NISHAT COLLEGE OF SCIENCE MULTAN

Lesson Plan Session 2025-2026

Subject: Physics Class: First Year
LECTURE 01
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
What is Natural Philosophy?
The study of nature and its phenomenon in orderly manner is called Natural philosophy.
It is earlier observations of man about the world around him.
Give the Classes of Study of nature OR What is difference b/w Biological and Physical
science
The study of nature is further divided into two branches
Biological sciences
The study of living things is called biological sciences.
For example Zoology, botany etc.
Physical sciences
The study of non-living things is called physical sciences
For example physics, chemistry, mathematics.

Define Physics.
The branch of Science which deals with the study of matter, energy and their relationship is called
physics.
Write the Main frontiers of fundamental sciences.
There are three main frontiers of fundamental sciences
i. The world of largest things like universe
ii. The world of smallest things like electrons protons etc.
iii. The world of middle sized things, from molecule to Earth.
These frontiers are heart of fundamental science.
Define the Branches of Physics (Nuclear, solid state, particle physics and Relativistic
mechanics).
There are many Branches of Physics, some of branches are as follows
o The branch of physics which deals with study of atomic nuclei is called nuclear physics
o The branch of physics which deals with study of structure and properties of solids is called solid
state physics.
o The branch of physics which deals with elementary particles/ultimate particles is called particle
physics
What is light year? Write its value.
The distance which light travel in one year is called light year. Its value is 9.5*1015 m.
Give the Importance/Role Of Physics in few lines.
o Physics plays an important role in the development of science and technology
o information media and fast mean of communication made the world global village
o The computer networks are product of silicon chips
o Silicon is obtained from sand
MCQs: Frontiers of Science, Branches of Physics, and Importance of Physics

1. The frontier that includes stars and galaxies is called:

a) Middle-sized things b) Smallest things c) Largest things d) Classical science
2. The study of electrons and protons falls under:
a) Largest things b) Smallest things c) Middle-sized things d) General physics
3. Objects like molecules and Earth belong to:
a) Smallest things b) Biological science c) Largest things d) Middle-sized things
4. The world of smallest things includes:
a) Stars b) Atoms c) Continents d) Mountains
5. Which of the following is not part of the middle-sized frontier?
a) Molecules b) Planets c) Galaxies d) Mountains
6. The heart of fundamental science lies in studying:
a) Ancient civilizations b) Fundamental frontiers c) Weather pattern d) Social behavior
7. The branch of physics that studies atomic nuclei is:
a) Solid state physics b) Particle physics c) Relativistic mechanics d) Nuclear physics
8. Which branch deals with ultimate particles of matter?
a) Solid state physics b) Nuclear physics c) Particle physics d) Thermodynamics
9. Solid state physics focuses on:
a) Gases b) Plasma c) Solids d) Waves
10. The study of fast-moving bodies near the speed of light is done in:
a) Classical mechanics b) Thermodynamics c) Relativistic mechanics d)
Electromagnetism
11. The distance that light travels in one year is known as:
a) Solar year b) Light year c) Star distance d) Photon range
12. The value of one light year is:
a) 3 × 10⁸ m b) 1.5 × 10¹¹ m c) 9.5 × 10¹⁵ m d) 6.0 × 10¹⁴ m
13. Physics helps in the development of:
a) Art and culture b) History c) Science and technology d) Politics
14. What made the world a global village through communication?
a) Physics b) Geography c) Biology d) History
15. Silicon chips used in computers are made from:
a) Water b) Iron c) Sand d) Oil
LECTURE 02 :
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
What are Physical Quantities? Give examples
All measurable quantities are called Physical quantities like mass, temperature, force etc. It has two
types, base
quantities, and derived quantities.
What are Base Quantities? Give examples.
“The quantities which are not derived from other quantities are called base quantities”.
Like mass, length, time etc.
What are Derived Quantities? Give examples.
The quantities which are derived from base quantities are called derived quantities.
For example force, velocity, acceleration etc.
What are the Steps For Measurement Of Physical Quantity?
There are two steps for measurement of physical quantity
i. Choice of standard
ii. To establish procedure to measuring physical quantity
What are the Characteristics of an Ideal Standard?
There are two characteristics of an ideal standard
i. It is accessible
ii. It is invariable

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is a physical quantity?

A) Honesty B) Mass C) Joy D) Confidence

2. What are base quantities?

A) Quantities derived from other quantities
B) Non-measurable quantities
C) Quantities not derived from other quantities
D) Imaginary quantities

3. Which of the following is a derived quantity?

A) Length B) Time C) Force D) Mass

4. How many types of physical quantities are there?

A) One B) Two C) Four D) Five

5. What is the first step in measuring a physical quantity?

A) Estimation B) Guessing C) Choice of standard D) Calculation

6. What is a characteristic of an ideal standard?

A) It is invisible B) It is accessible C) It is changeable D) It is expensive
LECTURE 03:
What is International System Of Units? From which types of units it is built up from?
A system that was established in 1960 which describe the units of physical quantities is called SI. It
is built up from
three types of unit‟s base, derived and supplementary units.
Define Base Units. Write the table for base units.
The units of base quantities are called base units. There are seven base units in SI
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilo gram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin k
Electric Current Ampere A
Intensity of Light Candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol

Define Derived Units. Give examples.

The units of derived quantities are called derived units. Like unit of force is newton, unit of
pressure is Pascal.
What are Supplementary Units? OR Define Radian and Steradian.
“The units which were not classified in SI as either base or derived units called supplementary
units”. There are two
types of supplementary units which are as follows.
Radian: Plane angle b/w two radii of a circle whose arc length is equal to radius of circle is called
radian. It is two dimensional angle.
Steradian: Solid angle subtended at the center of sphere whose area is equal to square of its radius
is called Steradian. It is three dimensional angle whose value is 4π.
Quantity Unit Symbol Value Dimensional
Plane angle Radian 2π

Solid angle Steradian Sr 4π

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What are derived units?

A) Units of base quantities B) Units of imagination C) Units of derived quantities D) Units of

thoughts
2. SI unit of force is?

A) Pascal B) Joule C) Newton D) Watt

3. Supplementary units are defined as?

A) Units of emotions B) Not classified as base or derived units C) Base units D) Derived units
4. What is a radian?
A) A solid angle B) A unit of volume C) Plane angle between two radii with arc equal to radius
D) Unit of distance
5. Value of solid angle in steradian for a full sphere is?

A) 2π B) 4π C) 3π D) π

LECTURE 04
Dimensions of Physical Quantities:
How many times a physical quantity occurs in a given formula is called its dimension.
Each basic measurable physical property represented by a specific symbol written within square
brackets is called a dimension.
For example:
i. Dimension of Speed:
Speed is measured in m s-1.
Dimension of speed [L1T-1]
ii. Dimension of Acceleration:
Acceleration is expressed in m s-2. [L1T-2]
Thus it has dimensions of length divided by time square i.e.
Dimension of acceleration
iii Dimension of Force:
[MLT-2]
iv. Dimension of Momentum and impulse:
[MLT-1]
v. Dimension of Work and Energy:
The dimensions of work are;
Work = Force x distance
[W] = [ ma][d] = [MLT-2] [L] = [ML2T-2]
vi. Dimension of Power:
The dimensions of power are:
Power = [ML2T-2 [T-1]
Power = [ML2T-3]
USES OF DIMENSIONS:
i. Checking the Homogeneity of Physical Equation:
To check the correctness of an equation we show that the dimensions of the quantities on both sides
of the equation are the same, regardless of the formula. This is called the principle of homogeneity
of dimensions.
ii. Deriving a Possible Formula:
The success of this method for deriving a relation for a physical quantity depends on the correct
guessing of various factors on which the physical quantity depends.
Note: it does not give any information about constant of proportionality.
Q : Calculate the dimensions of Viscosity, Gravitational constant , Coulombs Constant.
\( Class Activity )

Lecture 05
Physical Quantities :
“ The quantities which can be measured and have physical significance are called physical
quantities .
Examples:
Speed, Mass, Length, Time, Velocity, Force, Weight etc.
There are two types of physical quantities in terms of direction

1. Scalars:
“The quantities which are completely specified by magnitude with suitable unites are called
scalars”.

These quantities can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by simple mathematical methods.

Examples:

Length, Mass, Time, Speed, Temperature, Work, Density etc.

2. Vectors:
“The physical quantities which are completely specified by magnitude with suitable units as well
as direction are called vectors”.

Examples:

Force, velocity, displacement etc.

 These quantities cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by simple mathematical
methods.
 These quantities can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by graphical and trigonometric
rules.
 Vectors follow parallelogram law in addition.
 Multiple Choice Questions

 1. What are physical quantities?

A) Unmeasurable things
B) Imagination-based concepts
C) Quantities with physical significance that can be measured
D) Random values
 2. Which of the following is a scalar quantity?
A) Force
B) Velocity
C) Mass
D) Displacement
 3. Which of these is a vector quantity?
A) Temperature
B) Work
C) Speed
D) Displacement
 4. What defines a scalar quantity?
A) Magnitude and direction
B) Only direction
C) Only magnitude with suitable units
D) Imaginary concept
 5. What is true about vectors?
A) Can be added using simple math
B) Do not have direction
C) Follow parallelogram law of addition
D) Cannot be represented graphically
 6. Which of the following is not a scalar quantity?
A) Time
B) Density
C) Length
D) Force
 7. Which rule is used to add vector quantities?
A) Algebraic law
B) Parallelogram law
C) Arithmetic rule
D) Multiplication rule
 Lecture 06

Q#2: How vectors are represented. Explain.

There are two methods for representation of vectors
1: Symbolic Representation
2: Graphical Representation
1. Symbolic Representation
In books
1: A Vector is usually represented by bold face letters such as A. d, r, v
2: Magnitude of vectors is represented with light face letters such as A, d, r, v
Hand written
 A vectors is also represented by a letter with an arrow drawn above or below it.
 Such as ⃗ ⃗ or and its magnitude is denoted by ⎥ ⎥,⎥ ⃗ ⎥ where ⎥ ⎥ =
2. Graphical Representation
Graphically a vector is represented by a single straight line with an arrow head at one end.
1: The length of line, according to proper scale, gives magnitude A B
2: arrow describes the direction of vector

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How many methods are there for representation of vectors?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four

2. What is one method of representing vectors?

A) Oral representation
B) Symbolic representation
C) Imaginary representation
D) Verbal description

3. In books, how is a vector usually represented?

A) Light face letters
B) Italic letters
C) Bold face letters
D) Underlined letters

4. How is the magnitude of a vector represented in books?

A) With capital bold letters
B) With light face letters
C) With a symbol only
D) With an arrow

5. In handwritten form, how is a vector represented?

A) Letter with underline
B) Letter in brackets
C) Letter with an arrow above or below
D) Letter with a dot

6. What does ⎥A ⎥ represent?

A) The direction of the vector
B) The unit of vector
C) The magnitude of the vector
D) The inverse of vector

7. Graphically, how is a vector shown?

A) As a curved line
B) As a point
C) As a straight line with an arrowhead
D) As a dotted line

8. What does the length of the line in a graphical vector represent?

A) Direction
B) Speed
C) Mass
D) Magnitude

9. What does the arrowhead in a graphical vector represent?

A) Time
B) Magnitude
C) Direction
D) Weight

10. Which of the following is not a correct way to represent a vector?

A) A
B) ⎥B ⎥
C) A with boldface
D) A without any arrow or style
Lecture 07

Q# Write a note on Rectangular coordinate system(Cartesian system).

Frame of Reference or coordinate Axes:
“The set of two or three lines drawn mutually perpendicular to each other is known as coordinate
axes”.
This system of coordinate axes is called Cartesian or Rectangular coordinate system.
Origin:
“The point of intersection of reference or coordinate axes is called Origin.”
It is donated by “O”
Rectangular coordinate system in two dimension (plane)
“The set of two lines drawn mutually perpendicular to each other is known as 2- dimensional
rectangular coordinate system (plane)”.
 The line in the horizontal direction is called x-axis.
x-axes is taken positive along (rightward) OX while negative along (leftward) .
 The line in the vertical direction is called Y-axis.
Y-axis is taken positive along (upward) OY and negative along (downward) .
Direction of vector in a plane
The direction of a vector in a plane is obtained by the angle which a vector makes with positive X-axis in
the anti-clock wise direction.
In the fig. the point p has coordinates (a,b) and vector A makes an angle „ ‟ with positive x-axis. We can
reach at point p by moving „a‟ unit along positive X-axis and „b‟ units along Y-axis from the origin.

Rectangular coordinate system in three dimension (space)

“The set of three lines drawn mutually perpendicular to each other is known as
3- Dimensional rectangular coordinate system(space)”.
The direction of a vector in space requires three axes which are mutually
perpendicular to each other called x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively .
Direction of vector in space:.
The direction of a vector in space is specified by three angles, , and which
a vector makes with X, Y and Z- axis respectively .
In the fig point p of a vector A has three coordinates (a,b,c).In space we can reach at point p by
moving „a‟ unit along positive x-axis „b‟ unit along positive y-axis and „c‟ unit along positive z-
axis from the origin.
Lecture 08

Q# How vectors are added? Show that vector addition is commutative.

Head to tail Rule
The vector cannot be added by simple mathematical rules but the method for vector addition is
called head to tail rule
 Select the proper scale.
 Draw the representative lines of vectors according to scale.
 Now redraw the vector in such a way that the head of first vector meets with the tail of second
vector and so on.
 The vector which joins its tail to the tail of first vector and head to the head of last vector is
called resultant vector.
Vector addition is commutative:
Consider two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ , then their sum is obtained by drawing their representative lines in
such a way that tail of ⃗ meets with the head of ⃗ . Then their resultant ⃗ joins its tail to vector ⃗
and head to vector ⃗ . The resultant is given by,
⃗ =⃗ +⃗ ----------------(1)
Similarly if we change the order of ⃗ and ⃗ , then their resultant is given by
⃗ = ⃗ +⃗ -----------------(2)
From equation (1) and (2) we can write
⃗ +⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗
This proves that vector addition is commutative. It shows that when vectors are added, the result is same
for any order of addition.
NOTE: Vector addition is also associative and distributive.
# How vectors are subtracted?
Negative vector
“A vector having same magnitude but opposite direction as that of original vector is called
negative of the vector”.
Subtraction of vector is equivalent to addition of same vector with its direction reveses.
Steps for vector subtraction:
“Add the negative of one vector to the other vector by head to tail rule. Then
their resultant gives the subtraction of two vectors”
 Consider two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ as shown in figure.
 If vector ⃗ is to be subtracted from ⃗ then we add negative of vector ⃗ to ⃗ by head to tail rule.
 The resultant ⃗ is given by ⃗ = ⃗ –⃗ =⃗ + (-⃗ )
NOTE: Vector subtraction is non-commutative.

LCETURE 09

Q# How vectors are multiplied by scalars?

Multiplication with Number
The product of a vector ⃗ with a number n > 0 is a new vector n⃗
having magnitude of |n⃗ | but the direction is same as that of ⃗ .
If the vector is multiplied by a negative number then its direction is reversed.
Multiplication with scalar Quantity .
If vector is multiplied with scalar quantity , then resultant is new vector quantity .
The dimension of new vector quantity is always equal to the product of dimensions of the two
quantities which are multiplied together.
Examples:
 When velocity is multiplied by scalar mass m, the product is momentum (vector) having the
same dimensions as those of mass and velocity. ⃗ = m⃗
 The product is force (vector) having the same dimensions as those of mass and acceleration.
⃗ = m⃗
 Multiple Choice Questions

1. What happens when a vector is multiplied by a positive number?

A) Direction changes
B) It becomes a scalar
C) Direction remains same
D) It becomes zero

2. What happens when a vector is multiplied by a negative number?

A) Direction remains same
B) Direction is reversed
C) It disappears
D) Becomes scalar

3. What is the result when a vector is multiplied by a scalar quantity?

A) A new scalar
B) A new vector
C) A matrix
D) A constant

4. What is the dimension of the new vector after multiplication?

A) Same as original vector
B) Equal to scalar
C) Equal to the product of both quantities
D) Undefined

5. What is the result of multiplying mass with velocity?

A) Force
B) Work
C) Displacement
D) Momentum
LECTURE 10

Q# Define Unit vector

“ A vector whose magnitude is one in a given direction is called unit vector”.
 Unit vector is used to represent the direction of a given vector.
 It is denoted by putting a cap above the letter.
 Unit vector is obtained by dividing the vector by its magnitude. Similarly a vector can be obtained by
multiplying unit vector with its magnitude.
⃗⃗
⃗ =AẬ Ậ=
In space direction along X,Y and Z axes are generally represented by unit vectors i , ĵ and k
respectively .
 ̂ = unit vector along x-axis
 ̂ = unit vector along y-axis
 ̂ = unit vector along z-axis
 The vector ̂ which represents the direction of a normal drawn on a specified surface
 ̂ , ̂ and ̂ have unit magnitude and are mutually perpendicular so they are known as unit
orthogonal vectors.
Q# Define Null vector
“ A vector of zero magnitude and arbitry direction is called null or zero vector” It is denoted by
O . The sum of a vector and its negative vector is a null vector.
⃗ + (-⃗ ) = ⃗
How to obtain a null vector:
A null vector is obtained by adding a vector with its negative vector.
Examples:
 Position vector of origin is null vector
 The acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity is null vector.
 Vertical velocity of projectile at the highest point is null vector
 Some of vectors taken head to tail along sides of closed polygon is null vector

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is a vector of zero magnitude and arbitrary direction called?

A) Unit vector
B) Negative vector
C) Null or zero vector
D) Opposite vector

2. How is a null vector denoted?

A) A
B) O
C) Z
D) N

3. What is the sum of a vector and its negative vector?

A) Unit vector
B) Null vector
C) Double the vector
D) Directionless vector

4. What is the result of A + (-A )?

A) A
B) -A
C) Zero
D) O

5. How is a null vector obtained?

A) By squaring a vector
B) By multiplying a vector by zero
C) By adding a vector with its negative
D) By rotating a vector

6. Which of the following is an example of a null vector?

A) Speed of a moving object
B) Velocity of a car
C) Position vector of the origin
D) Weight of a body

7. What is the acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity?

A) Constant
B) Infinite
C) Zero vector
D) Positive vector

8. What is the vertical velocity of a projectile at its highest point?

A) Maximum
B) Zero
C) Equal to acceleration
D) Negative

9. When vectors are added head-to-tail along a closed polygon, the result is:
A) A unit vector
B) A larger vector
C) A null vector
D) No result

10. Which of the following has both zero magnitude and no fixed direction?
A) Position vector
B) Force vector
C) Null vector
D) Displacement vector
LECTURE 11

Q# Define Equal vectors;

“Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and direction regardless
of position of their initial points”
 Parallel vectors of same magnitude are equal to each other
 Equal vectors are independent of initial point of starting .
Note: All equal vectors are parallel vectors, but all parallel vectors are not equal vectors.

Q# Define Position vector.

“ A vector which locates the position of a particle with respect to the origin
is known as position Vector .”
 It is denoted by .
 It is represented by a straight line drawn in such a way that its tail coincides with the origin and the
head with point p (a, b).
 In plane (2-D) the position vector of a point p(a ,b) is represented by
 =a ̂+b ̂
 r=√
 In space (3-D) the position vector of a point p(a ,b ,c) is represented by
=a ̂+b ̂+c ̂
r=√
 Multiple Choice Questions

1. When are two vectors said to be equal?

A) When they have the same initial point
B) When they have the same magnitude and direction
C) When they lie on the same line
D) When they have the same unit

2. Equal vectors must be:

A) Perpendicular
B) Parallel and of same magnitude
C) Opposite in direction
D) Starting from the origin

3. Which of the following is always true for equal vectors?

A) They must originate from the same point
B) They are always zero vectors
C) They have same magnitude and direction
D) They always form a triangle

4. Are all parallel vectors equal?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Only if they are collinear
D) Only in 2-D

5. What is a position vector used for?

A) To show force
B) To show direction only
C) To locate a particle from the origin
D) To measure mass

6. How is the position vector represented in 2-D?

A) a + b
B) a bĵ
C) ab
D) a - b

7. What is the magnitude of a 2-D position vector r

A) a + b
B) a² + b²
C) √(a² b²)
D) ab

8. In 3-D, how is the position vector represented?

A) a bĵ ck
B) a + b + c
C) a - b + c
D) a bĵ

9. What is the magnitude of the position vector r k

A) a + b + c
B) √(a² b² c²)
C) a² + b² + c²
D) abc

10. Which statement is correct?

A) All equal vectors are not parallel
B) All parallel vectors are equal
C) Equal vectors must start at the origin
D) Equal vectors are independent of initial point

LECTURE 12
Q# Define and explain Rectangular components of a vector.
Resolution of a vector:
“The process of splitting a vector into its parts is called resolution of a vector.”
 It is reverse process of addition of vector.
Components of a vector
“Effective value of a vector in a given direction is called components of the vector.”
Rectangular Components of a vector
“The components of a vector which are perpendicular to each other are called rectangular
components.”
Explanation:
Consider a vector ⃗ represented by a line OP making an angle „ with x-axis .The vector ⃗ is resolved
into rectangular components.
By drawing the perpendicular PN and PM on x-axis and y-axis. The PN and PM are projections of OP on
x and y –axis. The projection PN along x-axis gives the x-components of A represented by Ax .̂
Similarly ,the projection PM along y-axis gives the y components of ⃗ represented by Ay ̂. Then by head
to tail rule
OP = OM = + MP
⃗ = ⃗ x +⃗ y -------------(1)
⃗ x = Ax ̂ + Ay ̂
As Ax ̂ and Ay ̂ are perpendicular to each other, so these are called the rectangular components.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the process of splitting a vector into its parts called?

A) Addition of vectors
B) Multiplication of vectors
C) Resolution of a vector
D) Subtraction of vectors

2. Resolution of a vector is the reverse process of:

A) Multiplication
B) Addition of vectors
C) Scalar product
D) Division

3. What is meant by the component of a vector?

A) The direction of a vector
B) The origin of a vector
C) The effective value of a vector in a given direction
D) The length of a vector

4. What are rectangular components?

A) Components that are equal
B) Components at 45°
C) Components perpendicular to each other
D) Components with same direction

5. Rectangular components of a vector are always:

A) Equal in length
B) Perpendicular to each other
C) Opposite in direction
D) Parallel

6. In which directions are the rectangular components of a 2D vector usually taken?

A) Diagonal and horizontal
B) Horizontal and vertical
C) Circular and radial
D) Tangent and normal

7. Which trigonometric function is used to find the horizontal component of a vector?

A) Sin
B) Cos
C) Tan
D) Cot

8. Which trigonometric function is used to find the vertical component of a vector?

A) Sinθ
B) Cosθ
C) Tanθ
D) Secθ

9. If a vector makes an angle θ with the horizont l, its horizont l omponent is:
A) V × sinθ
B) V × cosθ
C) V / tanθ
D) V θ

10. If ve tor m kes n ngle θ with the horizont l, its verti l omponent is:
A) V × cosθ
B) V × tanθ
C) V × sinθ
D) V / sinθ
LCETURE 13
Magnitude of Rectangular components:
Consider the right angled triangle OPN
For x- Components
Cos =
OM = OP Cos
Ax = A Cos ----------(2)
For y Components
Sin =
Or MP = OP Sin
Or Ay = A Sin …………….(3)
Putting the values of Ax and Ay in Eq.(1) we get
⃗ = A Cos ̂ + A Sin ̂
Determination of a vector by Rectangular components:
Magnitude :
We can find the magnitude of any vector by Pythagoras theorem.
In right angle triangle OMP,
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2+ (Perpendicular)2
(Op)2 = (OM)2 + (MP)2
(A)2 = (Ax)2 +(Ay)2
A=√
Direction:
The direction can be found by using the relation, In right angle triangle OMP
Tan =
Tan =
= Tan −1 ( )
LECTURE 14
Q#13: Write a detail note on vector addition by Rectangular components.
Vector addition by Rectangular components:
Consider two vectors and ⃗ represented by lines OM and ON .
By using head to tail rule, the resultant vector is given by;
⃗ = ⃗ +⃗ -------------------(1)
Magnitude of X-component

From the fig:

OR = OQ + QR
Rx = Ax + Bx --------------(2)
In vector form Rx ̂ = Ax ̂ + Bx ̂
Equations (2) show that the sum of the magnitude of x-components of vectors
⃗ and ⃗ is equal to the x-components of their resultant.
Magnitude of Y-component
Similarly, we have;
PR = RS + SP
Ry = Ay + By …………………….(3)
In vector form Ry ̂ = Ay ̂ +By ̂
Equations (3) show that the sum of the magnitude of y-components of vectors ⃗ ⃗ is equal to the
Y-components of their resultant.
Resultant vector:
Ry ̂ = Ay ̂ +By ̂
Since ⃗ x and ⃗ y are the rectangular components of the resultant ⃗ , hence

⃗ = Rx ̂ + Ry
⃗ = (Ax ̂ + Bx ̂ )+ (Ay ̂ + By )̂
⃗ = (Ax + Bx) ̂ + (Ay + By) ̂
Magnitude Resultant vector:
⎥ ⃗ ⎥ =√

⎥ ⃗ ⎥ = √( ) ( )
Direction of resultant vector:
The direction of resultant vector is given by ;
Tan =
= Tan-1 ( )
Addition of n coplanar vectors:
For „n‟ coplanar vectors (those vectors that lies within plane is called coplanar vectors),
Rx = Ax +Bx +Cx ………..
Ry = Ay +By +Cy ………..
Magnitude of resultant of „n‟ vectors:
⎥ ⃗ ⎥ = √( ) ( )
Direction of resultant of „n‟ vectors:
 = Tan-1 ( )

LECTURE 15
Steps for vector addition by rectangular:
The vector addition by rectangular components consists of the following steps:
 Find x and y components of all given vectors.
 Find x-components Rx of the resultant vector by adding the
 x-components of all the vectors.
 Find y components Ry of the resultant vector by adding the
 y-components of all the vectors.
 Find the magnitude of resultant vector ⃗ using
 ⎥ ⃗ ⎥ =√
 Find the direction of resultant vector ⃗ by using
 = Tan-1 ( )
Where is the angle, which the resultant vector makes with positive x-axis. If we
have to add more than two vectors, then the head to tail rule is not convenient .So
accurate results are obtained by rectangular components ‘ method.

Determination of quadrant and angle :

The sign of Rx and Ry determine the quadrant in which resultant vector lies. For that
purpose proceed as given below:
 Irrespective of the sign of Rx and Ry ,determine the value of Tan-1 ( ) = from the
calculator or by consulting trigonometric tables.
 Knowing the value of , angle is determined .
 If both Rx and Ry components are positive ,then the resultant lies in the first quadrant and its
direction is =
 If Rx is negative and Ry component is positive, then the resultant lies in the second quadrant
and its direction is =180◦ −
 If both Rx and Ry components are negative , then the resultant lies in the third quadrant and its
direction is =180◦
 If Rx is positive and Ry is negative, then the resultant lies in the fourth quadrant and its
direction is =360◦−

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What determines the quadrant of a resultant vector?

A) The magnitude of the vector
B) The direction only
C) The signs of Rx and Ry
D) The product of Rx and Ry

2. What is the basic formula used to find the angle of a resultant vector?
A) = sin⁻¹(Ry/Rx)
B) = cos⁻¹(Rx/Ry)
C) = tan⁻¹(Ry/Rx)
D) = Rx + Ry

3. If both Rx and Ry are positive, in which quadrant does the vector lie?
A) Second
B) First
C) Third
D) Fourth

4. If Rx is negative and Ry is positive, what is the direction of the vector?

A) θ =
B) θ = 180° −
C) θ = 180°
D) θ = 360° −

5. Which quadrant does the vector lie in if both Rx and Ry are negative?
A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Fourth

6. When oth Rx nd Ry re neg tive, the dire tion θ is:

A) θ = 180° −
B) θ = 180°
C) θ =
D) θ = 360° −

7. If Rx is positive and Ry is negative, the direction of the vector is:

A) θ = 360° −
B) θ = 180°
C) θ =
D) θ = 180° −

8. The inverse t ngent fun tion (t n⁻¹) gives the ngle in whi h quadrant by default?
A) Always second
B) Always fourth
C) First or fourth
D) Third or fourth

9. Why is the adjustment of angle needed after finding ?

A) To calculate magnitude
B) To find vector components
C) Because tan⁻¹ doesn‟t account for quadrant
D) To convert into radians
10. Wh t is the dire tion θ if the result nt ve tor lies in the se ond qu dr nt
A) θ =
B) θ = 360° −
C) θ = 180° −
D) θ = 180°

LECTURE 16
Q# Write a detail note on Scalar product of two vectors.

Scalar product;(Dot product)

“When the product of two vectors result into a scalar quantity , then the product is called scalar
product .”

Explanation:

Consider two vectors and ⃗ making an angle with each other . Then the dot product is
given by

⃗ = ⎥ ⎥⎥ ⃗ ⎥ Cos

= (Magnitude of ) (Magnitude of components of ⃗ )

= (Magnitude of ) ( Projection of ⃗ )

=A B Cos

The scalar product is also called dot product or Inner Product.

Example:

 Work is a scalar product of and .

Both and are vectors but their resultant work is scalar .

W= .

W = F d Cos

 Power P = .
 Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the result of a scalar (dot) product of two vectors?

A) A vector
B) A matrix
C) A scalar
D) A tensor

2. The dot product of two vectors A and B is given by:

A) A × B sinθ
B) A × B cosθ
C) A + B
D) A – B

3. The scalar product is also called:

A) Cross product
B) Vector product
C) Dot product
D) Outer product

4. In the dot product A · B AB osθ, θ is:

A) The angle between A and the x-axis
B) The angle between A and B
C) Always 90°
D) Zero

5. The formula A · B AB osθ n lso e written s:

A) A × projection of B on A
B) B × projection of A on B
C) A + B
D) A / B

6. Which of the following is an example of a scalar product?

A) Force × velocity
B) Force × displacement
C) Velocity × acceleration
D) Mass × velocity

7. If two vectors are perpendicular, their dot product is:

A) 1
B) A × B
C) Zero
D) A + B

8. Which operation results in a scalar quantity?

A) Cross product
B) Scalar product
C) Vector addition
D) Vector subtraction

9. The dot product is defined only for:

A) One vector
B) Three or more vectors
C) Two vectors
D) Scalars

10. What is the physical quantity obtained by the dot product of force and displacement?
A) Velocity
B) Momentum
C) Work
D) Power

Characteristics:

1: Scalar product is communicative.

Proof:

Consider two vectors and ⃗ making an angle with each other . Draw a

perpendicular from ⃗ on . By definition;

⃗ = ⎥ ⎥⎥ ⃗ ⎥ Cos

= (Magnitude of ) ( Projection of ⃗ )

= A B cos ---------------(1)

Now again consider the same two vectors and ⃗ .Draw perpendicular from on ⃗ .

⃗. = ⎥ ⃗ ⎥⎥ ⎥ Cos

= (Magnitude of ⃗ ) ( Projection of ⃗)

= B A Cos ----------------(2)

Comparing Equations (1) and (2),

⃗ =⃗

2. Scalar product of two mutually perpendicular vectors:

The scalar product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is zero.

 ⃗ = A B Cos

If = 90◦ , then

⃗ = A B Cos 90◦

⃗ = A B (0)

⃗ =0

In case of unit vectors ,̂ ̂ and ̂ . If they are perpendicular, then

.̂ ̂ = | ̂| | |̂ Cos 90O ̂ . ̂ =| ̂|| ̂ | Cos 90O ̂. ̂ =| ̂ || ̂|Cos 90O

.̂ ̂ = | ̂| | |̂ × 0 ̂ . ̂ =| |̂ | ̂ | × 0 ̂. ̂ =| ̂ | | ̂| × 0
.̂ ̂ =0 ̂.̂ =0 ̂. ̂ =0
Similarly,

̂. ̂ = ̂ . ̂ = .̂ ̂ = 0

Lecture 17:
3. scalar product of two parallel vectors

The scalar product of two parallel vectors is equal to the product of their magnitude .

⃗ = A B Cos

= 0◦, so

⃗ = A B Cos 00

⃗ = A B (1)

⃗ = A B (Maximum)

In case of unit vectors ,̂ ̂ and ̂ . If they are parallel, then:

.̂ ̂ = | |̂ | ̂| Cos 0◦ ̂. ̂ =| |̂ | |̂ Cos 0◦ ̂.̂ =| ̂ | | ̂ | Cos 0◦

.̂ ̂ = ̂. ̂ = ̂.̂ =
.̂ ̂ =1 ̂. ̂ =1 ̂.̂ =1
4.Self product :

The self product of vector is equal to the square of its magnutide.

= AA Cos

= 0◦, so

= AA Cos 0◦
 = A2

Example: K.E is scalar quantity even though velocity is a vector.

K.E = m(⃗⃗⃗ )

K.E = m(vv Cos 0◦)

K.E = mv2

5. scalar product of two anti-parallel vectors:

The scalar product of two anti-parallel vectors is equal to the negative of product of their magnitudes.

⃗ = A B Cos

= 180◦, so

⃗ = A B Cos 180◦

⃗ = A B (-1)

⃗ = -A B

6. Scalar product of two vectors ⃗ and ⃗⃗ in terms of their rectangular components

Let

̂ Ay ̂ +Az ̂
= Ax +

̂ By ̂ +Bz ̂
⃗ = Bx +

⃗ = (Ax ̂ + Ay ̂ +AZ ̂ ) (Bx +

̂ By ̂ +Bz ̂ )

⃗ = Ax Bx( ̂ . ̂)+ Ax By( .̂ ̂)+ Ax Bz( .̂ ̂ )+

Ay Bx( ̂ . ̂)+ Ay By( ̂. )̂ + Ay Bz( ̂. ̂ )+

Az Bx( ̂ . ̂)+ Az By( ̂ . )̂ + Az Bz( ̂ . ̂ )

⃗ = Ax Bx(1)+ Ax By( 0 )+ Ax Bz(0)+

Ay Bx(0)+ Ay By(1)+ Ay Bz(0)+

Az Bx(0)+ Az By(0)+ Az Bz(1)

⃗ = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz ------------------ (1)
 ⃗ = A B Cos --------------------(2)

Comparing Equations (1) and (2),

A B Cos = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

Cos = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

AB

= Cos-1 Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

AB

Lecture 18:
Q Write a detail note on Vector product of two vectors.

Vector product;(Cross product)

“When the product of two vectors result into a vector quantity then the product is known
as vector product or cross product”

Consider two vectors ⃗ in a plane making an angle with each other.

⃗ = A B Sin ̂

Where ABSin gives the magnitude of two vectors and ⃗ . ̂ gives the direction which is normal to the
plane containing and ⃗ .Its direction can be obtained by right hand rule .

Right hand rule:

 Rotate the fingers of the right hand from the 1st vector to the 2nd vector
 Through the smallest possible angle , with the curl of the fingers of the right hand, keeping the
thumb erect
 The direction of the erect thumb will give the direction of the product vector.
Examples:

1. Torque is a vector product of position vector and force .

= × = rF Sin ̂
2. Magnetic force on a moving charge particle is vector product of velocity of charged particle
and magnetic field⃗⃗⃗ .
= q( × ⃗ ) = qvB Sin ̂
3. Angular momentum is a vector product of position vector and linear momentum ⃗ .
⃗ = × ⃗ = rpSin ̂
 Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the result of a vector (cross) product of two vectors?

A) A scalar
B) A matrix
C) A vector
D) A tensor

2. The cross product of vectors A and B is defined as:

A) A · B cosθ
B) AB sinθ n
C) A + B
D) AB cosθ

3. Which rule is used to determine the direction of the cross product?

A) Left hand rule
B) Fleming‟s rule
C) Right hand rule
D) Ohm‟s law

4. In A × B AB sinθ n, wh t does n represent

A) A scalar
B) A magnitude
C) A unit vector perpendicular to the plane
D) Angle between vectors

5. If two vectors are parallel, what is their cross product?

A) AB
B) Zero
C) A + B
D) A – B

6. The vector product is also known as:

A) Scalar product
B) Dot product
C) Cross product
D) Linear product

7. Which physical quantity is a result of a cross product?

A) Work
B) Momentum
C) Torque
D) Speed

8. The magnetic force on a moving charge is calculated using which product?

A) Scalar product
B) Cross product
C) Dot product
D) Direct multiplication

9. The angular momentum L = r × p is a:

A) Scalar quantity
B) Vector product
C) Dot product
D) Constant

10. What is the magnitude of the cross product of A and B ?

A) AB cosθ
B) AB sinθ
C) A + B
D) Zero

LECTURE 19

Characteristics:

1. Vector product is not commutative:

Consider two vectors and ⃗ in a plane making an angle with each other. Then their vector product
is given by,

⃗ = A B Sin ⃗ …………(1)

By right hand rule, the direction of resultant vector is upward.

Now consider the vector product of the vectors ⃗ and .

⃗ = - B A Sin ̂

⃗ = A B Sin ̂ ………..(2)

By right hand rule, the direction of resultant vector is downward.

Comparing Equations (1) and (2) ,

⃗ = ⃗

Hence vector product is not commutative.

2. Vector product of two mutually perpendicular vectors:

The vector product of two mutually perpendicular vectors has maximum magnitude.
⃗ = A B Sin ̂

If = 90◦, then:
 ⃗ = A B Sin ◦̂

⃗ = A B (1) ̂

⃗ =AB ̂

In case of unit vectors ̂ , ̂ and ̂ . If they are perpendicular, then:

̂ × ̂ = | |̂ | |̂ Sin 90o ̂

̂ × ̂ = 1 ×1 ×1 × ̂

̂× ̂= ̂

Similarly, ̂ × ̂ = ̂ ̂× ̂= ̂ ̂× ̂= ̂ ̂× ̂= ̂

̂× ̂= ̂ ̂× ̂ = ̂

Lecture 20
3. Vector product of two parallel or anti-parallel vectors
The vector product of two parallel or anti-parallel vectors is a null vector.

⃗ = AB Sin ̂

For parallel vectors, = 0◦,so

⃗ = AB Sin ◦ ̂ =AB(0) ̂

⃗ =⃗

For anti-parallel vectors, = 180◦

⃗ = A B Sin ◦ ̂=AB(0) ̂
⃗ =⃗
In case of unit vectors ̂ , ̂ and ̂ . If they are parallel, then
̂ ̂ = | ̂| | ̂|Sin ◦ ̂
×
×̂ ̂ =⃗
Similarly, ̂ ̂= ̂× ̂ = ̂ × ̂=⃗
4. Self Cross product:
The self product of vectors is also a null vector.
= A A Sin ̂ = 0◦,so
= A A Sin0◦ ̂=AA(0) ̂
=⃗
5. Vector product in term of rectangular products:
Let
= Ax + ̂ Ay ̂ +Az ̂
⃗ = Bx + ̂ By ̂ +Bz ̂
⃗ = ( Ax +̂ Ay ̂ +Az ̂ )×( Bx + ̂ By ̂ +Bz ̂ )
⃗ = Ax Bx ( × ̂ ̂)+ Ax By ( ×
̂ )̂ + Ax Bz ( × ̂ ̂ )+
Ay Bx ( ̂× ̂)+ Ay By ( ̂× )̂ + Ay Bz ( ̂× ̂ )+
Az Bx ( ̂ × ̂)+ Az By ( ̂ × ̂)+ Az Bz ( ̂ × ̂ )
⃗ = AxBx (0)+ Ax By ( ̂ )+ Ax Bz (- ̂) +
Ay Bx ( ̂ )+ Ay By (0)+ Ay Bz ( )̂ +
Az Bx ( ̂) + Az By ( )̂ + Az Bz (0)
⃗ = (Ay Bz − Az By ) ̂+ (Az Bx − Ax Bz ) ̂ + (Ax By −Ay Bx ) ̂

Determinant method:
This result can also be written in determinant from as
̂ ̂
⃗ = | |

⃗ = | | − | | ̂+ | |
⃗ = (Ay Bz − Az By ) ̂ − (Ax Bz − Az Bx) ̂ + (Ax By − Ay Bx ) ̂
⃗ = (Ay Bz − Az By ) +̂ (Az Bx − Ax Bz ) ̂ + (Ax By − Ay Bx ) ̂

Lecture 21:
6. The magnitude of vector product is equal to the area of a parallelogram:
Consider two vectors and ⃗ ,the vector product of these two vectors is given as,
⃗ = A B Sin ̂
⎥ ⃗ ⎥ = ⎥A B Sin ̂⎥
⎥ ⃗ ⎥ = A B Sin
⎥ ⃗ ⎥ = A( B Sin )
⎥ ⃗ ⎥ =(Length) (Altitude)
⎥ ⃗ ⎥ = Area of the parallelogram
Hence the magnitude of vector product is equal to the area of a parallelogram.

1: If all the components of the vectors, A1 and A2 were reversed, how would this alter ⃗ 1 × ⃗ 2?
Ans: Resultant would not change in this case.
Explanation:
 If we have two vectors A1 and A2 making an angle with each other.
According to the right hand rule the vector product is in upward direction.
⃗ 1 × ⃗ 2 = A1A2 Sin ̂
 If we reverse the direction of all the components of A1 and A2 vectors.
Then according to the right hand rule the vector product is again in upward direction.
 (- ⃗ 1 × -⃗ 2) = A1A2 Sin ̂
Hence the vector product of two vectors remains unchanged even by reversing all the components of
vector.

2: Name the three different conditions that would make ⃗ 1 × ⃗ 2 = 0

Ans: The three conditions that could make ⃗ 1 × ⃗ 2 = 0 are following

We have ⃗ 1 × ⃗ 2 = 0

(i) If A1 = 0 or A2 = 0

(ii) If the directions of both vectors are same then the angle between them is 0◦

⃗ 1 × ⃗ 2 = A1A2 Sin0◦= 0
(iii) If the directions of both vectors are opposite then the angle between them is 180◦

⃗ 1 × ⃗ 2 = A1A2 Sin 180◦ = 0

Multiple Choice Questions

1. ̂ ( ̂ ̂) =
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) -1 (D) ⃗
2. If = ̂ ̂ = ̂ ̂
(A) 2J (B) 6J
(C) 4J (D)8J
3. Scalar product of two vectors obeys ___________ law:
(A) Commutative (B) Distributive
(C) Associative (D) All
4. If ⃗ ⃗⃗ = |⃗ ⃗⃗ |, then ngle Ɵ etween ve tor ⃗ and ⃗⃗ is:
(A) 0 (B) π/4
(C) π/2 (D) π
5. A force ( ̂ ̂)N act on a body and displaces it from (2, 3)m to (6, 5)m. the work done by this
force is:
(A) 4 J (B) 8 J
(C) 6 J (D) 10 J
6. Magnitude of A x B is:
(A) Area of circle (B) Area of parallelogram
(C) Area of rectangle (D) Area of triangle
7. ⃗
If = ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗
and = ̂ ̂ ̂ What will be the value of A.B?
(A) 9 (B) -9
(C) 5 (D)10
8. The dot product of ̂ ̂ = ̂ ̂ = ̂ ̂ is equal to:
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) -1 (D) 2
9. Distance AB between points A (2, 3, 4) and B (-5, 6, 7) is given by:
(A) ̂ ̂ ̂ (B) ̂ ̂ ̂
(C) ̂ ̂ ̂ (D) ̂ ̂ ̂
10. Dot product of two perpendi ul r ve tors of m gnitude „A‟ will e:
(A) A (B) 2A
(C) 0 (D) A2
11. The self-cross product of A is given by:
(A) √ (B)
2
(C) A (D) 0

LECTURE 22:
Motion and Force

What is Difference b/w Rest and Motion?

Rest
An object is said to be in rest if it does not change its position with respect to origin
For example book lying on table
Motion
An object is said to be in state of motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings.
For example motion of car
What is Difference b/w Distance and displacement?
Distance
The length of track b/w two points is called distance
It is scalar quantity and its unit is meter [L]
Displacement
The change in position of body from its initial to final position” OR Shortest distance b/w two points is
called displacement
It is vector quantity and its unit is meter [L]
Magnitude of displacement is distance Its formula is = 2- 1, where 2 and 1 are positions
What is Difference b/w Speed and velocity?
Speed
The time rate of change of distance of body is called speed, it is denoted by v,
v=distance/ time
It is scalar quantity
Formula v=d/ t and unit is meter/sec[LT-1]
Velocity
The time rate of change of displacement of body is
called velocity denoted by ,
=displacement/ time
It is Vector quantity and its direction is along the direction of displacement
Formula = / t and unit is meter/sec[LT-1]
What is Difference b/w Average and Instantaneous velocity?
Average Velocity
The ratio of total displacement to the total time taken to
cover displacement is called average velocity.
 Instantaneous velocity
The velocity of a body at any instant of time is called
instantaneous velocity. t
its unit is m/s.
What is Difference b/w uniform velocity and variable velocity?
Uniform velocity
If the body cover equal displacement in equal interval of time, the body is said to be in uniform velocity
Variable velocity
If the body covers unequal displacement in equal interval of time, the body is said to be in variable
velocity.
In uniform velocity, instantaneous velocity is equal to average velocity of a body
In variable velocity, instantaneous velocity is not equal to average velocity of a body, it may be
changed.
Acceleration:
The time rate of change of velocity of a body is called Acceleration. =change in velocity/time, =
/t.
It is vector quantity and its direction is along the direction of change in velocity. Its SI unit is ms-2 [LT-
2].
What is Difference b/w Average and instantaneous Acceleration?
Average Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration
The ratio of the total change in velocity to the total time
taken is called average acceleration
The acceleration of a body at any instant of time is
called instantaneous acceleration
What is Difference b/w uniform Acceleration and variable Acceleration?
Uniform Acceleration
A body is said to be moving with uniform acceleration if its average and instantaneous velocity are equal
Variable Acceleration
A body is said to be moving with variable acceleration if its average and instantaneous velocity are not
equal
What is Difference b/w Positive and Negative Acceleration?
Positive acceleration
If the velocity of body is increasing then acceleration is positive
Negative acceleration
If the velocity of body is decreasing then acceleration IS NEGATIVE

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A body covering equal displacement is equal interval of time possesses:

(A) Variable velocity (B) Uniform acceleration
(C) Uniform velocity (D) None of the above
2. An ant walk with speed:
(A) 0.1 ms-1 (B) 1.0 ms-1
-1
(C) 0.01 ms (D) 100 ms-1
3. Negative acceleration is called:
(A) Declaration (B) Retardation
(C) Both (D) None
4. 9.8 m/s2 in cm/hr is:
 (A) 127.008 (B) 12700.8
(C) 1.27008 (D) None
5. If a body is moving with constant velocity of 50 m/s towards south then its acceleration if:
(A) 5 m/s2 (B) 9 m/s2
(C) 10 m/s2 (D) Zero
6. If the acceleration of a body is negative, then slope of the velocity time graph will be:
(A) Zero (B) Positive
(C) Negative (D) Infinity
7. If the acceleration of a body is positive, then slope of the velocity time graph will be:
(A) Zero (B) Positive
(C) Negative (D) Infinity

LECTURE 23:
REVIEW OF EQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATEDMOTION
In school physics we have studied some useful equations for object moving at
constant acceleration.
Suppose an object is moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ along a straight line. If the
initial velocity of the object is ‘Vi’ and final velocity is ‘Vf’ after a time ‘t’ during which
distance covered is ‘s’ then we have

Vf = Vi + at ………………………….. (1)

S = Vit + ½ at2 ……………………….(2)

Vf2 = Vi2 + 2aS ………………………(3)

These equations are useful only for linear motion with uniform acceleration. When the object
moves along a straight line, the direction of motion does not change. In this case all the vectors
can be manipulated like scalars. In such problems, the direction of initial velocity is taken as
positive. A negative sign is assigned to quantities where direction is opposite to that of the initial
velocity. In free fall case uniform acceleration is known as acceleration due to gravity „g‟ which
has a numerical value of 9.8m/s2.
For freely falling bodies

Vf = Vi + gt ………………………….. (1)
S = Vit + ½ gt2 ……………………….(2
Vf2 = Vi2 + 2gS ………………………(3)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following equations represents the final velocity of an object under uniform
acceleration?
A) Vf = Vi × at
B) Vf = Vi + at
C) Vf = Vi – at
D) Vf = Vi / at

2. What does the equation S = Vi + ½ at² represent?

A) Final velocity
B) Acceleration
C) Distance covered
D) Force

3. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) near the Earth's surface?
A) 8.9 m/s²
B) 9.8 m/s²
C) 10.8 m/s²
D) 9.0 m/s²

4. Which equation is used to find final velocity without time?

A) Vf = Vi + at
B) S = Vi + ½ at²
C) Vf² = Vi² + 2aS
D) S = at

5. The equations of motion are valid only when:

A) Acceleration is variable
B) Object is moving in a circle
C) Acceleration is constant
D) Velocity is zero

6. What does "Vi" represent in the equations of motion?

A) Final velocity
B) Distance
C) Initial velocity
D) Acceleration

7. What is the unit of acceleration in SI units?

A) m/s
B) m/s²
C) m
D) m²/s

8. If a body is thrown upwards, the acceleration is:

A) Zero
B) Positive
C) Negative
D) Constant
9. What kind of motion is described by the equations of motion?
A) Non-uniform motion
B) Uniform circular motion
C) Linear motion with uniform acceleration
D) Random motion

10. Which of the following equations gives the relationship between velocity and
displacement?
A) Vf = Vi + at
B) S = Vi + ½ at²
C) Vf² = Vi² + 2aS
D) a = (Vf - Vi)/t

Lecture 24:
Laws of Motion
Newton‟s laws are empirical laws, deduced from experiments. They were clearly stated for the first time
by sir Isaac Newton, who published them in 1687 in his famous book called “principia”.
1. Newton‟s First Law of Motion/Law of inertia:
“A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body moving with uniform velocity will continue to do so,
unless acted upon by some unbalance external force.
 Newton first law of motion is also called law of inertia”
. Examples: A book lying on a table will remain at rest unless someone picks it up.
Inertia:
“ The property of an object tending to maintain the state of rest or state of uniform motion is called
inertia.”
Inertial Frame of Reference Non-Inertial Frame of Reference

The frame of reference in which first law of motion The frame of reference in which first law of motion
is valid is knows as inertial frame of reference. is not valid is knows as non-inertial frame of
 Generally speaking, earth can be considered as reference.
inertial frame of reference.  Strictly speaking, earth is not an inertial frame of
reference due to very small acceleration.

2. Newton‟s Se ond L w of Motion

“ When a force acts on a body it produces acceleration in its own direction. This acceleration is directly
proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.”
Mathematically :
F→= ma→
 The unit of force is newton (N) or kgms-2 and its dimensions are [MLT-2]
3. Newton‟s Third L w of Motion
“ For every action there is a reaction. The action and reaction are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction .”
Applications:
1. Flying of birds 2. Walking of a man 3. Motion of a rocket 4. Rowing of a boat
HELPING CONCEPT
1. Newton first law of motion gives the definition of force.
2. Newton first 2nd law of motion gives the magnitude of force.
3. Action and reaction forces always occur in pairs.
4. Action and reaction can never be on the same object. That‟s way action and reaction can never cancel
each other.
5. Action and reaction pair acts for same of interval of time.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Newton‟s First L w of Motion is lso lled:

A) Law of Force
B) Law of Motion
C) Law of Inertia
D) Law of Acceleration

2. Wh t does Newton‟s First L w st te out n o je t in motion

A) It will stop immediately
B) It will move in a circle
C) It will continue moving at uniform velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
D) It changes speed by itself

3. The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion is called:

A) Momentum
B) Inertia
C) Gravity
D) Friction

4. Whi h of the following is n ex mple of Newton‟s First L w

A) Rocket launch
B) Book lying on a table
C) Car engine running
D) Apple falling

5. Newton‟s Se ond L w of Motion rel tes:

A) Acceleration and time
B) Force, mass, and acceleration
C) Energy and distance
D) Speed and volume

6. Wh t is the m them ti l formul of Newton‟s Se ond L w

A) F = mv
B) F = ma
C) F = d/t
D) F = m + a
7. What is the unit of force in the SI system?
A) Joule
B) Pascal
C) Newton
D) Watt

8. A ording to Newton‟s Third L w, when person w lks, the tion is:

A) Foot pushing forward
B) Ground pushing the foot
C) Foot pushing the ground
D) Air resistance

9. Action and reaction forces:

A) Act on the same object
B) Cancel each other
C) Act on different objects
D) Are always unequal

10. Whi h of the following is not v lid ppli tion of Newton‟s Third L w
A) Rowing a boat
B) Flying a bird
C) Burning fuel
D) Sitting on a chair

LECTURE 25:
LINEAR MOMENTUM
We are aware of the fact that moving object possesses a quality by virtue of which It exerts a force on
anything that tries to stop it. The faster the object is travelling, the harder is to stop it. Similarly, if two
objects move with the same velocity, the. it is more difficult to stop the massive of the two. This quality
of the moving body was called the quantity of motion of the body, by Newton. This term is now called
linear momentum 'p' of the body and is defined by the relation
“The produ t of m ss m nd line r velo ity v is lled momentum or line r momentum “.
P=mv→
 Momentum is a vector quantity, its direction is same as that of velocity.
Units and Dimensions
 The S.I unit of momentum is kgms-1 .
 It can also be expressed at Ns and dimensions are [MLT-1].
Momentum And Newton‟s Se ond L w of Motion
Consider a body of mass m is moving with an initial velocity i v→ .Suppose an external force F → acts
upon it for time t which changes its velocity from i v→ to f v→ . The acceleration a→ produced by this
force is given by
a→=
By Newton‟s second law, the acceleration is given as

Equating the two expressions of acceleration, we have

This form of the second law is more general than the from F =ma , because it can easily be extended to
account for changes as the body accelerates when its mass also changes.
Example:
As a rocket accelerates, it loses mass because its fuel is burnt and ejected to provide greater thrust.

Lecture 26:
Impulse
“When very l rge for e ts on ody for very short interv l of time then the produ t of for e
nd the time interv l is lled impulse.”
Impulse=F→×t
Units and Dimensions
The unit of impulse is same as that of momentum i.e. Ns or kgms-1
. Its dimensions are [MLT-1] Direction Impulse is a vector quantity and its direction is along the direction
of force.

Impulse and Momentum

By Newton‟s 2nd law of motion

Daily life Applications

1.Your hair acts like a crumple (soft) zone on your skull. A force of 5N might be enough to fracture
your naked skull (cranium .i.e. bony part), but with a covering of skin and hair, force of 50 N would
be needed. Why it is so?
EXPLANATION: The hair on the skull act as a soft zone. For naked skull a force of 5 N is
sufficient to fracture because in this case time of collision at is smaller and the impulsive force F
will be more effective. In case of the covered skull and hair, time is greater and the force F is not so
effective. To produce the fracture, a force 50Ninstead of 5N will be required.
3.

Does a moving object have impulse?

No, when the body is moving with uniform velocity then F = 0 so impulse is zero. When the body is
moving with variable velocity then force is acting continuously.hence no impulse is produced
because no force acts for short interval of trime.

Do you know? Area under force time graph represents impulse.

 Multiple Choice Questions
1. A force of 10 N acts on a body for 5 seconds, what will be the change in momentum?
(A) 50 N-s (B) 500 N-s
(C) 100 N-s (D) 1000 N-s
2. A body of mass 5kg is acted upon by a constant force of 10 N for 7 seconds. The total change in
momentum will be:
(A) 70NS (B) 100NS
(C) 140NS (D) 200NS
3. A force of 50N acts on a body for 0.1 sec and changes its velocity from 5 m/sec to 10 m/sec. the
impulse will be:
(A) 100 Ns (B) 250 Ns
(C) 10 Ns (D) 5 Ns
4. In the absence of external force change in momentum of a system:
(A) Is constant (B) Increases
(C) Decreases (D) Is zero
5. A light and a heavy body have equal momentum which one has greater kinetic energy?
(A) Light body (B) Heavy body
(C) Both have equal K.E (D) Cannot predict
6. Rate of change of momentum is called:
(A) Force (B) Pressure
(C) Tension (D) Impulse
7. Impulse can be defined as:
(A) l = F x d (B) l = F x t
(C) l = F x c (D) l = F x a