
hierarchy and etiquette is important. In respect much can be said on the differences on how to
conduct oneself as a male South Korean and a female South Korean. The bow is the traditional
Korean greeting, although it is often accompanied by a handshake among men. To show respect
when shaking hands, support your right forearm with your left hand. South Korean women usually
nod slightly and will not shake hands with Western men. Western women may offer their hand to
a Korean man.Bow when departing. Younger people wave (move their arm from side to
side). .South Koreans consider it a personal violation to be touched by someone who is not a
relative or close friend. Touching, patting, or back slapping is to be avoided during interactions. In
addition, direct eye contact between juniors and seniors should be avoided because it is seen as
impolite or even a challenge.Although Korea is one of the most homogenous countries in the
world, racially and linguistically. It has its own culture, language, dress and cuisine, separate and
distinct from its neighboring countries. Hard work, filial piety and modesty are characteristics
esteemed by Koreans. (ediplomat.com) Due to filial piety and the nature of how women are
raised in South Korea there some acts of etiquette that do not apply to men. Women are
permitted to cross their legs, but they should also try to keep their shoes pointing in a downward
position. Women open doors and allow men to pass through first as a sign of respect. Women
dress modestly; dress should not be form fitting and revealing. Women pour men's drinks, but
never another woman's drink. A woman may pour her own drink.

B. Bangladesh
Bangladesh society is reserved and very structured. While the norms change or vary, there are
timeless customs such as respect for the elders and high regard for family. Old people are always
treated with deference and it is considered rude for a young person to be direct and opinionated
when talking to elders. Even prolonged eye contact with a senior is considered bad manners.
Bangladeshis are modest people and it is not recommended to give excessive praise and can be
interpreted as insincere and offensive. Religion serves as a strong influence on etiquette. It is not
acceptable for a man to shake hands with a woman if the latter did not offer a hand first. Along
with social categorization, religion dictates what is allowed and prohibited.
When it comes to business, the etiquette is similar to those found in other Asian countries such as
not being direct when communicating one's position or ideas.

C. Brunei
Etiquette in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.

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D. China
Eating is a dominant aspect of Chinese culture and eating out is one of the most common ways to
honor guests, socialize, and deepen friendships. Generally, Chinese etiquette is very similar to
that in other East Asian countries such as Korea and Japan, with some exceptions. In most
traditional Chinese dining, dishes are shared communally. Although both square and rectangular
tables are used for small groups of people, round tables are preferred for large groups. There is a
specific seating order to every formal dinner, based on seniority and organizational hierarchy. The
seat of honor, reserved for the host or oldest person, is usually the one in the center facing east or
facing the entrance. Chopsticks are used instead of forks and knives. In most Chinese restaurants,
there is no tip required unless it is explicitly posted. Tea is almost always provided, either in
advance of the diners being seated or immediately afterward. A verbal "thank you" ( 谢 谢 ; xiexie)
should be offered to the server pouring the tea.

E. India
Etiquette in India shares many similarities with its South and Southeast Asian neighbours,
however there are exceptions found throughout the country.

F. Indonesia
It is important to understand that Indonesia is a vast tropical country of sprawling archipelago with
extremely diverse culture. Each of these Indonesian ethnic groups have their own culture, tradition
and may speak their own language. Each of them may adhere different religions that have their
own rules. These combinations made Indonesia a complex mixture of traditions that may differ
from one place to another. Indonesia shares many of the points of etiquette with other Southeast
Asian nations. As Indonesia has a Muslim majority population, some points of etiquette in the
Middle East also apply. Following are some key points of Indonesian etiquette:
It is important to be considerate of other people's dignity. Shaming or humiliating people in public
is considered extremely rude.
Always use your right hand, when shaking hands, offering a gift, handing or receiving something,
eating, pointing or generally touching another person.

G. Malaysia

It is considered rude to wear shoes inside a house. One would usually take off shoes outside the
house and leave them by the door.
When shaking the hand of elders (such as parents, grandparents or teachers) the younger
person is expected to touch the top of the elder's palm with the tip of their nose or forehead to
express respect. It is similar to kissing a hand, but only using the tip of the nose or forehead, not
lips. This is generally done by the Malays or Malaysian Muslims as a sign of respect. It is
considered rude to not "Salam" a person whether they are visiting you or vice versa.
It is considered improper to show affection (such as kissing) ones partner or spouse in public as it
is not showing modesty and piety.
One usually eats with the right hand.
When handing things to people use either your right hand or both hands. Not your left hand.
Girls should dress modestly and not wear revealing clothing.
Malaysia’s population of Malays, Chinese and Indians all strive to maintain “face” and avoid
shame both in public and private situations. Face can be lost by openly criticizing, insulting, doing
something that brings shame to a group or individual, showing anger at another person. Face can
be saved by remaining calm and courteous, using non-verbal communication to say “no” etc.
You call people who are slightly older than you "kak" (to a girl, means older sister) and "abang"
(to a boy, means older brother), "adik" to someone younger than you (Both male and female,
means younger sibling) or for people much older than you, or people who are married with children

27
 "makcik" (aunty) or "pakcik" (uncle). It is respectful to call people by those names rather than their
given names, even if they are not related to you.
When greeting a Malaysian ruler or a royal family member, you have to press the palms of your
hands together before you while giving a slight bow to show respect.
It is also important to address others according to their honorifics. For example, one must
address a teacher as "Cikgu" and "Datuk" for someone given the honorary title by a head of state.
If unsure, it is better to address a man as "Encik" (Mister), and a woman as "Puan" (Mrs or Miss),
or "Cik" (Miss).
The head is considered sacred and should not be touched by hand.
The feet are considered symbolically unclean and should not be used to point to a person or a
thing, and the soles of the feet should not be directly exposed to another person when sitting down
on the floor.
Please point at someone using the thumb. It is rude to point at someone with the index finger in
Malaysia.
To beckon someone, one motions downward with the palm of the hand facing the ground. It is
rude to beckon someone with the palm of the hand up.
Never say "Oi!" when calling out someone.
When speaking to elders, bosses or teachers, one should refrain from using the informal pronoun
"aku" (me) and "kau" (you) and instead use "saya". Using "aku" dan "kau" in conversations with
parents and teachers is a sign of insolence, as the speaker acts as if treating them as equals.

H. Singapore

In Singapore, a former crown colony of the United Kingdom, many standards of etiquette in
Western societies apply.

I. Thailand

The Thais hold their king in very high regard and any sign of disrespect is potentially an
imprisonable offence under Lèse majesté law. There have been a number of people arrested in
the past few years, for saying bad things about the Royal Family, including a man who was jailed
for 30 years.
Currency, postage stamps, magazines covers and any other items with the king’s image are
never tossed to the ground or treated harshly. Even licking the back of a postage stamp is
considered disrespectful. Most especially, these items are never trod upon as it is a sign of utmost
disrespect to place one’s foot above the head of the king. Money or other items dropped
accidentally should immediately be picked up and reverently brushed, not trodden on to stop from
rolling away.
The head is considered sacred in Thailand and should not be touched by hand.
The feet are considered symbolically unclean and should not be used to point to a person or a
thing, and the soles of the feet should not be directly exposed to another person when sitting down
on the floor.
J. Taiwan
Mainstream Taiwanese culture is a curious combination of traditional Chinese practices, modern
commercialism and technological ingenuity, capped off with a palpable Japanese flavour left over
from decades of colonial rule. Those expecting stereotypical “Chinese” experiences akin to what
can be had in mainland China or even Hong Kong are likely to be surprised and enchanted by the
striking behavioural differences between the Taiwanese and their fellow Chinese neighbours.
For starters, Taiwanese people are unquestionably some of the friendliest in Asia, if not the entire
world, and most foreign visitors are impressed by the often staggering level of hospitality from
the moment they arrive.

28
 If you’re invited to someone’s home, it’s a good idea to bring a gift, usually something simple
such as flowers, a tin of biscuits or cookies, or a box of chocolates. Before entering someone’s
home, always remember first to remove your shoes, even if your host initially says it’s not
necessary.
Facing up to face
As in many parts of Asia, the concept of “face”, the grey area between politeness and public
pride, is an omnipresent reality in Taiwan, but foreigners who are by nature thoughtful and
sensitive to others are not likely to encounter serious problems. Many Taiwanese have travelled,
studied or worked overseas and are somewhat accustomed to behaviour that could be
categorized as “Western”. As such, many Taiwanese, particularly in urban areas, are extremely
accommodating of foreigners and often grant them general amnesty from the Taiwanese nuances
of face.
The best working rule is to avoid behaving in a way that causes someone to be embarrassed in
front of others, or in front of you. Pointing out other people’s mistakes or shortcomings, especially
in public, is rarely appreciated and will usually precipitate the proverbial “loss of face”. Losing
one’s temper in public and openly expressing anger is a sure-fire way to lose face, both for
yourself, and the recipients of your outburst, and sometimes even for those in the near vicinity.
Not only are such public displays of emotion likely to cause profound embarrassment, they often
will convince others that you are uncivilized and undeserving of further attention or assistance.
This doesn’t mean that Taiwanese people don’t get angry, but rather that there is a general belief
in the virtue of self-control when dealing with others.
When Taiwanese are embarrassed or upset, they often will smile or giggle nervously, which can
be confusing or even annoying for the uninitiated foreigner. Understand that such smiles or
laughter are in fact expressions of apology rather than amusement, and try to respond with a
smile of your own.
Physical gestures and greetings
Visitors to Taiwan and many other Asian countries will notice that most people beckon to each
other with their palms facing down, waving towards the ground, and travellers are well advised to
emulate this – calling people towards you by rolling your fingers back with your palms up is widely
considered to be crudely suggestive, particularly when a man is motioning towards a woman.
Although in Chinese tradition shaking hands was not the usual manner of greeting, Taiwanese
men now commonly practise this custom, particularly in business circles. However, powerful or
overly enthusiastic handshakes are considered aggressive and can cause considerable
bewilderment. Men and women generally don’t shake hands upon meeting, opting instead for
slight nods of deference, although this is changing and urban businesswomen are increasingly
likely to offer their hands when meeting foreigners.
😀😀😀 Remember……
Asian ethics are always derived from values, religion and etiquette.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

A. Compare Philippine ethics to the following countries in not less than 5 sentences.
1. South Korea
2. Japan
3. Malaysia
4. Taiwan
5. China
B. Why do most Asian countries believe in sayings and proverbs?

29
Module 3: Ethical and Unethical Practices

📗📗📗📗 What Will You Learn From This Module?

Sometimes your actions in life are either good or bad in the eyes of people around you. But your
actions depend on the results, it’s either good or bad. If you something good and the society approved,
then you say that your action is ethical. However, when you did the same action to another group of
people, some consider it ethical and some say it is unethical. Now, where you will place your trust?
Choose!
This module is composed of four lessons.
Lesson 1: Difference between Ethical and Unethical
Lesson 2: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Different Areas of Society
Lesson 3: Value Added Qualities
Lesson 4: Negative Traits to Avoid

After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Define ethical and unethical.
2. Identify ethical practices and unethical practices in different areas of society.
3. Define value added quantities
4. Enumerate negative traits to avoid.

30
Lesson 1: Difference between Ethical and Unethical
Your actions may be ethical or unethical. But what are the differences between these two?

📝 Before You Read……

What is good and bad to your actions?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……

Ethical vs Unethical

The difference between ethical and unethical is not hard to understand as the two words, ethical and
unethical, are antonyms. For this reason, once you understand the meaning of one word you know that
the opposite meaning belongs to the other word. Both the terms ethical and unethical function
as adjectives in English language. Ethics is moral principles that govern peoples’ behavior and life
conduct. Ethics differentiates between good and bad conduct. Since ethical and unethical are adjectives,
they can be used in front of words like issues,
behavior, conduct, practices, etc. All these are
related to the behavior or the conduct of personal
lives of people. Unethical is the immoral principles
of people. Those who are unethical are considered
to be morally disobedient and they follow
unaccepted behavioral patterns. First let us look at
each term in detail and then let us go to see the
differences between ethical and unethical.

What does Ethical mean?

Ethical can be defined as being morally correct or
principled. Individuals differentiate between good Fig. 1.1 It is ethical for doctors to take care
and bad through ethical principles. Ethics is a of any patient, regardless of gender, race or
universal phenomenon. Each society has its own nationality
ethical conduct that requires the members of the
particular society to behave in a certain way. Some ethics can be seen in almost all the societies. For
example, it is considered to be ethical for doctors to take care of any patient, regardless
of gender, race or nationality. In addition, ethical conduct helps the smooth functioning of the society and
also it keeps the harmony and peace among the members of the society. Being ethical helps an individual
to have a well standard life and h/she may be revered in the society as well.

What does Unethical mean?

31
Unethical is the opposite of being ethical. A person
who lacks moral principles can be defined as an
unethical person. In an unethical situation, individuals
refuse to adhere to the proper conduct or the accepted
behavioral pattern of the society. Unethical behaviors
may lead the society to anarchic situations as well. As
in ethics, there are some universally shared unethical
practices as well. When it comes to certain
professions, there are well-defined ethical and
unethical behaviors. For example, it is considered
unethical for physicians to advertise for themselves.
Also, it is considered unethical for rich to exploit the
poor for their advantage. In business field, it is
considered unethical to use brand names, other than Fig. 1.2 Rich exploiting poor is unethical
one’s own brand name illegally for his/her own benefit.
Likewise, there are morally unaccepted behaviors in almost all the societies. The special thing with regard
to unethical behavior is that the particular person who engages in an unethical action may be aware of
his/her misconduct and might feel guilty as well. Thus, ethical and unethical issues have a connection
with one’s moral conduct.

What is the difference between Ethical and Unethical?

When we look at both terms, we see that they are related to the moral conduct of individuals. Both these
terms define the moral and immoral principles of a society and they help in differentiating good deeds
from the bad. Further, they function as adjectives in the language.
• When we look at the differences in the two terms, the main difference is that ethical is being morally
principled and has a good conduct whereas unethical is the total opposite of it.
• An ethical principle in one society may be unethical in another society and these differ from one society
to another.
• However, there are some universally accepted ethical behaviors as well.
• Almost all the societies promote ethical conducts and demote the unethical behaviors.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Your actions depend on the good or bad effects in you.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

How do ethical and unethical behavior help a person in choosing his own path of decision?

32
Lesson 2: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Different Areas of
Society
Home, school, workplace… Those are important areas of society. Some actions within those
areas are restricted. Learn what you should do and what you shouldn’t do in different areas of society.

📝 Before You Read……

What are the rules in your home?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Unethical and Questionable Practices at Home
5. Favoritism
6. Maltreatment
7. Parents teach their children to hold grudge
8. Parents lie to their children
9. Children lie to their parents

Types of Unethical Workplace Ethics

1. Stealing credit
2. Stealing time
3. Misrepresentation
4. Stealing money
5. Inappropriate use of computer

Unethical Practices in the Store

1. Not following the queue
2. Shoplifting
3. Returning the products inappropriately
4. Not leading the customer.

Unethical Practice in the Market

1. Don’t try to force your customer into buying
2. Don’t try to sell crap
3. Avoid not having a good customer support.
4. Always over deliver – never under deliver.
5. Don’t give customers something different – this will only worsen the situation.

Unethical Practices at School

1. Academic misconduct
2. Endangering health and safety

33
 3. Sexual misconduct
4. Destruction of property
5. Plagiarism
6. Use of dangerous weapons or devices
7. Dishonest conduct
8. Theft/ unauthorized use of property
9. Alcohol / drugs
10. Unauthorized presence
11. Disorderly or description conduct
12. Hazing

Unethical Practices in the Office

1. Bringing home office supplies and equipment e.g.: paper clips, bond paper
2. Rumor mongering
3. Sharing stories during office hours
4. Doing children’s homework in the office
5. Using the office computer doing children’s homework.

Unethical Practices in the Government

1. Dishonesty – any act which shows lack of integrity or a disposition to defraud, cheat.
2. Falsification of Official Documents – as a rule is the misrepresentation of a thing, fact or condition,
certifying that a thing is true when it is not, whether one has the right to make the representation
or certification.
3. Refusal to Perform Official Duty – any act of conduct of officer or tribunal under a duty to perform
signifying instruction not to perform.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Always do ethical practices and avoid unethical practices.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

Read I Must Know above and answer these following questions:
1. Why do you think that people do unethical things?
2. What are the consequences that a person receive if he performs unethical actions?
3. How will you avoid unethical practices?

34
Lesson 3: Value Added Qualities
Before you enter in the teaching field, you must know what personal traits and qualities you
should possess aside from proper education.

📝 Before You Read……

What are the qualities that you already have when you start working with others?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Value Added Qualities – are the specific personal traits and qualities that are valued in the workplace.
They add value to the skills and assets you already possess, such as your technical skills, knowledge,
expertise and work experience.
You do not have to be the most popular, interesting, entertaining and charming person to be successful in
the job. You simply need some positive characteristics that others expect and appreciate.

1. Cheerfulness – will make your co-workers want to work with you and enjoy working with you.
2. Sense of Humor
Suggestions to Develop Your Sense of Humor
a. Make every effort to look for humorous elements in difficulties and errors.
Ex.: “PUSHING” a door marked “PULL” admit you are human and laugh to yourself.
b. Ask a friend to explain a joke when “you don’t get it”
You missed the punch line
c. Make a habit of watching comedies on TV and seeing funny movies and plays.
3. Diplomacy – the skill to maintain good relations with others without offending them.
4. Tactfulness – tact is the ability to do or say the right thing when dealing with people or difficult
situations.
5. Empathy – empathy is the ability to participate in another person feelings or ideas, to understand
and feel another person’s emotions, to walk in another’s shoes.
Ex.: Loss of parents, shouting because of drug dependency
6. Sympathy – identifying with and even taking on another person’s emotions.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Always use value added qualities even you are a student, a worker or a civilian in a community.
👍👍👍 I Have Learned……
1. Why are value added qualities implemented in any place?
2. How will you imply value added qualities to yourself?

35
Lesson 4: Negative Traits to Avoid
If there are value added qualities to follow, there are also negative traits to avoid for you to have a
harmonious working place.

📝 Before You Read……

What are your bad habits and actions that you want to remove?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
Negative Traits to Avoid
1. Resentment – feeling of displeasure over something you believe correctly to be a wrong, insult or
injury.
Ex.: Resent a co-worker who was promoted

Irritating Habits to Avoid

a. Continually clearing your throat
b. Popping or snapping gum
c. Fiddling with your hair
d. Sniffing repeatedly
e. Playing with your jewelry
f. Constantly adjusting your clothes
g. Whispering when others are talking
h. Jiggling coins or keys in your pocket
i. Tapping your fingers or a pen or pencil
j. Picking your nose
k. Continually interrupting a conversation

When you discover you have irritating or objectionable habits, work to eliminate them
2. Envy – is desiring something someone else has
3. Jealousy – is feeling a rivalry toward one who you believe has an advantage over you.
4. Self-pity – is feeling sorry for yourself and your situation without looking at the good things in your
life.

Keys to Getting Along With Others

- Personality traits or characteristics
1. Cooperation – is the ability to work well with others, keeping in mind that you are all working
toward a common goal.

In the workplace, cooperation may mean:

a. A simple act of sharing your materials or equipment with a co-worker.
b. Stepping by someone’s office on your way to the mail room to see if he or she has anything to
send.
c. Putting things away for a co-worker who gets called to a meeting

36
 d. Holding back when you want to disagree
e. Helping someone move a file cabinet, box, desk or another large object.

Things you can do to cooperate with the company:

a. Work overtime willingly
b. Offer service even when you are not obligated to do so
c. Help with work that is not specifically related to your job
d. Inform others of devices or ideas that may make their work easier.
e. Pass ideas or results of your experience to others

2. Politeness – is exhibiting courtesy and consideration to others. Politeness contributes to a

pleasant, cooperative and productive working environment.
Ex.: hello, sorry, excuse me, hold the door for someone whose hands are full, don’t cut it line
3. Patience – is the capacity to bear pains or trails calmly and without complaint. “Have patience. All
things are difficult before they become easy.”
4. Enthusiasm – means to inject energy into your work. People who are enthusiastic are inspired to
do their work.
5. Dependability – a dependable coworkers will be punctual, committed to deadlines, helpful, patient
and positive.
6. Loyalty – is believing in your place of employment and being committed to it.

Avoid the following don’ts:

1. Don’t take advantage of others on the job.
2. Don’t speak before you think
3. Don’t make nasty judgments about others.

If a decision is wide and your ideas are overwhelmed or rejected, you must accept the decision of the
majority in a cheerful manners.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Avoid negative traits for a healthier and harmonious workplace.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

Make a concept map about ways on avoiding negative traits. Do not include the lecture above.

37
Module 4: Code of Ethics for Professional
Teachers

📗📗📗📗 What Will You Learn From This Module?

We all need to follow code of ethics and professional conduct, but in the case of teachers, they
also need to follow the code of ethics for professional teachers. It emphasizes the nature and do’s and
don’ts within the teaching profession. Learn more in this module the code of ethics for professional
teachers and its nature.

This module is composed of two lessons.

Lesson 1: The Explanation of Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
Lesson 2: Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Learn what Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers is.
2. Enumerate the content of Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers is.
3. Explain what Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers says.
4. Apply Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers in the future endeavors.

38
Lesson 1: The Explanation of Code of Ethics for Professional
Teachers
For you, as a future educator, there is a need of studying Code of Ethics for Professional
Teachers. But what does it mean?

📝 Before You Read……

What rules must teachers follow within the school?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……
The Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers serves as guide for teachers specifically to new teachers
for them to exhibit proper behavior to the learning community at all times. It is imperative that you observe
and practice this set of ethical and moral principles, standards, and values.

The Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

In everyday life, you are confronted with the challenges to do the right thing. When you are faced with
professional decisions that seem to have ethical implications, there are conditions and provisions of the
Code of Ethics that will guide you to determine the best actions.

Teachers have the responsibility to push their learners to their full potential and to develop their
personality.

Teachers have great influence in the lives of their learners. They are expected to be professionally
competent in the practice of their profession. Moreover, they need also to possess good reputation not
only in the school but in the entire community. Having this big responsibility in the learning environment,
teachers must be guided by this document which comprehensively discuss the different expectations from
a teacher.

As mandated in the Code of Ethics for professional teachers, you have the responsibility to interact
positively with parents, community members, and other stakeholders of the school. Contact with parents
must be conducted regularly and be kept professional and free from arguments. If you have an issue with
parents, community members, or stakeholders it must be presented during meetings and conferences.
Being a teacher you must recognize that education is a public service and strive to keep the public
informed of the programs, projects and activities.

In the school you are expected to collaborate with your school administrators, co-teachers, and other
personnel in order to provide a safe, friendly learning experiences for the learners.

As part of the DepEd organization, you are further expected to follow the directions and instructions of
your school administrator and higher DepEd officials.

Being a teacher, you should consider your co-teachers and other personnel in achieving the goals of
education. They must be treated with courtesy, consideration, and mutual respect. You should also be
punctual in the submission of office reports and other tasks to facilitate the completion of the work by the
support personnel.

39
Before you read
Terms Definition

Code of a guide of principles designed to help professionals act with honesty and
Ethics integrity. A written set of rules and management to help them conduct their
actions in accordance with its primary values and standards. (Oxford English
Dictionary)

Teacher a person who facilitate learners to gain knowledge, skills, and values that
enhance development. A person who has the knowledge, skills, attitude, and
special trainings in teaching, explaining, and educating. (R.A. 9155)

Professional a person who characterized by or conforming to the technical or ethical

standards of a profession. A person who exhibits courtesy, conscientiousness,
and generally manners that are acceptable resulting improvement of the
organization he belongs.

Behavior the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward others and to
the organization he or she is serving.

School is an educational institution, private, and public, understating operation with a

specific age group of pupils or students pursuing defined studies at defined
level, receiving instruction from teachers, usually located in a building or a
group of buildings in a particular physical site. (R.A. 9155)

Learner any individual seeking basic literacy skills and functional life skills or support
services for the improvement of the quality of his/her life (R.A. 9155)

😀😀😀 Remember……
Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers seeks information on how you will handle some
situations that a teacher must learn.

👍👍👍 I Have Learned……

Give 5 reasons why you need to learn Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers.

Lesson 2: Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

40
 If you’re already in the teaching field, remember this lesson about the content of Code of
Ethics for Professional Teachers, so that when a scenario or situation happen, you know what you should
do.

📝 Before You Read……

What is the importance of Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
💎 💎 💎 I Must Know……

Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (e). Article 11, of R. A. No. 7836. Otherwise known as the
Philippines Professionalization Act of 1994 and Paragraph (a), section 6. P.D. No. 223. As amended, the
Board for Professional Teachers hereby adopt the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers.

PREAMBLE
Teachers are duly licensed professionals who possesses dignity and reputation with high moral values as
well as technical and professional competence in the practice of their noble profession, they strictly
adhere to. Observe, and practice this set of ethical and moral principles, standards, and values.

ARTICLE I – SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Section 1. The Philippine Constitution provides that all educational institution shall offer quality education
for all competent teachers committed of its full realization. The provision of this Code shall apply,
therefore, to all teachers in schools in the Philippines.

Section 2. This Code covers all public and private school teachers in all educational institutions at the
preschool, primary, elementary and secondary levels whether academic, vocational, special, technical, or
non-formal. The term “teacher” shall include industrial arts or vocational teachers and all other persons
performing supervisory and /or administrative functions in all school at the aforesaid levels, whether on
full time or part-time basis.

ARTICLE II – THE TEACHER AND THE STATE

Section 1. The schools are the nurseries of the future citizens of the state: each teacher is a trustee of
the cultural and educational heritage of the nation and is under obligation to transmit to learners such
heritage as well as to elevate national morality, promote national pride, cultivate love of country, instill
allegiance to the constitution and for all duly constituted authorities, and promote obedience to the laws of
the state.

Section 2. Every teacher or school official shall actively help carry out the declared policies of the state,
and shall take an oath to this effect.

Section 3. In the interest of the State and of the Filipino people as much as of his own. Every teacher
shall be physically, mentally and morally fit.

Section 4. Every teacher shall possess and actualize a full commitment and devotion to duty.

41
Section 5. A teacher shall not engage in the promotion of any political, religious, or other partisan
interest, and shall not directly or indirectly, solicit, require, collect, or receive any money or service or
other valuable material from any person or entity for such purposes

Section 6. Every teacher shall vote and shall exercise all other constitutional rights and responsibility.

Section 7. A teacher shall not use his position or facial authority or influence to coerce any other person
to follow any political course of action.

Section 8. Every teacher shall enjoy academic freedom and shall have privilege of expounding the
product of his researches and investigations: provided that, if the results are inimical to the declared
policies of the State, they shall be brought to the proper authorities for appropriate remedial action.

ARTICLE III – THE TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY

Section 1. A teacher is a facilitator of learning and of the development of the youth: he shall, therefore,
render the best service by providing an environment conducive to such learning and growth.

Section 2. Every teacher shall provide leadership and initiative to actively participate in community
movements for moral, social, educational, economic and civic betterment.

Section 3. Every teacher shall merit reasonable social recognition for which purpose he shall behave with
honor and dignity at all times and refrain for such activities as gambling, smoking, drunkenness, and other
excesses, much less illicit relations.

Section 4. Every teacher shall live for and with the community and shall, therefore, study and understand
local customs and traditions in order to have sympathetic attitude, therefore, refrain from disparaging the
community.

Section 5. Every teacher shall help the school keep the people in the community informed about the
school’s work and accomplishments as well as its needs and problems.

Section 6. Every teacher is intellectual leader in the community, especially in the barangay and shall
welcome the opportunity to provide such leadership when needed, to extend counseling services, as
appropriate, and to actively be involved in matters affecting the welfare of the people.

Section 7. Every teacher shall maintain harmonious and pleasant personal and official relations with
other professionals, with government officials, and with the people, individually or collectively.

Section 8. A teacher possess freedom to attend church and worships as appropriate, but shall not use
his positions and influence to proselyte others.

ARTICLE IV – THE TEACHER AND THE PROFESSION

Section 1. Every teacher shall actively insure that teaching is the noblest profession, and shall manifest
genuine enthusiasm and pride in teaching as a noble calling.

Section 2. Every teacher shall uphold the highest possible standards of quality education, shall make the
best preparations for the career of teaching, and shall be at his best at all times and in the practice of his
profession.

Section 3. Every teacher shall participate in the Continuing Professional Education (CPE) program of the
Professional Regulation Commission, and shall pursue such other studies as will improve his efficiency,

42
enhance the prestige of the profession, and strengthen his competence, virtues, and productivity in order
to be nationally and internationally competitive.

Section 4. Every teacher shall help, if duly authorized, to seek support from the school, but shall not
make improper misrepresentations through personal advertisements and other questionable means.

Section 5. Every teacher shall use the teaching profession in a manner that makes it dignified means for
earning a decent living.

ARTICLE V – THE TEACHERS AND THE TEACHING COMMUNITY

Section 1. Teacher shall, at all times, be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty, mutual confidence,
and faith in one another, self-sacrifice for the common good, and full cooperation with colleagues. When
the best interest of the learners, the school, or the profession is at stake in any controversy, teacher shall
support one another.

Section 2. A teacher is not entitled to claim credit or work not of his own and shall give due credit for the
work of others which he may use.

Section 3. Before leaving his position, a teacher shall organize for whoever assumes the position such
records and other data as are necessary to carry on the work.

Section 4. A teacher shall hold inviolate all confidential information concerning associates and the school,
and shall not divulge to anyone documents which has not been officially released, or remove records from
the files without permission.

Section 5. It shall be the responsibility of every teacher to seek correctives for what he may appear to be
an unprofessional and unethical conduct of any associates. However, this may be done only if there is
incontrovertible evidence for such conduct.

Section 6. A teacher may submit to the proper authorities any justifiable criticism against an associate,
preferably in writing, without violating the right of the individual concerned.

Section 7. A teacher may apply for a vacant position for which he is qualified: provided that he respects
the system of selection on the basis of merit and competence: provided, further, that all qualified
candidates are given the opportunity to be considered.

ARTICLE VI – THE TEACHER AND HIGHER AUTHORITIES IN THE PROFESSIONS

Section 1. Every teacher shall make it his duties to make an honest effort to understand and support the
legitimate policies of the school and the administration regardless of personal feeling or private opinion
and shall faithfully carry them out.

Section 2. A teacher shall not make any false accusations or charges against superiors, especially under
anonymity. However, if there are valid charges, he should present such under oath to competent
authority.

Section 3. A teacher shall transact all official business through channels except when special conditions
warrant a different procedure, such as when special conditions are advocated but are opposed by
immediate superiors, in which case, the teacher shall appeal directly to the appropriate higher authority..

Section 4. Every teacher, individually or as part of a group, has a right to seek redress against injustice to
the administration and to extent possible, shall raise grievances within acceptable democratic possesses.

43
In doing so they shall avoid jeopardizing the interest and the welfare of learners whose right to learn must
be respected.

Section 5. Every teacher has a right to invoke the principle that appointments, promotions, and transfer of
teachers are made only on the basis of merit and needed in the interest of the service.

Section 6. A teacher who accepts a position assumes a contractual obligation to live up to his contract,
assuming full knowledge of employment terms and conditions.

ARTICLE VII – SCHOOL OFFICIALS TEACHERS AND OTHER PERSONNEL

Section 1. All school officials shall at all times show professional courtesy, helpfulness and sympathy
towards teachers and other personnel, such practices being standards of effective school supervision,
dignified administration, responsible leadership and enlighten directions.

Section 2. School officials, teachers, and other school personnel shall consider it their cooperative
responsibility to formulate policies or introduce important changes in the system at all levels.

Section 3. School officials shall encourage and attend the professional growth of all teachers under them
such as recommending them for promotion, giving them due recognition for meritorious performance, and
allowing them to participate in conferences in training programs.

Section 4. No school officials shall dismiss or recommend for dismissal a teacher or other subordinates
except for cause.

Section 5. School authorities concern shall ensure that public school teachers are employed in
accordance with pertinent civil service rules, and private school teachers are issued contracts specifying
the terms and conditions of their work: provided that they are given, if qualified, subsequent permanent
tenure, in accordance with existing laws.

ARTICLE VIII – THE TEACHERS AND LEARNERS

Section 1. A teacher has a right and duty to determine the academic marks and the promotions of
learners in the subject or grades he handles, such determination shall be in accordance with generally
accepted procedures of evaluation and measurement. In case of any complaint, teachers concerned shall
immediately take appropriate actions, of serving due process.

Section 2. A teacher shall recognize that the interest and welfare of learners are of first and foremost
concerns, and shall deal justifiably and impartially with each of them.

Section 3. Under no circumstance shall a teacher be prejudiced nor discriminated against by the learner.

Section 4. A teacher shall not accept favors or gifts from learners, their parents or others in their behalf in
exchange for requested concessions, especially if undeserved.

Section 5. A teacher shall not accept, directly or indirectly, any remuneration from tutorials other what is
authorized for such service.

Section 6. A teacher shall base the evaluation of the learner’s work only in merit and quality of academic
performance.

Section 7. In a situation where mutual attraction and subsequent love develop between teacher and
learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost professional discretion to avoid scandal, gossip and preferential
treatment of the learner.

44
Section 8. A teacher shall not inflict corporal punishment on offending learners nor make deductions from
their scholastic ratings as a punishment for acts which are clearly not manifestation of poor scholarship.

Section 9. A teacher shall ensure that conditions contribute to the maximum development of learners are
adequate, and shall extend needed assistance in preventing or solving learner’s problems and difficulties.

ARTICLE IX – THE TEACHERS AND PARENTS

Section 1. Every teacher shall establish and maintain cordial relations with parents, and shall conduct
himself to merit their confidence and respect.

Section 2. Every teacher shall inform parents, through proper authorities, of the progress and
deficiencies of learner under him. Exercising utmost candor and tact in pointing out learners deficiencies
and in seeking parent’s cooperation for the proper guidance and improvement of the learners.

Section 3. A teacher shall hear parent’s complaints with sympathy and understanding, and shall
discourage unfair criticism.

ARTICLE X – THE TEACHER AND BUSINESS

Section 1. A teacher has the right to engage, directly or indirectly, in legitimate income generation:
provided that it does not relate to or adversely affect his work as a teacher.

Section 2. A teacher shall maintain a good reputation with respect to the financial matters such as in the
settlement of his debts and loans in arranging satisfactorily his private financial affairs.

Section 3. No teacher shall act, directly or indirectly, as agent of, or be financially interested in. any
commercial venture which furnish textbooks and other school commodities in the purchase and disposal
of which he can exercise official influence, except only when his assignment is inherently, related to such
purchase and disposal: provided they shall be in accordance with the existing regulations: provided,
further, that members of duly recognized teachers cooperatives may participate in the distribution and
sale of such commodities.

ARTICLE XI – THE TEACHER AS A PERSON

Section 1. A teacher is, above all, a human being endowed with life for which it is the highest obligation
to live with dignity at all times whether in school, in the home, or elsewhere.

Section 2. A teacher shall place premium upon self-discipline as the primary principles of personal
behavior in all relationships with others and in all situations.

Section 3. A teacher shall maintain at all times a dignified personality which could serve as a model
worthy of emulation by learners, peers and all others.

Section 4. A teacher shall always recognize the Almighty God as guide of his own destiny and of the
destinies of men and nations.

ARTICLE XII – DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS

Section 1. Any violation of any provisions of this code shall be sufficient ground for the imposition against
the erring teacher of the disciplinary action consisting of revocation of his Certification of Registration and
License as a Professional Teacher, suspension from the practice of teaching profession, reprimand or
cancellation of his temporary/special permit under causes specified in Sec. 23. Article HI or R.A. No. 7836
and under Rule 31. Article VIII of the Rules and Regulations Implementing R.A. 7836.

45
 ARTICLE XIII – EFFECTIVITY
Section 1. This Code shall take effect upon approval by the Professional Regulation Commission and
after sixty (60) days following its publication in the official Gazette or any newspaper of general
circulation, whichever is earlier.

😀😀😀 Remember……
Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers is useful especially in a school-related situation.
👍👍👍 I Have Learned……
Read the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers. The following situations below are related in the
articles in the code of ethics. Give your opinion about the situation then explain your answer.

Situation no. 1

Being a person known for his integrity and credibility, Mr. Elbert R. Tolentino has been serving as part of
the Board of Election Canvassers for the past 10 years. However, in the coming elections, his mother will
be running as barangay captain. Because of this, he is asked to campaign for her. Is it alright for him to
campaign for his mother’s candidacy? Explain your answer.

Situation no. 2
Mr. Mario Ocampo, who has been teaching for the last 25 years, refused to attend an important
conference in Mindanao. Every time he is asked by the principal to attend such an activity, he always
requests a new teacher to attend. As a professional teacher, is it right to express refusal in attending
conferences.

Situation no. 3
Ms. Rose Q. Reyes posted two-piece swimwear picture of herself in her Facebook page. She received
negative comments from the community and stakeholders. Ms. Reyes justified that she has the right to
post anything on her Facebook account since it was her personal account. Is it right for Mrs. Reyes to do
such?

Situation no. 4
During barangay fiesta, Mr. Ben Y. Maya was designated as the fiesta directorate chairman. Because of
his talent, he accepted the task willingly even without any honorarium. He facilitated culture-based
activities that made their barangay fiesta a significant one. Is it alright for Mr. Maya not to receive any
compensation for his services rendered since this will be a precedent for the succeeding activity
coordinator?

Situation no. 5
Mrs. Dae P. Habalo, of Sibulan National High School refused to admit a student for not being a resident of
the said barangay where the school is located. Is it right for her to do so?

Situation no. 6
Traditionally, a civic parade is held with school participating during Independence Day. All teachers and
students are required to attend. All of Mrs. Katherine Y. Sedillo’s students are excited to join the said
parade but she did not join them due to personal reason and only asked the president of the class to
check the attendants of his classmates. Is the decision of Mrs. Sedillo not answerable for any untoward
incident to happen to the students?

Situation no. 7
Madam Estelita Ramos, a teacher III at Malunta Elementary School has a takehome pay of P 7,500.00
every month. She decided to borrow money from Provincial Savings Bank with a monthly deduction of
P3,500. In the same month she also borrowed money to First Diamond Lending Company with a monthly
deduction of P 3,500.00. In the first 2 months she enjoyed a take home pay of P7,500.00 because the 2

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lending institutions will deduct on the 3rd month from the date she borrowed. Is it alright for Mrs. Ramos
to borrow the amount considering that she doesn’t have enough take home pay when the deduction will
take effect?

Situation no. 8
Mr. Ricky dela Cruz is one of the youngest teacher in Silab Community High School. Due to his young
age he has lots of friends and barkadas. After school hours, he is always seen with his friends in an
internet cafe playing Dota, in gambling dens, and in beerhouses. He also frequently seen in discos during
weekends. Is Mr. Cruz acting as a good model to his students?

📚📚📚📚References
 https://www.betterteam.com/code-of-ethics-and-professional-conduct#:~:text=A%20code
%20of%20ethics%20and,safety%2C%20and%20conflicts%20of%20interest.

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  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_values
 https://live.staticflickr.com/2932/14124479998_7520d2db25_b.jpg
 https://themixedculturedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/bayanihan_2.jpg
 https://www.our7107islands.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Hospitality-The-Core-of-a-
Filipino-Soul.jpg
 https://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/taiwan/culture-etiquette/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Etiquette_in_Asia#China_(including_Hong_Kong)_and_Taiwan
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_South_Korea
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan
 https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-ethical-and-vs-unethical/
 https://study.com/cimages/videopreview/la40guf2g9.jpg
 https://depedtambayan.net/the-code-of-ethics-for-professional-teachers/
 E. Alata, et.al, Understanding the Self, Rex Book Store, Inc., 2018
 Bulaong, Jr., Calano, Lagliva, Mariano and Principe, Ethics: Foundations of Moral Valuation, Rex
Book Store, Inc., 2018

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by:

AGAPITA M. CRUZ ___________________ ____________________

Instructor/Professor Program Director Dean

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