2312B M1

2. Some pieces of music might have many meanings-the

1.The National Heritage Fellowship was created to honor compositions of Delia Derbyshire can______ as many
exceptional folk and traditional artists in the United States different interpretations as there are people to listen to
for their ________.The Navajo (Diné) basket weaver them—and so as long as a listener's interpretation isn't
Mary Holiday Black was chosen for the fellowship willfully absurd or the result of inattention, it is difficult to
because she has contributed so much to the arts. justify the claim that the listener has misunderstood the
piece.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase?
A achievements
A partition
B predictions
B refute
C suspicions
C counteract
D assumptions
D yield
3. The following text is from Virginia Woolf's 1919 novel 4. The following text is from Betty Smith's 1943 novel A
Night and Day. The text describes a gathering of aspiring Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Francie, a young girl, visits the
young artists and intellectuals. library often.

One person after another rose, and, as with an ill Francie thought that all the books in the world were in
balanced axe, attempted to hew out his conception of art that library and she had a plan about reading all the
a little more clearly, and sat down with the feeling that, for books in the world. She was reading a book a day in
some reason which he could not grasp, his strokes had alphabetical order and not skipping the dry ones. She
gone awry. As they sat down they turned almost remembered that the first author had been Abbott. She
invariably to the person sitting next them, and rectified had been reading a book a day for a long time now and
and continued what they had just said in public. she was still in the B's. Already she had read about bees
and buffaloes, Bermuda vacations and Byzantine
As used in the text, what does the figurative phrase "hew architecture. For all her enthusiasm, she had to admit
out" most nearly mean? that some of the B's had been hard going. But Francie
was a reader.
A Vacate
©1947 by Betty Smith
B Mimic
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
C Visualize
A To illustrate Francie's enjoyment of an unusual topic
D Define
B To explain why Francie prefers reading over other
activities

C To portray Francie's determination to meet a goal

D To describe a book that Francie greatly admires

5. The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 6.The Stowe House in Hartford, Connecticut, is the
novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay. Darius, a teenager from house where Harriet Beecher Stowe lived for over twenty
the United States, is visiting his grandparents, Mamou and years and wrote her novel Poganuc People. Now the
Babou, and other family members in Iran. house is a museum dedicated to Stowe's life and
writings. Visitors travel to this museum to feel more
I was too tired to fall all the way asleep, and even though
connected to an author they admire. To encourage that
Mamou was soft and warm, leaning up against her wasn't a
sense of connection, the museum's curators have set up
terribly comfortable position to sleep in. So I dozed and floated
on the clouds of Farsi that blew my way from the front seat of exhibits with furniture from the period and Stowe's
Dayi [Uncle] Jamsheed's SUV. possessions. Such exhibits help visitors understand day-
It reminded me of when I was little, and Mom chanted to me in to-day life in the house where Stowe felt inspired.
Farsi every night before bedtime. It's hard to describe Farsi
chanting: the way Mom drew her voice out like the notes of a Which choice best states the function of the underlined
cello as she recited poems by Rumi or Hafez. I didn't know sentence in the text as a whole?
what they meant, but that didn't matter. It was quiet and
soothing. A It recounts the history of a place mentioned in the
previous sentence.
©2018 by Adib Khorram

B It states the current purpose of a building mentioned in

Which choice best describes the main purpose of the text?
the previous sentence.
A To name some of the narrator's favorite poets who wrote in
Farsi C It recommends the works of an author mentioned in the
previous sentence
B To describe a situation the narrator thinks is annoying
D It summarizes the career of an author mentioned in the
C To connect a current experience to a memory from the previous sentence.
narrator's past

D To indicate that the narrator's mother wants to be a poet

7. On painter William H. Johnson's return to the United 8. In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and
States in 1938 after a decade in Europe, his style colleagues, residents of Quito, Ecuador, and Bogotá,
underwent an abrupt transformation. Turning away from Colombia, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of
landscapes painted in an expressionist style a style that the 618 respondents from Quito, 82.9% indicated that
often involves using fluid, distorted shapes and thick, they use the city's parks, and of the 1,121 respondents
textured brushstrokes to express the artist's subjective from Bogotá, 71.9% indicated using city parks. Given that
experience of reality-Johnson began painting portraits of the percentage of Quito respondents who reported living
Black Americans in a bold new way. Evocative of African within a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower than
sculpture and American and Scandinavian folk art, these that reported by Bogotá respondents, greater proximity
portraits feature flat, deliberately oversimplified figures in alone can't explain the difference in park use.
a vibrant but limited color palette.
The text makes which point about the difference between
Which choice best describes the function of the the proportions of Quito residents and Bogotá residents
underlined sentence in the text as a whole? using parks?

A It elaborates on the previous sentence's statement A It was much larger than the researchers conducting the
about a transitional moment in Johnson's artistic career. study expected.

B It provides information about Iohnson's travels in B It could be due to inaccuracies in the survey results.
support of a claim about his artistic influences, which is
advanced in the following sentence. C It was calculated using sources that predate the
survey.
C It recounts a moment in Johnson's personal life that
enabled the success of his subsequent career, which is D It is caused by something other than the parks'
summarized in the following sentence. proximity to city residents.

D It presents evidence that calls into question the

previous sentence's characterization of Tohnson's artistic
development.
9. External shopping cues are a type of marketing that 10.
uses obvious messaging a display featuring a new
product, for example, or a "buy one, get one free" offer-to
entice consumers to make spontaneous purchases. In a
study, data scientist Sam K. Hui and colleagues found
that this effect can also be achieved with a less obvious
cue: rearranging a store's layout. The researchers
explain that trying to find items in new locations causes
shoppers to move through more of the store, exposing
them to more products and increasing the likelihood that
they'll buy an item they hadn't planned on purchasing.

Which response from a survey given to shoppers who made a

purchase at a retail store best supports the researchers' The Chickasaw Nation, the Seminole Nation, and the more than
explanation? thirty other tribes in Oklahoma operate numerous businesses and
generate billions of dollars in revenue. An economics student is
A "I needed to buy some cleaning supplies, but they weren't in researching the tribes collective activity as a single industry. The
their regular place.While I was looking for them, I saw this student wants to compare the average amount that industry
interesting notebook and decided to buy it, too." contributed per employee to Oklahoma's economy with the average
amount contributed per employee by three other industries. Looking
B "I didn't buy everything on my shopping list today. I couldn't at the table, the student finds that tribal economic activity contributed
over $141,000 per employee, on average, ranking it ______
find a couple of the items in the store, even though I looked all
over for them." Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete
the comparison?
C "The store sent me a coupon for a new brand of soup, so I
came here to find out what kinds of soup that brand offers. I A above either retail or manufacturing and nearly equal to
decided to buy a few cans because I had the coupon." transportation/warehousing.

D "This store is larger than one that's closer to where I live, B above all three of the other industries listed in the table.
and it carries more products. I came here to buy some things
that the other store doesn't always have." С below transportation/warehousing but above both manufacturing
and retail.

D below all three of the other industries listed in the table.

11.
Studies of the population density of cougars (Puma
concolor) have yielded a range of results, which may in
part reflect natural variations in the resources that
cougars need to survive. For example, the difference
between the maximum population density reported by
Randy D. Johnson and that reported by David M. Choate
et al. may indicate that ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to

complete the example?

A cougar habitat makes up a greater proportion of the

overall land area in Utah than is the case in North
Dakota.

B the cougar habitat in North Dakota cannot support as

many individuals as can the cougar habitat in Utah.

C the cougar habitat in Montana can support more than

3.20 individuals per 100 square kilometers.

D there are more cougars overall in both Bolivia and

Montana than there are in North Dakota.
12. Biologist Rosanna Alegado believes that we might 13.
learn how multicellular organisms developed from single-
celled ones if we understand why the single-celled
organism Salpingoeca rosetta, the oldest living relative of
animals, sometimes forms colonies of cells.
Alegado and colleagues reviewed data from many
studies about how S. rosetta responds when exposed to
another type of single-celled organism, bacteria,
including Ingrid Brettar's work with Aquiflexum balticum
bacteria and Jang-Cheon Cho's work with Croceibacter
atlanticus bacteria. Alegado and colleagues concluded
that neither A. balticum nor C. atlanticus are likely to It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45°
north of the equator, like Bosten Lake in China, to accumulate
have played a significant role in the development of surface ice in winter. The amount and duration of ice depends on
multicellular organisms. many factors, including local weather conditions as well as the lake's
depth, volume, and surface area, but a climate researcher claims
Which finding, if true, would most directly support that some lakes in these latitudes have seen a decline in the duration
Alegado and colleagues conclusion? of ice between the early 1980s and the mid-2000s.

Which choice best describes data in the table that support the
A S. rosetta tended to form colonies when exposed to A. researcher's claim?
balticum, but not when exposed to C. atlanticus.
A Lake Baikal had more days of ice in the winter of 2005-06 than it
B S. rosetta tended to form colonies when exposed to A. did in the winter of 1980-81.
balticum and when exposed to C. atlanticus. B Näckten had fewer days of ice in the winter of 2005-06 than it did
in the winter of 1980-81.
C S. rosetta tended to form colonies when exposed to C.
atlanticus, but not when exposed to A. balticum. C Näckten is at a higher latitude than Lake Kegonsa and typically
had more days of ice per winter than Lake Kegonsa did.
D S. rosetta did not tend to form colonies when exposed
to either A. balticum or C. atlanticus. (D) Näckten is at a higher latitude than Lake Kegonsa and
typically had fewer days of ice per winter than Lake Kegonsa did.
14. Architects looking for inspiration may examine 15. The Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health
photographs of iconic buildings such as Centre (SAGE) seeks to discover long-term trends related to
Pompidou in Paris. A two-dimensional photograph, aging by compiling and analyzing evidence from
however, cannot capture how a building interacts with its approximately 66,000 participants in multiple countries.
surroundings, whether by complementing, blending in As with most longitudinal studies, extensive funding
with, or perhaps even clashing with sights and activities support is needed for SAGE to collect the relevant data
nearby. An image of Centre Pompidou thus ______ over timescales and at intervals that will support robust
conclusions. But the quality of a more constrained
Which choice most logically completes the text? investigation, such as a sociology study seeking only to
yield the average age at which people in a given city first
A serves to exaggerate the building's historical become parents, is much less dependent on high levels
importance. of funding because ______

B conceals the subtle deterioration of the building's Which choice most logically completes the text?
materials.
A the sociology study is unlikely to be able to recruit
C misrepresents how the building is perceived by people 66,000 participants
who have never visited Paris.
B such studies are likely to be a lower priority for funding
D fails to convey the full impact of the building's design than SAGE.
and structure.
C expanding the scope of such studies is unlikely to be
feasible.

D such studies are not trying to identify trends over time.

16. Anthropologist Lívia Barbosa, of the Universidade 17. At 3,033 years old, CMC 3, a giant sequoia
Federal Fluminense in Brazil,______ food and sociability (Sequoiadendron giganteum) located in the United
in contemporary Brazil specifically, how foods such as States, was one of the oldest known trees in the world.
pão de queijo (a cheese-flavored bun) and paçoca (a With over three millennia of climate data in its tree rings,
peanut and sugar candy) function as central mechanisms a single tree like this, claims ______Valerie Trouet, can
in building social relationships, values, and identities. tell the history of the world.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
the conventions of Standard English? the conventions of Standard English?

A are studying A dendrochronologist

B studies B dendrochronologist,

C study C dendrochronologist:

D have studied D dendrochronologist—

18. Julia Alvarez's 1994 novel In the Time of the 19. Scholars have praised Gwendolyn Brooks's 1960
Butterflies, a fictionalized account of the lives of the poem "The Egg Boiler" for its nuanced portrayal of life in
Mirabal ______ can serve as a starting point for those Brooks's South Side Chicago neighborhood. The poem
wanting to explore how the rule of dictator Rafael Trujillo shouldn't be regarded as being simply a product of
has been represented in Dominican American literature. Brooks's ______ the breadth of the poet's influences,
which range from medieval English ballads to the poetry
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to of Emily Dickinson and Paul Laurence Dunbar.
the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
A sisters, and the conventions of Standard English?

B sisters and A surroundings; though, considering

C sisters, B surroundings, though; considering

D sisters C surroundings, though, considering

D surroundings, though. Considering

20. Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board 21. After appropriate permissions are granted, a typical
tasked with adding new sites to the Hawaii Register of archaeological dig begins with a surveyor making a
Historic Places, which includes Grove Farm, established detailed grid of the excavation site. Then, the site is
in 1864, and the Kauai Belt Road, a section of Route 560 carefully dug, and any artifacts found are recorded and
along the north coast. Okinaka doesn't make such mapped onto the site grid.______ the artifacts are
decisions single-handedly,______ historical designations removed, cataloged, and analyzed in a laboratory.
must be approved by a group of nine other experts.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to transition?
the conventions of Standard English?
A For instance,
A however and all
B On the contrary,
B however. All
C Earlier,
C however all
D Finally,
D however, all
22. To guarantee the validity of experimental results, 23. Soil polluted with cadmium (a heavy metal) is harmful
scientists rely on precise, unchanging standards of to many plants and animals, but the plant species Elodea
measurement.______ metrologists (scientists who study canadensis, or Canadian waterweed, not only thrives in
measurement) developed the SI, or International System such conditions but also helps remediate them. As a
of Units. The SI's units of measurement are based on metal hyperaccumulator, Elodea canadensis absorbs a
unchanging values in nature, such as the mass of an large amount of cadmium and stores it safely in its roots
electron or the speed of light. and shoots; ______ cadmium concentrations in the soil
decrease.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
transition? Which choice completes the text with the most logical
transition?
A In contrast,
A specifically,
B Regardless,
B in turn,
C In addition,
C nevertheless,
D For this reason,
D in addition,
24. While researching a topic, a student has taken the 25.
following notes: • Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist who
• Iranian scholar Abu Rayhan al-Biruni studied Earth's produced more than two thousand drawings and
physical features. paintings.
• He theorized that a large landmass existed west of • His work Masonic Lodge was completed in 1983
Europe and east of Asia. and sold at auction in 2008.
• Al-Biruni published his landmass theory in 1037 CE. • Masonic Lodge is composed of acrylic and oil stick
on canvas and measures 6,728 square inches in
The student wants to specify when al-Biruni published his area.
landmass theory. Which choice most effectively uses • His work MP was completed in 1984 and sold at
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this auction in 2020.
goal? • MP is composed of acrylic and paper collage on
canvas and measures 5,848 square inches in
A In 1037 CE, al-Biruni published his theory that a large area.
landmass existed west of Europe and east of Asia.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the
B Al-Biruni, who studied Earth's physical features, given sentences to emphasize how the two works are
published a theory about a large landmass. similar?

C Al-Biruni was an Iranian scholar who studied Earth's A Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat's work Masonic Lodge is
physical features. composed of acrylic and oil stick, while MP is composed
of acrylic and paper collage.
D An Iranian scholar who studied Earth's physical
features, al-Biruni theorized that a large landmass B Between artist Jean-Michel Basquiat's works Masonic
existed west of Europe and east of Asia. Lodge and MP, the former is the larger of the two.

C Composed by artist Jean-Michel Basquiat in 1983 and

1984, respectively, both Masonic Lodge and MP use
acrylic paint as a medium.

D Artist lean Michel Basquiat completed Masonic Lodge

in 1983, and MP followed in 1984.
26. 27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the
• Birds of Northern South America is an identification following notes:
guidebook by ornithologistsRobin Restall, • Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona in Barcelona,
Clemencia Rodner, and Miguel Lentino. Spain, is home to a Foucault pendulum.
• It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species found in • The pendulum consists of a weighted ball that
Suriname. swings at the end of a roughly 7-meter-long cable.
• The sooty-capped hermit is a large hummingbird • Like all Foucault pendulums, it dangles from a fixed
found in Suriname. point that ensures the swing path of the pendulum
• It is identifiable by its distinctive facial markings and doesn't change.
its long, black, curved bill. • To an observer, the swing path of a Foucault
• The amethyst woodstar is a small hummingbird pendulum appears to change over time because
found in Suriname.It is identifiable by its green Earth rotates beneath it.
back and its short, black, straight bill. • Foucault pendulums are used as a simple way to
provide evidence of Earth's rotation.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the
given sentences to emphasize a difference between the The student wants to explain how a Foucault pendulum provides
two birds? evidence of Earth's rotation. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A Identifiable by its long, black, curved bill and its A A Foucault pendulum, which consists of a weighted ball at the
distinctive facial markings, the sooty-capped hermit is a end of a long cable, provides evidence of Earth's rotation.
large hummingbird found in Suriname.
B In Barcelona, Spain, a Foucault pendulum at Universidad
B The sooty-capped hermit and the amethyst woodstar Autónoma de Barcelona provides evidence of Earth's rotation.
are two of the thirty-five hummingbird species found in
Suriname. C The Foucault pendulum at Universidad Autónoma de
Barcelona in Barcelona, Spain, swings on an unchanging path,
but Earth rotates beneath it.
C The amethyst woodstar is a small hummingbird
identifiable by its green back and its short, black, straight D Though it swings on an unchanging path, a Foucault pendulum
bill. appears to change its swing path over time because Earth rotates
beneath it.
D Though they share several traits in common, the sooty-
capped hermit is larger than the amethyst woodstar.
2312B M2

1.The following text is adapted from Elizabeth von 2. Urban planning expert Francisco Lara-Valencia and
Arnim's 1922 novel The Enchanted April.Mrs. Wilkins and colleagues have argued that managing environmental
her friend Rose are traveling in Italy. matters along the US-Mexico border ______ coordination
between the two countries' governments. Since
"I'm going to have one of these gorgeous oranges," said ecosystems extend across the border, actions taken on
Mrs. Wilkins, staying where she was and reaching across one side can have environmental effects on the other
to a black bowl piled with them. "Rose, how can you side, making international cooperation essential.
resist them. Look-have this one. Do have this beauty-"
And she held out a big one. Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase?
As used in the text, what does the phrase "reaching
across to" most nearly mean? A requires

A Joining with B praises

B Gaining on C reports

C Stretching toward D advises

D Arriving at
3. Some robots such as Salvius (developed in 2008) and 4. Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by
REEM-C (developed in 2013) are designed to resemble mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia
humans so that people will find it easier to interact with that almost anyone can freely edit, have quickly been
them. To this end, certain features such as bipedal detected and removed, a few fictitious entries, such as
locomotion can help to create the comforting semblance those for the country singer-songwriter Joseph G.
of humanity, but a robot that appears too similar to Williams and the Jamaican bird allegedly known as the
humans can make people feel more unsettled than Salvadorian Magpie, persisted on the site for many years
______. before they were finally recognized as ______ and
deleted
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase?
A revolted
A enhancements
B indifferent
B fabrications
C soothed
C analyses
D vindicated
D revelations
5. In 2013 Fredrik Jutfelt and Maria Hedgärde published 6. Text 1
a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong Death Cab for Cutie's 2003 song "Lightness" includes a specific
effect on the behavior of Gadus morhua, a species of musical pattern. That pattern consists of two alternating notes
fish.However, Jutfelt and Hedgärde's study relied on a sung over and over with "wa" and "oh" sounds, resulting in a
sequence of "Wa-oh-wa-oh." This pattern showed up in so many
mean sample size of only about 16 fish.In a 2022 review pop songs in the 2000s and 2010s that eventually it earned a
of various scientists' conclusions about the impacts of nickname, "the millennial whoop."
ocean acidification on fish behavior, Josefin Sundin and Unfortunately, the whoop showed up so frequently that it could be
colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small more irritating than enjovable.
sample size can increase the potential for biased
analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports Text 2
of exaggerated effects. The millennial whoop could be annoying. Not every pop song
needs "Wa-oh-wa-ohs!" and it seemed as though nearly every
pop song released between 2000 and 2017 had them. But the
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? whoop could also be genuinely fun or even moving. Too many
songwriters used it in too many pop songs for a time, but that
A To explain how the behavior of a fish species has doesn't mean the whoop was never used well.
changed over time
Which choice best describes the relationship between the
B To note a potential concern about the findings of a perspectives provided in Text 1 and Text 2?
scientific study A Text 1 provides an explanation of events that inspired a song,
while Text 2 offers a different explanation of those events.
C To discuss an aspect of ocean acidification that is
frequently overlooked B Text 1 discusses the advantages of a technique for recording
music, while Text 2 discusses the problems with that technique.
D To present a debate between two research teams
about a cause of ocean acidification C Text 1 introduces a negative view of a musical pattern, while
Text 2 presents a more positive view of that pattern.

D Text 1 focuses on critics who praised a particular style of

music, while Text 2 focuses on critics who disapproved of that
style.
7. When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they 8. Women like Juanita Moody made important early
typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the four- contributions to the history of US cryptology, a field
winged Microraptor. However, many dinosaurs that didn't concerned with secure data communication and storage.
have wings also had feathers on their bodies. For Moody worked as a cryptanalyst for the National Security
instance, research indicates that the wingless, long-tailed Agency and was the first recipient of the National
Sinosauroptery likely had feathers. Intelligence Medal of Achievement. In this way, Moody
and others like her helped make it possible for more
According to the text, what did Microraptor and women—such as Maureen Baginski, who currently works
Sinosauroptery have in common? in intelligence and supports the FBI—to enter the field of
cryptology.
A They were both wingless dinosaurs.
According to the text, what is one similarity between
B They both had feathers. Moody and Baginski?

C They both could fly. A They both have argued that more US schools should
teach the history of cryptology.
D They both were hunted by the same predator.
B They both founded organizations that encourage
women to pursue careers in cryptology.

C They both have contributed to the field of cryptology.

D They both have worked in the field of history.

9. The Federalist Papers are a collection of essays
written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James
Madison and published pseudonymously in the New York
Packet and other New York newspapers in 1787-88.
Though the authorship of most of the essays is certain,
that of some is obscure: for instance, while No. 15, "The
Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve
the Union," was surely penned by Hamilton, No. 62, "The
Senate," may have been written by either Hamilton or
Madison. The difficulty of determining No. 62's author
arises not from a lack of evidence but from too much
contradictory evidence.

Based on the text, which choice best explains why it is

challenging to confidently assign authorship of the essay
"The Senate"?

A Support can be found for a strong case that either

Hamilton or Madison was the sole author of "The
Senate."

B The evidence that would indisputably prove that either

Hamilton or Madison was the sole author of "The Senate"
has been lost.

C Evidence shows that two versions of "The Senate,"

one authored by Hamilton and another authored by
Madison, appeared in different New York newspapers.

D It is most likely that "The Senate" was the product of a

collaborative effort between Hamilton and Madison.
10. In 2021, four of the United States national parks that
were among the most visited were Grand Canyon
National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park,
Yellowstone National Park, and Zion National Park. The
graph shows the number of visits for recreation to each of
these parks during the three-month period with the
highest number of visitors. A student notes that among
the parks shown in the graph, the park with the highest
monthly recreation visits in all three months was ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph

to complete the text?
A Zion National Park.

B Rocky Mountain National Park.

C Yellowstone National Park.

D Grand Canyon National Park.

11. Male túngara frogs make complex calls to attract 12. The Younger Dryas was a period of extreme cooling
mates, but their calls also attract frog-biting midges, from 11,700 to 12,900 years ago in the Northern
insects that feed on the frogs' blood. Researchers Hemisphere. Some scientists argue that a comet
Ximena Bernal and Priyanka de Silva wondered if the fragment hitting Earth brought about the cooling. Others
calls alone are sufficient for midges to locate the frogs or disagree, partly because there is no known crater from
if midges use carbon dioxide emitted by frogs as an such an impact that dates to the beginning of the period.
additional cue to their prey's whereabouts, like In 2015, a team led by Kurt Kjar detected a 19-mile-wide
mosquitoes do. In an experiment, the researchers placed crater beneath a glacier in Greenland. The scientists who
two midge traps in a tungara frog breeding area. One believe an impact caused the Younger Dryas claim that
trap played recordings of túngara frog calls and the other this discovery supports their view. However, Kjar's team
released carbon dioxide along with playing the calls. hasn't yet been able to determine the age of the crater.
Bernal and de Silva concluded that carbon dioxide does Therefore, the team suggests that ______
not serve as an additional cue to frog-biting midges.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Which finding from the experiment, if true, would most
directly support Bernal and de Silva's conclusion? A it can't be concluded that the impact that made the
crater was connected to the beginning of the Younger
A Only a small number of midges were found in the traps, Dryas.
though the majority were found in the trap that played calls
and released carbon dioxide. B it can't be determined whether a comet fragment could
make a crater as large as 19 miles wide.
B Midges entered the trap that released carbon dioxide and
played calls only during or immediately after periods of carbon
C scientists have ignored the possibility that something
dioxide release.
other than a comet fragment could have made the crater.
C More midges were found in the trap that only played calls
than in the trap that played calls and released carbon dioxide. D the scientists who believe an impact caused the
Younger Dryas have made incorrect assumptions about
D The trap that released carbon dioxide and played calls when the period began.
attracted few midges when carbon dioxide concentrations
were low but attracted many midges when carbon dioxide
concentrations were high.
13. The small white heron and the small dark heron are 14. On Guadalupe Peak, which ______ an elevation of
long-legged birds that live in wetlands, like the 8,751 feet, one can find the highest point in Texas.
Everglades in Florida. Laura D'Acunto and colleagues
wanted to know how these birds choose an area in which Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
to live. They looked at features of the birds' habitats, such the conventions of Standard English?
as the geographic location of the area and how deep the
water is during the birds' breeding season. They found A reaches
that small white herons prefer areas with deep water
during breeding season, but that was not true for small B reach
dark herons. The researchers concluded that water
management strategies that increase the depth of water C reaching
in potential wetland bird habitats during breeding season
are therefore more likely to ______ D to reach

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A decrease the area's appeal to both small white herons

and small dark herons than they are to increase the
appeal to either.

B extend the average lifespan of small white herons

already in the area than they are to attract a greater
number of those birds to the area.

C attract small white herons to the area than they are to

attract small dark herons to the area.

D attract birds that don't typically live in wetlands to the

area than they are to attract small white herons or small
dark herons to the area.
15. The Ubangi River, which is 1,405 miles long, ______ 16. At the Actors Pulse in Sydney, Australia, students
into the Congo River. can sign up ______the world-famous Meisner acting
technique. Created by acting teacher Sanford Meisner,
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to this technique trains actors to react naturally to the other
the conventions of Standard English? performers in a scene.
A flow
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to
B are flowing the conventions of Standard English?

C have flowed A learned

D flows B to learn

C learn

D are learning
17. Lê Luong Minh became the thirteenth secretary- 18. On February 1, 2018, Florida-based researchers
general of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Martha A. Scholl, Maoya Bassiouni, and Angel J. Torres-
(ASEAN) in January 2013, making ______the first time Sánchez ______climate data from several sites in Puerto
the organization would appoint a Vietnamese leader. Rico's Luquillo Mountains. At 8:30 a.m., the air
temperature was 16°C at site CC1, the site with the
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to highest elevation, and it had shifted to 16.8°C by
the conventions of Standard English? 11:00 p.m.

A these Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to

the conventions of Standard English?
B those A compiled,

C this B compiled

D some C compiled;

D compiled:
19. After ten days and twenty-two hours, space shuttle 20. At 1,723 years old, KET 3996, a limber pine (Pinus
flight STS-66 landed ______ Edwards Air Force Base. flexilis) located in the United States. is one of the oldest
known trees in the world. With almost two millennia of
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to climate data in its tree rings, a single tree
the conventions of Standard English? like______claims dendrochronologist Valerie Trouet, can
A at— tell the history of the world.

B at: Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to

the conventions of Standard English?
C at,
A this
D at
B thIs:

C this,

D this:
21. In this chapter, we will focus on Sonia Sanchez's 22. Textile artist Amber Joy Greenidge-Sabral wanted to
poem "This Is Not a Small Voice," paying special avoid using harsh synthetic dyes that could be damaging
attention to its first lines: "This is not a small voice / you to the environment. ______she began experimenting with
hear this is a large / voice coming out of these cities." We more environmentally friendly natural dye methods, using
______ our attention next to the works of Jay Wright and organic materials like sassafras and indigofera for their
bell hooks, two other poets associated with the Black Arts natural orange and blue colors.
movement.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to transition?
the conventions of Standard English?
A In actuality,
A will turn
B To sum up,
B turned
C Nevertheless,
C will have turned
D With this in mind,
D had turned
23. The architects of Spain's Modernista movement took 24. Ursula K. Le Guin's Planet of Exile, a novel about a
inspiration from the natural world when adding finishing colony of humans stranded on a harsh planet, is
touches to their buildings .______they favored plant- and classified as science fiction.______the novel A Wizard of
animal-inspired design flourishes, like the ornate floral Earthsea, which is about a hero's attempt to atone for his
tilework of Hospital de Sant Pau, a hospital by architect past actions, is classified as fantasy.
Lluís Domenech i Montaner.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
transition?
A On the other hand,
A Even so,
B Afterward,
B On the contrary,
C For example,
C Meanwhile,
D In other words,
D In particular,
25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the 26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes: following notes:
• Meteorites found on Earth are divided into two • Chromosomes are cellular structures that contain
categories. genes.
• A meteorite that was observed falling to Earth • Genes carry critical instructions for determining an
before being recovered is known as a meteorite organism's physical traits.
fall. • Members of the same species typically have the
• All other meteorites found on Earth are known as same number of chromosomes.
meteorite finds. • As a species, the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops
• There have been about 1,200 recorded meteorite hodgsoni) has sixty chromosomes.
falls. • As a species, the Sterkiella histriomuscorum, a
• There have been over 60,000 recorded meteorite simple, single-celled protozoan, has over 15,000
finds. chromosomes.

The student wants to contrast the number of meteorite The student wants to emphasize a difference between
falls with the number of meteorite finds. Which choice Pantholops hodgsoni and Sterkiella histriomuscorum.
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
to accomplish this goal? from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A A meteorite that was observed falling to Earth before A Sterkiella histriomuscorum, a simple, single-celled
being recovered is known as a meteorite fall; all others protozoan, has over 15,000 cellular structures called
are known as meteorite finds chromosomes.

B Sterkiella histriomuscorum has over 15,000 chromosomes,

B Meteorites found on Earth are divided into two
which is far more than the sixty chromosomes Pantholops
categories: meteorite falls and meteorite finds.
hodgsoni has.

C There have been about 1,200 recorded meteorite falls, C Individual members of the Tibetan antelope species typically
or meteorites observed falling to Earth. have the same number of chromosomes: sixty.

D While there have been only about 1,200 recorded D Sterkiella histriomuscorum and Pantholops hodgsoni both
meteorite falls. there have been over 60.000 meteorite have chromosomes,which are cellular structures that contain
finds. genes.
27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the
following notes:
• The Clovis First hypothesis proposes that ancient
humans known as Clovis were the first to populate
North America.
• The Clovis arrived around 13,000 years ago.
• Stone tools found at the Chiquihuite Cave site in
Mexico date to approximately 26,000 years ago.
• These items support the idea that humans were
present in North America before the Clovis
population arrived.
• More than a dozen North American sites containing
pre-Clovis items have been identified.

The student wants to make and support a claim about humans'

arrival in North America.Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A It has been claimed that the Clovis, arriving around 13,000

years ago, were the first human inhabitants of North America.

B The stone tools found at the Chiquihuite Cave site should

not be overlooked: they have important implications for the
Clovis First hypothesis.

C While the Clovis First hypothesis proposes that humans first

arrived in North America around 13,000 years ago, humans
had likely arrived before that time.

D Arriving about 13,000 years ago, the Clovis were likely not
the first humans in North America; items from more than a
dozen sites suggest that humans had arrived before that time.