Differential and Integration Guide

Math Calculus

Differentials
• Differentials can be used to estimate the change in given a change in x using derivatives
Example:

F ind : 82 ​

We know the that the square root of 81 is 9, so we can take

x = 81
y=9

since 82 is what we need, we can find delta x by getting the difference between 81 and 82
82 - 81 = 1
This is our delta x or dx

We can use the function

y= x ​

Then, find the derivative

dy 1 1
= x− 2 ​

2
​ ​

dx
Then, multiply both sides by dx

1 − 12
dy = x dx ​

2
​

substitute the values of x and dx (x = 81, dx = 1)

1 − 12 1 1 1
dy = 81 (1) =
​

= =
2 ( 81)(2) 9×2 18
​ ​ ​ ​

Now that we know dy, we can now use y + dy = yfinal to find sqrt of 82

y + dy = 82 ​

9 + 1/18 = 82 ≈ 9.0555 ​

When compared to calculator value of squareroot of 82

= 9.05538513814

It is not exactly the same, hence a differential is an approximation

Using the same steps, differentials can also be used to calculate percent error possible
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXkwrhdqXWg

Indefinite Integrals
• Also known as an anti derivative
• This is because it is the reverse of a derivative, why is this true? -> The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus

Use the formula

xn+1
∫ xn dx = n+1
​ +C
Where n is a real number (read: not a variable)
C is the constant of integration (just add it as C)
• The derivative of any constant is 0, therefore to account for these constants, a constant of
integration is added (C)
Examples

x3
∫ x2 dx = +C
3
​

Just by following the formula

4x4 12x3 2x1

∫ (4x + 12x + 2)dx =
3 2
+ + + C = x4 + 4x3 + 2x + C
4 3 1
​ ​ ​

You can take the individual integrals of each term and add them together
Only need one constant of integration for all of them (+C)

U-Sub
• Based on function composition
• Just like chain rule

• Instead of finding an inside and outside function like in chain rule, you instead find a function
and replace it with another function (u) at your own digression

Example 1

∫ x + 1dx
​

Let
u=x+1
therefore

du = 1dx = dx
We need to find the derivative of u, so that we can also replace dx with du, now that we have u and
du, substitute them
 3
2u 2
∫
​

udu = +C
3
​ ​

but we are not yet done, we must then replace u with the original value to get the final answer
3
2(x + 1) 2
∫
​

udu = +C
3
​ ​

And that is the final answer

Example 2

∫ x2 x3 + 1dx ​

again, we cannot directly integrate, so we must use u sub

Let
u = x3 + 1
therefore
du = 3x2 dx

Notice that there is already an x^2dx in the original equation, however there is no 3. Instead of
treating it as a substitution, treat the substitution of du as fraction multiplication like so

x2 x3 + 1dxdu
∫
​

3x2 dx
​

you will notice notice that x^2 and dx will cancel out, this leaves the following

∫ x3 + 1du ​

now substituting in the value of u

3
2u 2
∫
​

udu = +C
3
​ ​

again, substitute the original value of u to the equation for the final answer
3
2(x3 + 1) 2
∫
​

udu = +C
3
​ ​

That is your final answer.

In general, a good candidate for u is
• Any function whose derivative can be cancelled out in the original equation
• Any function who cannot easily be derived (such as the sum of a function and a constant inside
a radical)

Definite integrals
• An integral can be seen as the area under a curve from a point to another
 • Which curve? A curve specified by the original equation of a graph
• From which points? These are the upper and lower limits of integration
a
∫ ​ f (x)dx
b

This can be read as the area under the curve starting from point b (lower limit) to point a (upper
limit)

First fundamental theorem of calculus

• Basically, the derivative of an antiderivative (an integral) is the original function
x
d
​∫ f (t)dt = f (x)
​

dx b
• Whenever you see this, just substitute the values of x into the equation, if x is at the bottom,
add a negative sign and reverse the limits, if it is nx or nx^a, where n and a are real numbers
(not variables), then remember to use chain rule
Example
x
d
∫ 3tdt = 3x
​ ​

dx b
just substitute
b x
d d
​∫ 3t dt =
2
​ − ∫ 3t2 dt = −3x2 ​ ​

dx x dx b

Using properties of integrals

3x
d
∫ sin(t)dt = 3sin(3x)
​ ​

dx b

Remember to use chain rule

Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

• The area under the curve can be calculated using the following formula
a
∫ ​
f (x)dx = ∫ f (a) − ∫ f (b)
b

Examples
10
∫ ​ x3 dx
2

First find the integral of x^3

x4
∫ x3 dx =
4
​
Notice there is no more + C, there is no need for it in finding an area under a curve
Now that we have the integral of x^3, we just need to substitute the values of 10 and 2 and find the
difference to find the area under the curve
10
104 24
∫ x3 dx = − = 2496
4 4
​ ​ ​