20 Introduction to Cloud Computing

1.1 Introduction
delivering annl:
Cloudcomputing is atransformative computing paradigm that involves
technologies that are :l
services over the internet. Many of the underlying
cations and
time. Cloud computing invol
foundation of cloud computing have existed for quite some
resources on demand and providing th
provisioning of computing. networking and storage model. In this chapter we
pay as you go
resources as metered services to the users. in a
will lean about the various deployment models. service models. characteristics, driving
factors and challenges of cloud computing.

1.1.1 Definition of Cloud Computing

defines cloud computing
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
as [1]:
convenient, on-demand
Definition: Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
computing resources (e.g., networks.
network access to ashared pool of configurable
can be rapidly provisioned and released
servers, storage, applications, and services) that interaction.
provider
with minimal management effort or service

1.2 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

computing:
NIST further identifies five essential characteristics of cloud
On-demand self service
by the users, without requiring
Cloud computing resources can be provisioned on-demand
provisioning resources is
interactions with the cloud service provider. The process of
automated.

Broad network access

the network using standard access mech
Cloud computing resources can be accessed over
heterogeneous Chenl
anisms that provide platform-independent access through the use of
platforms such as workstations, laptops, tablets and smartphones.
Resource pooling
service providers are pooled to serve
Thecommputing and storage resources provided by cloud
cloud allow multiple useis
muluple users using multi-tenancy. Multi-tenant aspects of the
virtual resources that u
Lo be served by the same physical hardware. Users are assigned
On top of the physical resources. Various forms of virtualization
approaches such as Tu
Virtualization, para-virtualization and hardware virtualization are described in Chapter 2.

Rapid elasticity
Cloud computing resourcescan be provisioned rapidly and elastically. Cloud resources cau
be rapidly scaled up or down based on demand. Two types of scaling options exist:
Horizontal Scaling (scaling out): Horizontal scaling or scaling-out involves launc"
ing and provisioning additional server resources.

Bahga & Madisetti, C 2014

 12 Characteristics of Cloud Computing 21

"Vertical Scaling (scaling up): Vertical scaling or scaling-up involves changing the
computing capacity assigned to the server resources while keeping the number of
server resources constant

Measured service

Cloudcomputing resources are provided to userson a pay-per-usemodel. The usage of the

cloud resources ismcasured and the user is charged based on some specific metric. Metrics
such as amountof CPUcycles Used, amount of storagespace used, number of network I/O
requests, etc. are Used tocalculate the usage charges for the cloud resources.
Inaddition tothese five essential characteristicsof cloud computing, othercharacteristics
that again highlight savings in cost include:
Performance
Cloudcomputing provides improved performance for applications since the resources avail
able to the applications can be scaled up or down based on the dynamic application workloads.
Reduced costs
Cloudcomputing provides cost benefits for applications as only as much computing and
storage resources as required can be provisioned dynamically, and upfront investment in
purchase of computing assets to cover worst case requirements is avoid. This saves significant
cost for organizations and individuals. Applications can experience large variations in the
workloads which can be due to seasonal or other factors. For example, e-Commerce applica
tions typically experience higher workloads in holiday seasons. To ensure market readiness
of such applications, adequate resources need to be provisioned so that the applications can
meet the demands of specified workload levels and at the same time ensure that service level
agreements are met.

Outsourced Management
Cloud computing allows the users (individuals, large organizations, small and medium
enterprises and governments) to outsource the 1T infrastructure requirements to external
cloud providers. Thus, the consumers can save large upfront capital expenditures in setting
resources
up the IT infrastructure and pay only for the operational expenses for the cloud
infrastructure
used. The outsourced nature of the cloud services provides a reduction in the IT
management costs.

Reliability
reliability
Applications deployed in cloud computing environments generally have a higher
service. Cloud
since the underlying IT infrastructure is professionally managed by the cloud
levels for their cloud
serviceproviders specify and guarantee the reliability and availability
resources in the form of service level agreements (SLAs). Most cloud providers promise
achieve
99.99% uptime guarantee for the cloud resources, which may often be expensive to
with in-house IT infrastructure.

Multi-tenancy
Themulti-tenanted approach of the cloud allows multiple users to make use of the same shared
resources. Modern applications such as e-Commerce, Business-to-Business, Banking and

Cloud Computing -AHands-On Approach

 22 Introduction to Cloud
Financial, Retail and Social Networking applications that are deployed in cloud Computing
environments are multi-tenanted applications. Multi-tenancy can be of different forme.
" Virtual multi-tenancy: In virtual multi-tenancy, computing and storage resources a Compuing
shared among multiple users. Multiple tenants are served from virtual
that execute concurrently on top of the same computing and storage resources.machines (VMs)
" Organic multi-tenancy: In organic multi-tenancy every component in the system
architecture is sharcd among multiple tenants, including hardware, OS, database
servers, application servers, load balancers, etc. Organic multi-tenancy exists when
Cxplicit multi-tenant design patterns are coded into the application.
1.3 Cloud Models
1.3.1 Service Models
Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms. NIST defines at least three
cloud service models as follows:

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (laaS)
laaS provides the users the capability to provision computing and storage resources. These
resources are provided to the users as virtual machine instances and virtual storage. Users can
start, stop, configure and manage the virtual machine instances and virtual storage. Users can
deploy operating systems and applications of their choice on the virtual resources provisioned
in the cloud. The cloud service provider manages the underlying
infrastructure. Virtual
resources provisioned by the users are billed based on a pay-per-use paradigm. Common
metering metrics used are the number of virtual machine hours used and/or the amount of
storage space provisioned.
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
PaaS provides the users the capability to develop and deploy application in the cloud using
the development tools, application programming interfaces (APIs), software libraries and
services provided by the cloud service provider. The cloud service provider manages the
underlying cloud infrastructure including servers, network, operating systems and storage.
The users, themselves, are responsible for developing, deploying, configuring and managing
applications on the cloud infrastructure.

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Saas provides the users a complete software application or the user interface to the the
application itsel. The cloud service provider manages the underlying cloud infrastructure
including servers, nelwork, operating systems, storage and application software, and the user
is unaware of he underlying architecture of the cloud.
Applications are provided to the user
through a thin client interface (e.g., a browser). SaaS applications are platform
and can be accessed from various client devices such as independent
workstations, laptop, tablets and
Smartphones, running different operating systems. Since the cloud service provider manages
both the application and data, the users are able to access the
Figure l.l shows the cloud computing service models andapplications
from anywhere.
Figure 1.2 lists the benefits,
characteristics and adoption of laaS, PaaS and SaaS.

Bahga & Madisetti, 2014

 1.3 Cloud Models 23

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Applications, management and user interfaces
provided over a network

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Application development frameworks, operating
systems and deployment frameworks

Infrastructure as aService (laaS)

Virtual computing, storage and network resources
that can be provisioned on demand

Figure 1.1: Cloudcomputing service models

1.3.2 Deployment Models

NIST also defines four cloud deployment models as follows:
Public cloud
In the public cloud deployment model,cloud services are available to the general public or a
large group of companies. The cloud resources are shared among different users (individuals.
large organizations,small and medium enterprises and governments). The cloud services are
provided by athird-party cloud provider. Public clouds are best suited for users who want to
use cloud infrastructure for development and testing of applications and host applications in
the cloud to serve large workloads, without upfront investments in IT infrastructure.

Private cloud
In the private cloud deployment model, cloud infrastructure is operated for exclusive use of a
single organization. Private cloud services are dedicated for a single organization. Cloud
infrastructure can be setup on premise or ofr-premise and may be managed internally or by a
third-party. Private clouds are best suited for applications where security is very important
and organizations that want to have very tight control over their data.
Hybrid cloud
The hybrid cloud deployment model combines the services of multiple clouds (private or
public). The individual clouds retain their unique identities but are bound by standardized
or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability. Hybrid clouds are
best suited for organizations that want to take advantage of secured application and data
hosting on aprivate cloud, and at the same time benefit from cost savings by hosting shared
applications and data in public clouds.
Community cloud
In the comnmunity cloud deployment model, the cloudservices are shared by several orga
nizations that have the same policy and compliance considerations. Community clouds are
Cloud Computing - A Hands-On Approach
24
Introduction to Cloud Computine
laaS

Benefits Characteristics Examples

Shift focus from IT Multi-tenancy -Amazon Elastic Compute
management to core Virtualized hardware Cloud (EC2)
activities RackSpace
Management & monitoring tools
No IT infrastructure GoGrid
management costs Disaster recovery
Eucalyptus
Pay-per-use/pay-per-gO
Joyent
pricing
Guaranteed performance
Adoption - Terremark
Individual users: Low - OpSource
Dynamic scaling Small & medium enterprises: Savvis
Secure access Medium
Large organizations: High - Nimbula
Enterprise grade
infrastructure Government: High Enamoly
-Green IT adoption

PaaS

Benefits Characteristics Examples

Lower upfront & Multi-tenancy -Google App Engine
operations costs Open integration protocols Windows Azure Platform
- No IT infrastructure -App development tools & SDKs Force.Com
management costs
- Analytics RightScale
- improved scalability - Heroku
Higher performance Adoption Github
Secured access - Individual users: Low -Gigaspaces
-Quick &easy -Small & medium enterprises:
- AppScale
development Medium
-Seamless integration - Large organizations: High - OpenStack
Government: Mediumn - Longjump

SaaS

Benefits Characteristics Examples

- Lower costs Multi-tenancy Google Apps
- No infrastructure required On-demand software Salesforce.com
-Searmless upgrades Open integration protocols -Facebook
Guaranteed performance Social network integration - Zoho
Automated backups -Dropbox
Easy data recovery Adoption - Taleo
Secure Individual users: High Microsoft Office 365
High adoption Small & medium enterprises: High -Linkedin
On-the move accesS
Large organizations: High
Government: Medium Slideshare
CareCloud

Figure l.2: Benefits, characteristics and adoption of aaS, PaaS and SaaS

Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

 14 Cloud Services Examples 25

best suitedfor organ1zations that want access to the same applications and data. andwant the
cloud costs to be shared with the larger group.
Figures 1.3and 1.4 show the cloud deplovment models

Public Cloud Community Cloud

Available for public use or a Available for shared use of
large industry group severalorganizations supporting
aspecific community

Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud

Operated for exclusive use of a Combines multiple clouds
single organization (publicand private) that remain
unique but bound together to
offer application and data
portability

Figure 1.3: Cloud deployment models

1.4 Cloud Services Examples

1.4.1 laaS: Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine,Azure VMs
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) [3]is an Infrastructure as a Service (laaS)n offer
ing from Amazon.com. EC2 (TM) is a web service that provides computing capacity in
the form of virtual machines that are launched in Amazon's cloudcomputing environment.
Amazon EC2 aliows users to launch instances on demand using a simple web-based
interface. Amazon provides pre-configured Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) which
are templates of cloud instances. Users can also create their own AM0s with custom
applications. libraries and data. Instances can be launched with a variety of operating
systems. Users can load their applications on running instances and rapidly and easily
increase or decrease capacity to meetthe dynamic application performance requirements.
With EC2.users can even provision hundreds or thousands of server instances simultane
ously, manage network access permissions, and monitor usage resources through a web
interface. Amazon EC2 provides instances of various computing capacities ranging fron
smallinstances (e.g., Ivirtual core with lEC2 compute unit, 1.7GB memory and 160GB
instance storage) to extra large instances (e.g., 4 virtual cores with 2 EC2 compute units
cach, 15GB memoryand J690 GBinstance storage). Amazon C2 also provides instances
with high memory, highCPU resources, cluster compute instances, cluster graphical
processor unit (GPU) instances and high Input/Output (I/O) instances. The pricing model
for EC2 instances is based on a pay-per-use model. Users are billed based on the number
on instance hours used for on-demand instances. EC2 provides the option of reserving
instances byone-time payment for each instance that the user wants to reserve. In addition
to these on-demand and reserved instances, EC2 also provides spot instances that allow
users to bid on unused Amazon EC2 capacity and run those instances for as long as
their bid exceeds the current spot price. Amazon EC2 provides a number of powerful

Cloud Computing-A Hands-On Approach

 Introduction to Cloud
26
Computing
Provided by Externa!
Public Cloud
General Available to Service Provider
publicAarge
industrial group

Private Cloud
Provided by Internal/External
Available to Service Provider
Single
organization

Hybrid Cloud

Public Private Provided by Internal/Externai

External Provided by Cloud Service Provider
Service Provider Cloud

Available to

Individual users, smali &

medium enterprises, large
organizations, governments

Community Cloud

Private Provided by internai/External

Provided by Private Service Provider
internal/External Cloud
Service Provider Cloud

Available to

Several organizatiorns
supporting a specific
community

Figure 1.4: Cloud deployment models

features for building scalable and reliable applications such as auto scaling and elastic
load balancing. Figure 1.5 shows a screenshot of Amazon EC2 dashboard.
Google Compute Engine (GCE) (4] is an laaS offering from Google. GCE provides
virtual machines of various computing capacities ranging from small instances (e.g., I

Bahga& Madisetti, 201"

 14Cloud Services Examples 27

virtual core with 1.38 GCE unit and 1.7GB memory)to high memory machine types (e.g.,
8 virtual cores with 22 GCE units and52GB memorv). Figure 1.6 shows ascreenshot of
Google Compute Engine dashboard.
Windows Azure Virtual Machines [831 is an IaaS offering from Microsoft. Azure VMs
provides virtual machines of various computing capacities ranging from small instances
(1 virtual core with 1.75GB memorv) to memorv intensive machine types (8 virtual cores
with 56GB memory). Figure 1.7shows ascreenshot of Windows Azure Virtual Machines
dashboard.

My Resoutcet

tvents
l y3 3want ts launcho virtus! US East (. Vrgsa) tegion:
Enta

iasnch Intsn Ruhng Lnstances

Servce Heettti

Events
Curnt Ktatus Dettte

TWOKK SECAA7
Secty 8oups Retaterd nks

omeot Grcup Cursent stas Detatts

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Key Pe nemety
yevoti Erstetacos
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Avsilsoiy eone i% operatis

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AvessAty 2004 i oparating

rmatby

An anazonoom conga

Figure 1.5: Amazon EC2 dashboard

1.4.2 Paas: Google App Engine

Google App Engine (GAE) [105] is a Platform-as-a- Service (PaaS) offering from Google.
GAE(TM) is a cloud-based web service for hosting web applications and storing data.
GAE allows users to build scalable and reliable applications that run on the same systems
that power Google'sown applications. GAE provides a software development kit (SDK)
for developing web applications software that can be deployed on GAE. Developers can
develop and test their applications with GAE SDK on a local machine and then upload it
toGAE with asimple click of a button. Applications hosted in GAE are easy to build,
maintain and scale. Users don't need to worry about launching additional computing
instances when the application load increases. GAE provides seamless scalability by
launching additional instances when application load increases. GAE provides dynamic
web serving based on common web technologies. Applications hosted in GAE can use
dynamic technologies.GAE provides automatic scaling and load balancing capability.
GAE supports applications written in several programming languages. With GAE's

Cloud Computing - A Hands-On Approach

 Introduction to Cloud
28
Computing
GoogleCloud Console
Cloud Compute Engine

Dieks
Create a new Instance Summary
Snapehots
myinstanee
rnages mytnstanee
Desctípfion
dablar-7hoozy-29130723
täRtadsta

}ones uscentratt-b

Operstons t vcPu, 3.75 GB RAM

Togs
defauB

Location and Resources

debian-7weezy813073

Additiosa isks

dashboard
Figure 1.6: Google Compute Engine

applications using Java programming

Java runtime environment developers can build Java Servlets. GAE also provides
such as
languageand standard Java technologies
progranmming languages. Applications hosted
runtime environments for Python and Go to the underlying operat1ng system
limited access
in GAE runin secure sandbox with can
hardware. The benefit of hosting applications in separate sandboxes is that GAE
and scalab1lity
applications across multiple servers thus providing
distribute web requests for
and security.
amount of computing resources Useu
The pricing model for GAE is based on the certain limit. Beyond that
applications uppto a
GAE provides free computing resources for used, such as amount
based on the amount of computing resources
limit, users are billed and back-end
of
bandwidth consumed, number resources instance hours for front-end
shows a
instances, amount of stored data, channels, and recipients emailed. Figure 1.8
screenshot of GAE dashboard.

1.4.3 Saas: Salesforce

management
Salesforce (7| Sales Cloud(TM) is a cloud-based customer relationship
(CRM) Sofiware-as-à-Service (SaaS) offering. Users can access CRM applicationfrom and
anywhere through internet-enabled devices such as workstations, laptops, tablets

) 201+
Bahga & Madisetti,
 14Cloud Services Examples 29

HWindows Axure

myinstance
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senstace CRUPERCENTAGE

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web endpoint status CHiCk qiarnce

STATUS
cONFIGRE WER ENOPCINT MONITORNG) Starting

myinsaarce. cioudapp net

Usage overview

YNSIANCEStER RAES

1cORES 33991. 13% 253

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SSH DETS
CIsks rainstarKecioud99.rat:%

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mirstarxe-n.. Readtrite tttiootabttsa DSKS

Figure 1.7: Windows Azure Virtual Machines dashboard

smartphones. Sales Cloud allows sales representatives to manage customer profiles,

track opportunities, optimize campaigns from lead to close and monitor the impact of
campaigns.
Salesforce Service Cloud (TM) is a cloud based customer service management SaaS.
Service Cloudprovides companies a call-center like view and allows creating, tracking,
routing and escalating cases. Service Cloud can be fully integrated with a company's
call-center telephony and back office apps. Service Cloud alsoprovides self service
capabiliies to customers. Service Cloud includes a social networking plug-in that enables
social customer service where comments from social media channels can be uscd to
answer customer questions.
Salesforce Marketing Cloud (TM) is cloud based social marketing SaaS. Marketing
cloud allows companies to identify sales leads from social media, discover advocates,
identify the most rending information on any topic. Marketing Cloud allows companies
to pro-actively engage with Customers, manage social listening, create and deploy social
content, manage and execute optimized social advertisement campaigns and track the
performance of social campaigns. Figure 1.9 shows a screenshot of Salesforce dashboard.

CloudComputing-A Hands-On Approach

30 Introduction to Cloud
Computing
ANea6e: esversooatten

Vers

ta

hesoures
Atntesn

Figure 1.8: Google App Engine dashboard

Some of the tools included in the Salesforce Sales,Service and Marketing Clouds
include:
Accounts and contacts
" Leads
" Opportunities
Campaigns
Chatter
Analytics and Forecasts

1.5 Cloud-based Services & Applications

Having discussed the characteristics, service and deployment models of cloud computing. le
us now consider a few examples of the cloud-based services and
applications.
1.5.1 Cloud Computing for Healthcare
Figure I.J0shows the application of cloud computing environments to the healthcare ecosys-
tem |10). Hospitals and their affiliated providerscan securely access patient data storeu
the cloud and share the data with other hospitals and physicians. Patients can access their
oWn health information from all of their care providers and store it in a personal health record
(PHR)providing them with an integrated record that may even be a family health record
PHR can be a vehicle for e-prescribing, atechnique known to reduce medication dispensing
errors and to facilitate medication reconciliation. History and information stored in the cloud
(using SaaS applications) can streamline the admissions, care and
discharge
eliminating redundant data collection and entry. Health payers can increase the processs
effectiveness
and lower the cost of their care management programs by providing value added services
and giving access to health information to
members.

Bahga & Madisetti, © 2014

 1.5 Cloud-based Services & Applications 31
leeer
CANtN t.salesrce cemomeome

saleyrce
L Ae thes

Arshdee Sinoh

eers Legged tn PCemeetnd Aetvtes

Assgd

Ny Takt

Figure 1.9: Salesforce dashboard

Specialist

XRay, CT scan,
Diagnostic Lab MRI, etc. Physician

Provider
(Doctor)

Public/Private Cloud Public/Private Cloud

Hospital EHR System
HIMS
Patient
Diagnosis Reports
RIS RIS

Pharmacies Interaction

Information/Data Flow

Payers
(Governments, Private Health Insurance
Companies, Employers)

Figure 1.l0: Cloud computing for healthcare

1.5.2 Cloud Computing for Energy Systems

Energy systems (such as smart grids, power plants, wind turbine farms, etc.) have thousands
of sensors that gather real-time maintenance data continuously for condition monitoring and

Cloud Computing -A Hands-On Approach

 Introduction to Cloud
32
failure prediction puiposes. These energy systems have alarge number of critical Component
that must function coTrectly so that the systems can pertormn their operations coorrectly. Fo,
Computing
Cxamplc. a wind turbine has a number of critical components, e.g., bearings, turn1ng gear
cte that must be monitored carefully as wear and tear in such critical Components or sudden
result in failures. In systems sucL
change in opcrating conditions of the machines can electrical sensoret
collected using specialized
pOwer grids. real time infomation is received from p
Phasor Mcasurement Units (PMU) at the substations. The information
must be monilorcd in real time for cstimating the state of the system and for predicting
but also ti
failures Mantenance and repair of such complex systems IS not only expensive
consuming. therctore failures can cause huge losses for the operators, and supply outage for
CloudView .
consumers. In |8]. the Bahga & Madisetti have proposed a generic tramework,
data, collected from a l
storagc. processing and analysis of massive machine maintenance
number of sensors embedded in industrial machines, in acloud computing environment Tha
approach proposed in (8]. in addition to being the first reported use of the cloud architecturs
for maintenance data storage, processing and analysis, also evaluated several possible coud.
based architecturesthat leverage the advantages of the parallel computing capabilitiesof the
cloud to make localdecisions with global information efficiently, while avoiding potential
data bottlenecks that can occur in getting the maintenance data in and out of the cloud.
Figure 1.11 showS a generic use case of cloud for energy systems.

Energy
Systems

Green power
generation Cloud-based Framework for
predicting faults in energy systems
Faults Database
Data
Updation
Coilectors

Power pant Faults Database

Faults Maintenance

Prediction Cloud-based distributed

batch processing

Figure I.|: Cloud computing tor energy systems

1.5.3 CloudComputing for Transportation Systems

Intelligent ransporlalion systems (ITS) have evolved significantly in recent years. Modern
ITS are driven by data collected from multiple sources which is processedto provide new
services lo their users. By collecting large amount of data from various sources and processing
the data into useful information, data-driven ITS can provide new services such as advanced
route guidance, dynamic vehicle routing, anticipating customer demands for pickup and
delivery problem, etc. Collecion and organization of data from multiple Sources in real-time
and using he massive amounts dala for providing intelligent decisions for operationsand
supply chains, is a major challenge, primarily because the size of the databases involvedis
very large, and real-time
analysis lools have not been Organizations
available. As aresult large
O2014
Bahga & Madisetti,
 1.5 Cloud-based Services & Applications 33

are faced with a seemingly unsurmountable problem of analyzing terabytes of unorganized

data stored on isolated and distinct geographical locations. However, recent advances in
massive scale data processing systems, utilized for driving business operations of corporations
provide a promising approach tomassive ITS data storage and analysis.
In recent work, we have proposed a cloud-based framework that can be leveraged for
real-time fresh food supply tracking and monitoring [9). Fresh food can be damaged during
transit due to unrefrigerated conditions and changes in environmental conditions such as
temperature and humidity, which can lead to microbial infections and biochemical reactions
or mechanical damage due to rough handling. Spoilage of fruits and vegetables during
transport and distribution not only results in losses to the distributors but also presents a
hazard to the food safety. Therefore tracking and monitoring of fresh food supply is an
important problem that needs to be addressed. Typically medium and large container trucks
are used for fresh food supply.
Since fresh foods have short durability, tracking the supply of fresh foods and monitoring
the transit conditions can help identification of potential food safety hazards. The analysis
and interpretation of data on the environmental conditions in the container and food truck
positioning can enable more effective routing decisions in real time. Therefore, it is possible
to take remedial measures such as, (1) the food that has a limited time budget before it
gets rotten can be re-routed to a closer destinations, (2) alerts can be raised to the driver
andthe distributor about the transit conditions, such as container temperature exceeding the
allowed limit, humidity levels going out of the allowed limit, etc., and corrective actions can
be taken before the food gets damaged. Figure 1.12 shows a generic use case of cloud for
transportation systems.

Vehicles with tracking

and sensing devices

Public/Private Cloud

Real-time vehicle Dynamic vehicle

tracking routinget
Alerts

Figure 1.12: Cloud computing for transportation systems

Cloud Computing-AHands-On Approach

 34 Introductionto CloudComputine
1.5.4 Cloud Computing for Manufacturing Industry
acquisition (SCADA
Industrial Control Systems (1CS), such as supervisory control and dataconfigurations
system such
systems, distributed control systcms (DCS). and other control
monitoring and control dats
Progrannmable Logic Controllers (PLC) continuously generate
production operations generated
Real-time collection, management and analysis of data on
state of the systems, imprOve plant and
by lCS, in the cloud, can help in estimating the
real-time to prevent catastrophic failures
personnel safety and hus take appropriate action inmanufacturing industry.
for
Figure 1.13 shows a genericuse case of cloud
Access control&
monitoring data
anywhere with cloud
Gather data based apps
from PLCs Public/PYivate Cloud
PLC through OPC
Data Data Filtering
Aggregation
Data
Data
Analytics
PLC Compression
Data HMI Control
Archiving

Figure 1.13: Cloud computing for manufacturing industry

1.5.5 Cloud Computing for Government

the efficiency and transparency
Cloud computing can play significant role for improving
systems can improve delivery of
of government operations. Cloud-based e-Governance
etc. and also improve the
services to citizens, business, government employees and agencies,
and policy formation
participation of all responsible parties in various government schemes registrations, issuing
processes. Public services such as public transport reservations, vehicle
payments, birth or marriag
of driving licenses, income tax filing, electricity and water bill
The benefit of using
registration, etc. can be facilitated through cloud-based applications.
scaled up to serve
cloud for such public service applications is that the applications can be
can share common data relaaed
a very largenumber of citizens. Cloud-based applications
schemes can be collected from the citizenS
to citizens. Dataon utilization of government shows
schemes. Figure 1.14
and usedin the policy formation process and improvement of
generic use case of cloud for gOvernment.

1.5.6 Cloud Computing for Education

Cloud computing can help in improving the reach of quality online education to students.
Cloud-based collaboraion applications such as online forums, can help student discu
common problems and seek guidance from experts. Universities, colleges and schoos
use cloud-based information management systems to admissions, improve adminiStrau of
efficiency, offer online and distance education programs, online exanms, track progress
students, collect feedback from students, for instance. Cloud-based online learning syste

Bahga & Madisetti, © 201+

 1.5 Cloud-based Services & Applicatlons 35

Central State
Government Governments

Community Cloud

International G2G Private Private G2E Govt Ermployees

Governments Cloud Cloud &Agencies

G2C G2B

BusinesS,
Citizens NGOS

Figure 1.14: Cloud computing for government

can provide access to high quality educational material to students. Figure 1.15 shows a
generic use case of cloud for education. Cloud-based systems can help universities, colleges
and schools in cutting down the IT infrastructure costs and yet provide access to educational
services to a large number of students.

Faculty/Teachers
Public/Private Cloud

University/School
Information Management
Systems

Virtual Learning Collaboration

Portal/ Tools/Online
Online Video Lecture Forums
Repository

University/College/
School

Faculty/Teachers/ Students
Researchers
Educators

Figure 1.15: Cloud computing for education

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 Introduction to Cloud C
36
Mobile Communication
Computing
1.5.7 Cloud Computing for heterogeneoUs network devices for the
accesS network RAN)
Mobile communic? ation infrastructure
and the core involves
network (CN). radin
Avariety of proprietary hardware comps.
nents and STstems are used for these nefwork devices adding to their cost and inflexibility
ExpansiOn and upgradation of the mobile network requires significant capital investments
increasing speed of
the the hardware
lifeCveles
to mect of the ntwork
requirements. Due to the
and space
devices are becoOming shorter. Network Function Virtualiza innovation
heing seen as a key enabling technology for the fifth generation of mobile
tion NV)s computin
decade. NFV will leverage cloud
communication networks (5G) in the next architecture
devices into thecloud. The NFV
consoldate the heterogeneous networkTelecommunications Standards Institute (ETSD cormn
ing standardized bv the European functions and NFV management and orchestratios
of \EV infrastructure, virtual network
NEV comprises of network functions implemented in software that min o
lavers |11]. a separation the network functions which
s
Virtualized resources in the cloud. NFV enables
hardware. Thus, network functions
implemented in software from those of the underlying
new software while the hardware remains the
can be easily tested and upgraded by installing
the time-to-market. By leverag1ng
same. This flexibility will speed up innovation and reduce significant savings in capital and
the cloud for mobile communication network functions
operational expenditure can be achieved.
RRH
RRH RRH
BBU: Baseband Unit
RRH: Remote Radio Head

Virtual Network Functions

Virtual BBU Cluster
NEV 2ternet
Optical Transmission Management
NFV Infrastructure
RRH RRH Network Virtual Virtual Virtual Orchestration
RRH
Compute Network Storage
Virtualization Layer
Compute Network Storage

Figure l.16: Cloudcomputing for virtualizing radio access network

cloud-based radi
Figure 1.J6 shows a use case of cloud-based NFV architecture for units). The
(baseband letworks
access netWorks (C- RANS) with virtualized mobile base stationscommunication
baseband units (BBUs), such as eNodeB in 4G, in current mobile BBUs
The
hardware. levelsasc
are co-located with the cell towers on-site and run on proprIetary
workload
are typically designed for worst-case peak loads. However, typical With NFV
unused. meet
much lower than the peak loads, therefore, the excess capacity goes to
and cloud the BBUs can be virtualized and only as many resources as required power

ol significant
the workload levels can be provisioned on-demand. This will result in installationsand
savings. Centralized cloud-based virtual BBU clusters can replace on-site management
BBUs in distributed geographical locations. This will result in reduction of
2014
O
Madisetti,
Bahga &
 1.5 Cloud-based Services & Applications 37

RRH RRH
RRH
BBU: Baseband Unit HSS: Home Subscriber Server
RRH: Remote Radio Head S-GW: Serving Gateway
MME: Mobility Management Entity P-GW: Packet Data Network Gateway

BBU
Fibre
Virtualized Core Network
Radio Access Network
MME HSS Internet
RRH
RRH RRH
S-GW P-GW
........

Fibre

BBU

Figure 1.17: Cloud computing for virtualizing mobile core network

operational expenses.
Figure 1.17 shows a use case of cloud-based NFV architecture for mobilecore network.
With NFV, the core network devices such as Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home
Subscriber Server (HSS), Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway
(P-GW) in 4G can be implemented in software and deployed on virtualized resources in
the cloud. This will reduce the total cost of ownership due to consolidation of network
component that run on industry standard networking hardware. Other benefits of using
cloud-based NFV architecture for mobile core network include improved resource utilization
efficiency. improved network resilience, improved flexibility in scaling up capacity.

Summary
In this chapter you learned the definition and characteristics of cloud computing. Cloud
computing offers Internet-based access to low cost computing and applications that are
provided using virtualized resources. On-demand service, remote accessibility through a
variety of networks, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and measured service are the key
characteristics of cloud conmputing. Cloud computing resources can be provisioned on
demandby the users. Cloud computing resources can be accessed over the network with
standard access mechanisms. Cloud resources are pooled to serve multiple users using
multi-tenancy.
Cloud computing has three service models - laaS, PaaS and SaaS. laaS provides the
users the capability toprovision computing and storage resources. PaaS provides the users
the capability to develop and deploy their own applications in the cloud. SaaS provides
applications hosted in the cloud through thin client interfaces.
Cloudcomputing is being increasingly adopted by individual users, small and large
enterprises, large organizations and governments. Cloud computing is being applied in
Cloud Computing -A Hands-On Approach
 organic
scaling? cloud Madiseti,
Cloud systems, and Which
virtual verticaland Bahga
to
Introduction para- website. &
energy
between website?
and full,
governance, e-commerce
scaling
scaling.
between
difference the
computing. horizontal
of differencefor
education. SaaS. type an consider
each launch
andthe
PaaSis between
cloud use the to
you
etc. What
healthcare,
as systems, laaS, will isWhat wants will
computing
of Define
4. difference
multi-tenancy.
you models
company
consbetween virtualization.
Questions
Reviewand
transportation which
deployment
virtualization?
such cloudprosDistinguishthe in your
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fields Define Define
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industry, and
various
1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7.
38