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Permutations and Combinations Expanded

The document explains permutations and combinations, highlighting that permutations consider order while combinations do not. It details the fundamental principle of counting, factorials, and provides formulas and examples for calculating permutations and combinations. Additionally, it discusses the applications of these concepts in real-life scenarios such as creating passwords and forming committees.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views2 pages

Permutations and Combinations Expanded

The document explains permutations and combinations, highlighting that permutations consider order while combinations do not. It details the fundamental principle of counting, factorials, and provides formulas and examples for calculating permutations and combinations. Additionally, it discusses the applications of these concepts in real-life scenarios such as creating passwords and forming committees.

Uploaded by

andamomoh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Permutations and Combinations

1. Introduction

Permutations and combinations are methods used to count the different ways to arrange or select

items.

- Permutation: Order matters.

- Combination: Order does not matter.

2. Fundamental Principle of Counting

If an event can occur in m ways and another in n ways, then both can occur in m × n ways.

Example: If you have 4 shirts and 3 trousers, you can dress in 4 × 3 = 12 different ways.

3. Factorial (n!)

n! = n × (n-1) × ... × 1; 0! = 1

Example: 4! = 4×3×2×1 = 24

4. Permutations

4.1 Permutations of Distinct Objects

P(n, r) = n! / (n - r)!

Example 1: Arrange 3 people from 5: P(5, 3) = 5! / 2! = 120 / 2 = 60

Example 2: Form 2-digit numbers using 4, 5, 6 (no repetition): P(3, 2) = 6

Example 3: Arrange 4 books out of 7: P(7, 4) = 840

4.2 Permutations with Identical Objects

n! / (p1! × p2! × ...)

Example 1: Word "MOM" -> 3! / (2!) = 3

Example 2: Word "BALLOON" -> 7! / (2!×2!) = 1260

5. Combinations

C(n, r) = n! / (r!(n - r)!)

Example 1: Choose 3 out of 5 students: C(5, 3) = 10

Example 2: Select 2 fruits from {Apple, Mango, Banana, Orange}: C(4, 2) = 6


Example 3: Form a committee of 2 boys and 3 girls from 5 boys and 4 girls: C(5,2) × C(4,3) = 10 × 4

= 40

6. Difference Between Permutations and Combinations

Permutation:

- Order matters

- Examples: Ranking students, seating plans

Combination:

- Order doesn't matter

- Examples: Choosing committee, lottery

7. Mixed Examples

Example 1: Create 3-letter codes using A, B, C, D without repetition: P(4, 3) = 24

Example 2: Select a team of 4 from 6 players: C(6, 4) = 15

Example 3: A lock uses 3 digits (0-9), no repetition: P(10, 3) = 720

Example 4: How many ways to choose 2 boys and 2 girls from 5 boys and 6 girls?

C(5,2) × C(6,2) = 10 × 15 = 150

8. Applications

Permutations:

- Creating passwords

- Ranking participants

- Arranging seats

Combinations:

- Forming teams or committees

- Choosing cards from a deck

- Selecting meals from a menu

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