COMPUTER NETWORK

(21CSC302J)
UNIT-1
Introduction to Networks

Bhawna Upadhayay
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
CSE DEPARTMENT
 UNIT - 1 CONTENTS
• Network Types: LAN, MAN, PAN, WAN
• Network Topology : BUS, STAR, RING, MESH, HYBRID
• Switching : Circuit Switching, Packet Switching
• OSI Layered Architecture
• TCP/IP Model
• Physical Layer Overview
• Latency, Bandwidth, Delay
• Guided Media : Twisted pair, Coaxial cable, Fiber optic cable
• Unguided Media : Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared
 COURSE OUTCOME

Apply the knowledge of communication

Computer Networks
 A computer network is a set of devices connected through links.
 A node can be computer, printer, or any other device
 Also known as communication channels.
 Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated.
 Popular forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
 2. Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message.
 It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so
on.
 3. Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message.
 It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.
 4. Transmission medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which a
message travels from sender to receiver.
 Some examples of transmission media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable,
fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.
 5. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.
 It represents an agreement between the communicating devices.
 Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating,
just as a person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who
speaks only Japanese.
 NETWORK TYPES

 A computer network is a
combination of two or more
computers, network devices, like
hub, routers, and switches, that are
linked in order to share resources or
allow electronic communication.
 LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

 A group of computers connected to each other

in a small area such as building, office.
 Used for connecting two or more personal
computers.
 Built with inexpensive hardware such as
Hubs, Network Adapters, and Ethernet
Cables.
 Data is transferred at an extremely faster rate.
 Provides higher security
 Ex- Home Wi-Fi networks and Small business
networks
 MAN (METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK)
 Covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to
form a larger network.
 Various LANs are connected to each
other through a telephone exchange
line.
 The most widely used protocols are
RS-232, FRAME RELAY, ATM,
ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
 Ex- Government agencies, Campus
network, Citywide WI-FI network.
 WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
 A network that extends over a
large geographical area such as
states or countries.
 Not limited to a single location.
 Spans over a large geographical
area through a telephone line,
fiber optic cable or satellite links.
 Internet is one of the biggest
WAN in the world.
 PAN (PERSONAL AREA NETWORK)
 A network arranged within an individual
person, typically within a range of 10
meters.
 Used for connecting the computer
devices of personal use.
 THOMAS ZIMMERMAN was the first
research scientist to bring the idea of the
personal area network.
 Personal computer devices are used to
develop the PAN like laptop, mobile
phones, media player and play stations
etc.
 TYPES OF PERSONAL AREA
NETWORK

 Wired Personal Area Network:

Created by using the USB.

 Wireless Personal Area Network:

Developed by simply using wireless
technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth.
It is a low range network.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 Defines the structure of the network
of how all the components are
interconnected to each other.
 Two types of topology:
i. Physical topology: The geometric
representation of all the nodes in a
network.
ii. Logical topology: Refers to the
abstract representation of how data
flows and is transmitted within a
network, independent of its physical
layout.
 TYPES OF PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Tree Topology
6. Hybrid Topology
 BUS TOPOLOGY
 Designed in such a way that all the
stations are connected through a single
cable known as a backbone cable.
 The backbone cable is considered as
a "single lane" through which the
message is broadcast to all the stations.
 When a node wants to send a message
over the network, it puts a message over
the network. All the stations available in
the network will receive the message
whether it has been addressed or not.
 Mainly used in 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.4
standard networks.
 Quite simpler as compared to other
topologies.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
 Most popular in network
implementation.
 An arrangement of the network in
which every node is connected to
the central hub, switch or a central
computer.
 The central computer is known as
a server, and the peripheral
devices attached to the server are
known as clients.
 Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are
used to connect the computers.
 Hubs or switches are mainly used
as connection devices.
 RING TOPOLOGY
 Like a bus topology, but with connected
ends.
 The node that receives the message from
the previous computer will retransmit to
the next node.
 Unidirectional
 No terminated ends
 Data flow in a clockwise direction.
 Data flows in a single loop continuously
known as an endless loop.
 The most common access method is token
passing.
 MESH TOPOLOGY
 Multiple paths from one computer to
another computer.
 Mainly used for WAN
implementations and wireless
networks.
 Internet is an example of the mesh
topology.
 Can be formed by using the formula:

Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;

Where n is the number of nodes that
represents the network.
 HYBRID TOPOLOGY
 Combination of various different topologies
 If similar topologies are connected with each other will not result in hybrid topology.
 A connection between different links and nodes to transfer the data.
 For example, if there exist a ring topology in one branch of ICICI bank and bus topology in
another branch of ICICI bank
 SWITCHING
 Takes place at the Data Link layer.
 The process to forward packets
coming in from one port to a port
leading towards the destination using
specific devices called switches.
 When data comes on a port it is
called ingress, and when data leaves
a port or goes out it is called egress.
 Provide one-to-one communication.
CONTD…

 Can be divided into two major categories:

1. Connection Oriented: Need to pre-establish circuit along the path between both
endpoints.
2. Connectionless: The data is forwarded on behalf of forwarding tables. No previous
handshaking is required and acknowledgements are optional.
CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHING
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING
 Connection Oriented
 Establishes a dedicated path between
sender and receiver.
 Path will remain to exist until the
connection is terminated.
 After receiving the acknowledgment,
dedicated path transfers the data.
 Used in public telephone network for voice
transmission.
 PHASES OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING
1. Circuit Establishment 2. Data Transfer 3. Circuit Disconnection
 MESSAGE SWITCHING
 Based on store-and-forward technique.
 The whole message is treated as a data unit
and transferred in its entirety.
 First receives the whole message and buffers it
until there are resources available.
 If the next hop is not having enough resource
to accommodate large size message, the
message is stored and switch waits.
 Very slow.
 Not a solution for streaming media and real-
time applications.
 PACKET SWITCHING
 Shortcomings of message switching gave birth to an idea of packet switching.
 The message splits into smaller pieces known as packets and packets are given a unique number to
identify their order at the receiving end.
 Every packet contains some information in its headers such as source address, destination address
and sequence number.
 Packets will travel across the network, taking the shortest path as possible.
 All the packets are reassembled at the receiving end in correct order.
 If any packet is missing or corrupted, then the message will be sent to resend the message.
 If the correct order of the packets is reached, then the acknowledgment message will be sent.
CONTD…
DATAGRAM PACKET SWITCHING

 Also known as connectionless switching.

 Packet is known as a datagram.
 Considered as an independent entity.
 Each packet contains the information about the destination and switch uses this information to
forward the packet to the correct destination.
 Path is not fixed.
 Intermediate nodes take the routing decisions to forward the packets.
 VIRTUAL CIRCUIT SWITCHING

 Also known as connection-oriented

switching.
 A preplanned route is established
before the messages are sent.
 Call request and Call accept packets
are used to establish the connection
between sender and receiver.
 The path is fixed for the duration of a
logical connection.
 OSI LAYERED ARCHITECTURE
 OSI stands for open system
interconnection ,

 Developed by ISO – ‘international

organization for standardization‘, in
the year 1984.

 A conceptual framework that divides

network communications functions into
seven layers.

 Divided into two groups: Media Layers

and Host Layers

 Each layer having specific functionality

to perform.
 TCP/IP Model

 Developed prior to the OSI model.

 A hierarchical protocol made up of
interactive modules, and each of
them provides specific
functionality.
 The first four layers provide
physical standards, network
interface, internetworking, and
transport functions that correspond
to the first four layers of the OSI
model.
 PHYSICAL LAYER OVERVIEW
 Responsible for sending computer bits from one device to another
along the network.
 Determine how physical connections to the network are set up.
 Consists of various network components such as power plugs,
connectors, receivers, cable types, etc.
 Defines the types of encoding (that is how the 0’s and 1’s are
encoded in a signal).
 Helps in physical topology (mesh, star, bus, ring) decisions
 Provides two types of configuration point point configuration and
multi-point configuration.
 Provides an interface between devices and transmission medium.
 Takes Switching decisions.
 Data need to be transmitted and received, but the media have to
change data to signals.

 Both data and the signals that represent them can be either analog or
digital in form.

 The term analog data refers to information that is continuous

 The term digital data refers to information that has discrete states.
 Analog data, such as the sounds made by a human voice, take
on continuous values. When someone speaks, an analog wave is
created in the air.
 This can be captured by a microphone and converted to an analog
signal or sampled and converted to a digital signal.

 Digital data take on discrete values. For example, data are stored
in computer memory in the form of 0s and 1s.
 They can be converted to a digital signal or modulated into an
analog signal for transmission across a medium.
 A periodic signal completes a pattern within a measurable time frame, called a period, and
repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods.

 The completion of one full pattern is called a cycle.

 A nonperiodic signal changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time.

 The range of frequencies contained in a composite signal is its bandwidth.

 The bandwidth is normally a difference between two numbers.

 The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the highest and the lowest
frequencies contained in that signal.
 We can transmit a digital signal by using one of two different
approaches:

 baseband transmission
 broadband transmission
 Baseband transmission means sending a digital signal over a channel without changing the digital signal to an
analog signal.
 Figure 3.19 shows baseband transmission.
 Case 1: Low-Pass Channel with Wide Bandwidth

 If we want to preserve the exact form of a nonperiodic digital signal with vertical segments vertical and horizontal segments
horizontal, we need to send the entire spectrum, the continuous range of frequencies between zero and infinity.

 Case 2: Low-Pass Channel with Limited Bandwidth

 In a low-pass channel with limited bandwidth, we approximate the digital signal with an analog signal. The level of
approximation depends on the bandwidth available.

 Broadband Transmission (Using Modulation)

 Broadband transmission or modulation means changing the digital signal to an analog signal for transmission.
 Modulation allows us to use a bandpass channel with a bandwidth that does not start from zero.
 This type of channel is more available than a low-pass channel.
 LATENCY, BANDWIDTH, DELAY
 Parameters for measuring network performance.
 Latency pertains to the delay in data transmission over the network.
 Total time taken for a complete message to arrive at the destination.
 Measured in milliseconds (ms).
 The network connections where small delays occur are called “low-latency-networks” and the
network connections which suffer from long delays are known as “high-latency-networks”.
Latency = propagation time + transmission time + queuing time + processing delay
Propagation time = distance / propagation speed
CONTD….

 Bandwidth is characterized as the measure of data or information that can be transmitted in a

fixed measure of time.
 One of the most essential conditions of a website’s performance is the amount of bandwidth
allocated to the network.
 Determines how rapidly the webserver is able to upload the requested information.
 Measured in bits per second(bps) or bytes per second
Transmission media
 Transmission media are located below the physical layer and directly controlled by the physical layer.
 A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that can carry information from a source to a
destination.
 In telecommunications, transmission media can be divided into two broad categories: guided and unguided.
 GUIDED MEDIA
 Also referred to as Wired or
Bounded transmission media.
 Defined as the physical medium
through which the signals are
transmitted.
 Features:
▪ High Speed
▪ Secure
▪ Used for comparatively shorter
distances
 TWISTED PAIR CABLE
 A type of guided media.
 Invented by Alexander Graham Bell
 Have two conductors that are generally made up of copper and each conductor has
insulation.
 These two conductors are twisted together, thus giving the name twisted pair cables.
 UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP)
CABLE
 A pair of insulated copper wires twisted
together to reduce noise generated by
external interference.
 Widely used in the telephone, computers, etc.
 Less expensive.
 Installation of the UTP is easier
 Limited bandwidth for transmitting the data
 SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP)
CABLE
 Contains an extra wrapping foil or copper braid
jacket to protect the cable
 Usually used underground
 Costly than UTP
 Supports the higher data transmission rates across
the long distance
 Installation of the shielded wire is more difficult
than the UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable.
 COAXIAL CABLE (COAX)

 An electrical cable with a copper

conductor and an insulator shielding
around it and a braided metal mesh
that prevents signal interference and
cross talk
 A type of copper cable specially
built with a metal shield.
 Used by cable TV companies to
connect their satellite antenna
facilities to customer homes and
businesses.
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE

 Consists of a center glass core surrounded by several

layers of protective materials.
 Transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating
the problem of electrical interference.
 Has the capability to carry information at vastly greater
speeds
 Broadens communication possibilities to include
services such as video conferencing and interactive
services.
 Provide high bandwidth at high speeds.
 UNGUIDED MEDIA
 Also known as wireless
transmission.
 Transmits the electromagnetic
waves without using any
physical medium.
 Air is the media through which
the electromagnetic energy can
flow easily.
 RADIO WAVES
 The electromagnetic waves that are
transmitted in all the directions of free
space.
 Omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are
propagated in all the directions.
 Frequencies range is from 3Khz to 1Khz.
 The sending and receiving antenna are not
aligned, i.e., the wave sent by the sending
antenna can be received by any receiving
antenna.
 Useful for multicasting.
 Example: FM radio, Television, cordless
phones.
 MICROWAVES

 A line of sight transmission

 The sending and receiving antennas need to
be properly aligned with each other.
 The distance covered by the signal is
directly proportional to the height of the
antenna.
 Frequency range: 1GHZ – 300GHZ.
 Majorly used for mobile phone
communication and television distribution.
 INFRAED

 A wireless technology used for communication over

short ranges.
 Cannot penetrate through obstacles.
 Prevents interference between systems.
 The frequency range is from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
 Used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer,
 Used in data transfer between two cell phones, TV
remote operation, data transfer between a computer and
cell phone resides in the same closed area
THANKS